Community Health Nursing II PDF

Community Health Nursing II Karla Mae Aguinaldo, MSN, RN, CMHT, SO2 KA HEALTH: A Community View OBJECTIVES: 1. Compare and contrast definitions of health from a public health nursing perspective. 2. Define and discuss the focus of public health. 3. Discuss determinates of...

Community Health Nursing II Karla Mae Aguinaldo, MSN, RN, CMHT, SO2 KA HEALTH: A Community View OBJECTIVES: 1. Compare and contrast definitions of health from a public health nursing perspective. 2. Define and discuss the focus of public health. 3. Discuss determinates of health and indicators of health and illness from a population perspective. 4. List the three levels of prevention, and give examples of each. OBJECTIVES: 5. Explain the difference between public/community health nursing practice and community based nursing practice. 6. Discuss public/community health nursing practice in terms of public health’s core functions and essential services. 7. Discuss public/community health nursing interventions as explained by the Intervention Wheel.  Community/Public Health Nursing Ø… is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice. Ø… has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations. Ø… focuses on health promotion and health maintenance. Ø… is associated with health and identification of populations at risk rather than an episodic response to patient demand.  Public Health Is described as the art and science of: ØPreventing disease ØProlonging life ØPromoting health through organized community efforts to benefit each citizen. —Winslow (1920) PUBLIC HEALTH MISSION The mission of public health is social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make this possible. Definitions of Health “A state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. —World Health Organization (1958) “The extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, and physical capacities”. — World Health Organization (1986) Definition of Community … “a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity and belonging”. —Rector (2017) Community Health Nursing Concepts Community health nursing is a vital field of nursing that focuses on promoting and improving the overall health and well-being of communities. This comprehensive presentation will explore the definition, philosophy, principles, and theoretical models that underpin the practice of community health nursing, as well as the different fields it encompasses. Definition and Focus of Public Health and Community Health Public health is the Science and Art of … o Preventing disease o Prolonging life o Promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort Community health extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts at the community level through both government and private efforts. Definition and Philosophy of Community Health Nursing 1 Definition 2 Philosophy 3 Principles Community health nursing is the synthesis of The philosophy of community health nursing is Key principles of community health nursing nursing and public health practice, focusing on rooted in the principles of social justice, equity, and include population-focused care, prevention- the health needs of the entire community. It holistic care. It emphasizes the importance of oriented interventions, cultural competence, and a involves the assessment, planning, addressing the social, environmental, and commitment to advocating for the rights and needs implementation, and evaluation of interventions to economic factors that influence health outcomes, of underserved communities. promote and maintain the health and well-being and collaborating with community members to of individuals, families, and communities. identify and meet their unique health needs. Theoretical Models in Community Health Nursing Health Belief Model Milio's Framework for Prevention Nola Pender's Health Promotion The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a theoretical framework that helps explain and predict health-related Milio's Framework for Prevention emphasizes the Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model focuses on the behaviors. It focuses on an individual's perceptions of importance of addressing the social, environmental, and factors that motivate individuals to engage in health- the threat of a health problem and the benefits and barriers economic factors that influence health outcomes. It promoting behaviors. It highlights the role of self- of taking action to prevent or manage it. suggests that prevention efforts should target these "causes efficacy, perceived benefits, and interpersonal and of the causes" to create lasting change. situational influences in shaping health-related decisions. Theoretical Models (continued) PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Applying the Models The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model is a comprehensive framework for These theoretical models provide a structured approach to understanding and planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs. addressing the multifaceted factors that influence health outcomes. Community PRECEDE stands for "Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs health nurses can apply these models to guide their assessment, planning, and in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation," while PROCEED stands for intervention efforts, ensuring that their work is grounded in evidence-based "Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and practices. Environmental Development." Core Public Health Functions Assessment: Regular collection, analysis, and information sharing about health conditions, risks, and resources in a community Policy development: Use of information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct resources toward those policies Assurance: Focuses on the availability of necessary health services throughout the community. It includes maintaining the ability of both public health agencies and private providers to manage day-to-day operations and the capacity to respond to critical situations and emergencies —Institute of Medicine (1988) Essential Public Health Services (1 of 2) q Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems q Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community q Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues q Mobilize community partnerships and actions to identify and solve health problems q Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts Essential Public Health Services (2 of 2) q Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety q Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable q Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce q Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services q Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems The Three Levels of Prevention 1 PRIMARY PREVENTION oPrevention of problems before they occur oHealth promotion and health protection 2 SECONDARY PREVENTION oEarly detection and intervention oEarly diagnosis and treatment 3 TERTIARY PREVENTION oCorrection and prevention of deterioration of a disease state oLimitation of disability and rehabilitation  Level of Prevention—Individual Table with 4 columns and 2 rows describing individual level of prevention Definition of Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation client served promotion and diagnosis and of disability and specific prevention) treatment) rehabilitation) Individual Dietary teaching HIV testing Teaching new during pregnancy clients with Screening for diabetes how to Immunizations cervical cancer administer insulin Exercise therapy after stroke Skin care for incontinent patient  Level of Prevention—Family Table with 4 columns and 2 rows describing family level of prevention Definition of Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation of client served promotion and diagnosis and disability and specific prevention) treatment) rehabilitation) Family (two or Education regarding Dental Mental health more individuals smoking, dental care, examinations counseling or referral bound by kinship, or nutritional for family in crisis (e.g., law, or living counseling Tuberculin testing grieving or arrangement and for family at risk experiencing a with common Adequate housing divorce) emotional ties and obligations) Dietary instructions and monitoring for family with overweight members  Level of Prevention—Group Table with 4 columns and 2 rows describing group level of prevention Definition of Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation of client served promotion and diagnosis and disability and rehabilitation) specific prevention) treatment) Group or Birthing classes for Vision screening of Group counseling for grade aggregate pregnant teenage first grade class school children with asthma (interacting people mothers with a common Mammography van Swim therapy for physically purpose or AIDS and other STD for screening of disabled elders at a senior purposes) education for high women in a low- center school students income neighborhood Alcoholics anonymous and other self-help groups Hearing tests at a senior center Mental health services for military veterans  Level of Prevention—Community Table with 4 columns and 2 rows describing community level of prevention Definition of Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation of client served promotion and diagnosis and disability and rehabilitation) specific prevention) treatment) Community and Fluoride water Organized Shelter and relocation populations supplementation screening programs centers for fire or (aggregate of for communities earthquake victims people sharing Environmental such as health fairs space over time sanitation Emergency medical within a social VDRL screening for services system; population Removal of marriage license groups or environmental applicants in a city Community mental health aggregates with hazards services for chronically power relations Lead screening for mentally ill and common children by school needs or district Home care services for purposes) chronically ill Fields of Community Health Nursing 1 School Health Nursing School health nurses play a crucial role in promoting the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of students. They provide comprehensive care, including health screenings, first aid, and health education, while also advocating for the needs of students and their families. 2 Occupational Health Nursing Occupational health nurses focus on the health and safety of employees in the workplace. They develop and implement programs to prevent injuries and illnesses, provide on-site medical care, and collaborate with employers to create a healthy and productive work environment. 3 Community Mental Health Nursing Community mental health nurses work to promote mental health and well-being within the community. They provide counseling, crisis intervention, and case management services, while also addressing the social determinants of mental health and advocating for improved access to mental health resources. Roles and Responsibilities Population-Focused Assessment Community health nurses conduct comprehensive assessments to identify the unique health needs and assets of the communities they serve. This involves gathering data on social, environmental, and economic factors that influence health outcomes. Health Promotion and Prevention Community health nurses design and implement evidence-based interventions to promote healthy behaviors and prevent the onset of illness and injury. This may include health education programs, immunization clinics, and collaboration with community partners. Advocacy and Collaboration Community health nurses advocate for the rights and needs of underserved populations, and collaborate with a wide range of stakeholders, including healthcare providers, social services, and community organizations, to address the social determinants of health. Program Evaluation Community health nurses continuously evaluate the effectiveness of their interventions and programs, and use this data to inform future planning and improve the overall health and well-being of the community. Emerging Trends in Community Health Nursing Telehealth The use of technology, such as videoconferencing and remote monitoring, to deliver healthcare services and support to patients in their homes and communities. Social Determinants of Health Increased emphasis on addressing the social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health outcomes, and collaborating with community partners to implement holistic interventions. Population Health Management The utilization of data-driven strategies to identify and address the health needs of specific populations, with a focus on preventive care and equitable access to healthcare services. The Future of Community Health Nursing Expanding Roles Interdisciplinary Collaboration Advocacy and Policy As the healthcare landscape evolves, community health Community health nurses will amplify their voices as nurses will continue to take on increasingly diverse Community health nurses will play a pivotal role in advocates, working to influence health policies and and specialized roles, addressing emerging population fostering deeper collaboration between healthcare address the social, economic, and environmental health needs and leveraging new technologies to deliver professionals, social services, and community factors that contribute to health disparities within their care. organizations, ensuring a comprehensive, holistic communities. approach to improving health outcomes. Prevention Versus Cure Cure o Spending additional dollars for cure in the form of health care services does little to improve the health of a population. Prevention o Spending money on prevention does a great deal to improve health and decrease the dollars spent on cure. —Getzen (2013) THANK YOU FOR LISTENING FUTURE NURSES!