Nursing Informatics Theories & Models PDF

CONCEPTS AND PRINCILES: NURSING INFORMATICS THEORIES & MODELS Objectives: Describe the theoretical models in nursing informatics Differentiate between General Models and Specific Models of Nursing Informatics Identify Nursing Informatics theories Describe three theories on which informatics...

CONCEPTS AND PRINCILES: NURSING INFORMATICS THEORIES & MODELS Objectives: Describe the theoretical models in nursing informatics Differentiate between General Models and Specific Models of Nursing Informatics Identify Nursing Informatics theories Describe three theories on which informatics relies Identify the contribution of theories to informatics  NURSING INFORMATICS Nursing To promote Processes the health of DATA into C – care people, Nursing Science KNOWLEDGE A -Administration families, and R -Research communities E- Education Information and Communication Technology THEORY, MODELS AND FRAMEWORKS 4  GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY ❑Ludwig Bertalanffy ( 1963) – developed the General Systems Theory. ❑A theory that views systems as interconnected and interdependent parts functioning as a whole. ✓Serves as a framework to understand the interactions and relationships among various components within healthcare systems. It is beneficial for analyzing how nursing practices integrate with technology to improve patient care, decision-making, and workflow efficiency. ✓Fosters integration, collaboration, and efficiency, GST ultimately supports the overarching goal of improving patient outcomes and advancing the nursing profession. ❑ includes purpose content and process ( breaking down the whole) ❑ the relationship between the parts of the whole is examined to learn how they work together. General Systems Theory Assumptions: 1. All system must be goal directed 2. A system is more that the sum of its parts 3. A system is everchanging and any change in one part affects the whole 4. Human systems are open and dynamic General Systems Theory - provides a lens to view and manage the complexities of healthcare systems. In nursing informatics, it ensures that technological solutions are well-integrated, efficient, and capable of addressing the holistic needs of healthcare delivery.  Core Concepts Healthcare System as a whole ❑ GST views healthcare as a system made up of interrelated subsystem( patients care, administration HER) Interdisciplinary Communication ❑ GST explains how different disciplines and departments interact Optimizing Data Flow and Decision-Making ❑Input-Throughput-Output Feedback Model ❑Input: Resources like data, patient information. ❑Process: Activities like nursing assessments, informatics tools usage. ❑Output: Outcomes such as improved patient care or accurate diagnoses. ❑Feedback: Information used to adjust the system (e.g., patient satisfaction surveys). THEORIES IN NURSING INFORMATICS A. CHANGE THEORY Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Theory (Planned Change) - helps account for both the uncertainty and resistance to change that can be experienced at all staff levels within an organization. - is a valuable framework for guiding the implementation of new processes, systems, or technologies in nursing informatics. Change Theory Major Assumptions A. People grow and change throughout their lives B. Change happens daily C. Reactions to change are grounded in the basic needs for self-esteem safety and security D. Change involves modification or alteration. It may be planned or unplanned  Change Theory Six components 1. Recognition of the area where change is needed. 2. Analysis of a situation to determine what forces exist to maintain the situation and what forces are working to change it 3. Identification of the methods by which change can occur 4. Recognition of the influence of group or custom on change 5. Identification of the methods that the reference group uses to bring about change 6. The actual process of change  Major concepts of Change Theory 1. Driving force- are those that push in a direction that causes change occur. ( seeking change) 2. Restraining forces- are those that counter the driving forces. They hinder change because they push the other in the opposite direction. ( Status quo) 3. Equilibrium- is a state of being where driving forces equal restraining forces and no change occurs.  THEORIES IN NURSING INFORMATICS A. CHANGE THEORY Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Theory -effective in managing transitions and addressing (Planned Change) resistance in healthcare settings. Here's how the theory applies to nursing informatics THREE STAGES ◦ Unfreezing Stage- Create awareness and prepare for change. ◦ Identifying the Need for Change ◦ Engaging Stakeholders ◦ Building Motivation: ◦ Example: embracing nursing informatics  3 Methods that lead to the ACHIEVEMENT of Unfreezing A. increase the driving force that directed behavior away from the existing situation or status quo. B. Restraining forces that negatively affect the movement from the existing equilibrium C. Finding a combination of the first two methods.  Planned Change Moving/Changing stage - Implement the change and guide the transition process. ◦ Pilot testing ◦ Training and support ◦ Gradually roll out the new system to allow staff to adapt step- by-step, minimizing disruption to workflows. ◦ Involves a process of change in thoughts, feelings, and behavior, that is in some way more liberating or more productive. ◦ This stage is marked by the implementation of the change. ◦ Continuous communication ◦ The change becomes real.  Planned Change Refreezing stage - establishing the change as the new habit, so that it becomes the standard of operating procedures. ◦ Planned change must be the norm ◦ Users must be made to feel confident with change and feel in control ◦ Help system or support group should be made available to provide answers to their need ◦ Monitoring and feedback ◦ Reinforcement 17 Computerization of information system involves change, moving from paper-based environment to a completely paperless environment. Change may be unplanned or planned. 18  Graves and Corcoran Model Graves and Corcoran based theory on nursing informatics on data information and knowledge as initiated by Blum. -Nursing informatics as linear -a foundational framework in nursing informatics that describes how data, information, and knowledge are used in the nursing practice. It highlights the relationships between these three components and emphasizes the role of technology in facilitating nursing decision-making and improving patient care. a combination of computer science, information science and nursing science designed to assist in the management and processing of nursing data, information and knowledge to support the practice of nursing and the delivery of nursing care. 19  Information that has been Nurses apply knowledge derived from information to make clinical decisions and deliver care. synthesized and integrated into a Deciding to administer antipyretics for fever framework to guide decision-making management or initiating infection control and actions. protocols. Knowledge Data that has been organized, Nurses interpret and use this processed data to identify trends or anomalies. Information processed, or structured to provide Recognizing that an elevated temperature and meaning. increased heart rate may indicate infection Facts and figures which relay Raw, unprocessed facts or observations something specific, but which collected from various sources, such as Data patient vitals, lab results, or medication are not organized in any way records. 20  DIKW THEORY Management processing is integrated within each elements, depicting nursing informatics as the proper management of knowledge- from data as it is concerted into information and knowledge to wisdom. Describes the hierarchical relationship between these four elements in decision-making and problem-solving processes. It is widely applied in nursing informatics to enhance clinical decision- making and improve patient care by leveraging data and technology. 21 DATA INFORMATION Gives meaning to obtained data KNOWLEDGE Interpretation -, integration and understanding. WISDOM The ability to apply knowledge in a meaningful way to make sound decisions and provide optimal care. To get the final result Applying with compassion and understanding Application of the DIKW Model in Nursing Informatics 1.Data Collection and Entry (Data) 1. Example: A nurse inputs a patient’s vital signs into an Electronic Health Record (EHR) system. 2.Data Processing (Information) 1. Example: The EHR organizes the vital signs into a trend chart, showing that the patient's temperature has been consistently elevated. 3.Analysis and Interpretation (Knowledge) 1. Example: The nurse reviews the trend chart, correlates it with other symptoms, and identifies that the patient may have sepsis. 4.Clinical Decision-Making (Wisdom) 1. Example: The nurse prioritizes urgent care, administers initial treatments, and coordinates with the healthcare team to manage the patient holistically.  TERM MEANING RELATED COMPUTER SYSTEM Raw facts Data Information System Raw fact processed to produce meaning Information Group of interrelated pieces of information Decision-Support System Knowledge Ability to apply knowledge to human Wisdom problems Expert System 27  PATRICIA BENNER LEVEL of EXPERTISE MODEL Every nurse must be able to continuously exhibit the capability to acquire skills (computer literacy skills parallel with nursing knowledge) and then demonstrate specific skills beginning with very first student experience Within the field of nursing informatics, this theory can be applied to: A. The development of nursing informatics skills, competencies, knowledge and expertise in nursing informatics specialists B. The development of technological system competencies in practicing nurses working in an institution C. The education of nursing students, from first year to graduation D. The transition from graduate nurse to expert nurse 28 29  BENNER LEVEL of EXPERTISE MODEL Novice – individuals with no experience of situations and related content in those situations where they are expected to perform tasks. Advanced Beginner – marginally demonstrates acceptable performance having built on lessons learned in their expanding experience base; needs supervision. Competent – enhanced mastery and the ability to cope with and manage many contingencies. Proficient – evolution through continuous practice of skills, combined with professional experience and knowledge; an individual who appreciates standards of practice as they apply in nursing informatics. Expert – an individual with mastery of the concept and the capacity to intuitively understand the situation and immediately target the problem with minimal effort or problem-solving. 30