Anatomy: Week 8 His Sci Copy PDF

Anatomy Mark Sholdice HS 2220 What is anatomy? the study of the structure of the body from the Greek word anatome (dissection) connections to physiology (the study of the normal functions of a healthy body) often, anatomical problems cause disfunction (e.g. heart def...

Anatomy Mark Sholdice HS 2220 What is anatomy? the study of the structure of the body from the Greek word anatome (dissection) connections to physiology (the study of the normal functions of a healthy body) often, anatomical problems cause disfunction (e.g. heart defects) but abnormal structure does not always cause disease, just as those with abnormal function can live healthy lives Medicine and anatomy over human history peaks and valleys: study initially peaked two thousand years ago in Alexandria decline in the medieval period peaked again during the Renaissance declined somewhat in early modern period peaked in nineteenth / twentieth century now in decline? themes in the history of anatomy: ambivalence/avoidance of dissection importance of art anatomy separate from medicine; only recently became established part of medicine  Ancient Egypt and Greece Egypt mummification practices led to some knowledge of internal organs anatomy important for religious symbolism (e.g. Book of the Dead and connection between specific organs and gods) Greece art shows interest in surface anatomy doctors uninterested in anatomy (humoral system puts function before structure in importance) dissection forbidden Greek thinkers Hippocrates Hippocratic Corpus (collection of writings attributed to Hippocrates and his students) presents anatomy as foundation of medicine, but understood from external observation good description of skeletal system, but knowledge of internal organs limited Aristotle conclusions about human body based on animal dissection teleological view of the human body: each part serves a higher (and more complex) end or purpose e.g. information carried from the eye, by blood vessels, to the heart (and then to soul) Alexandria first school of anatomy, and some dissections allowed Herophilus (325-255 BC) “the father of anatomy”: best anatomical descriptions from ancient Greece differentiated nerves of sensation from those associated with voluntary movement reversed longstanding Aristotelian notion that heart was the seat of intelligence, instead identifying it in the brain accused of dissecting live criminals  Rome and the Islamic world Galen (129-c. 210) in Pergamon and Rome, Galen practiced medicine on gladiators (wounds allowed for anatomical learning) dissection and vivisection on animals; argued against the ban on human dissection argued that all structures have a function within the humoral system (teleological) major errors in anatomy, but disproved the idea that arteries contain air Islamic world scholars translated and transmitted Greek and Roman anatomical knowledge, especially with drawings The Medieval Church and dissection influence of Christian tradition soul more important than body idea that dissection may endanger resurrection of the body regulation of dissections tensions between medical schools and general opposition of the church opposition dissections infrequent (often once every five years) Medieval dissection practices practice emphasis on determining cause of death (often linked to murders or unknown circumstances) ritualistic: professor sat above table and read from Galen illiterate barbers carried out the dissection differences between cadaver and Galenic ideal explained by imperfection of mortal Mondino dei Luzzi (c. 1270-1326) reintroduced public dissections at University of Bologna Anathomia Corporus Humani became standard textbook for next 150 years (but very Galenic) Renaissance art and anatomy cultural shifts Bubonic plague (1347-1351) and New World diseases (after 1492) caused skepticism towards Galenic orthodoxy Renaissance humanism involved new interest in the human body anatomical art new focus on realistic depiction of body means artists begin anatomical studies e.g. Leonardo da Vinci Andreas Vesalius born 1514 in Brussels; studies in Louvain and Paris moves to Padua where dissection more common for medical education becomes professor of surgery at age of 23 and begins teaching anatomy Tabulae Sex (Six tables) high-quality images, but influence of Galen De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543) seven volumes, each with a different theme e.g. “muscle men” of second book text describes dissection process used to create images a landmark work for medical science and anatomical art The anatomical theatre first temporary anatomical theatre built in Padua in 1300s due to Vesalius’ work, permanent theatre built at University of Padua by 1594 theatres spread across Europe; places for both scientific work and entertainment e.g. entrance fees, etc. Rembrandt: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632) La Specola anatomical collection (Florence, Italy) Medical mistrust towards anatomy "All that anatomy can doe is only to shew us the gross and sensible parts of the body, or the vapid and dead juices all which, after the most diligent search, will be not much able to direct a physician how to cure a disease than how to make a man…If anatomy shew us neither the causes nor cures of most diseases I think it is not very likely to bring any great advantages for removeing the pains and maladys of mankind" – John Locke (1668) 19th-century advances technology and new disease concepts percussion/auscultation allows us to “see inside” the chest lesions become more important than symptoms medical education anatomy integrated into medical schools (e.g. Paris Medical School) pathological anatomy becomes a recognized specialty but ongoing limitations for dissection: limited supply of bodies (led to “body snatching” by “resurrectionists”) cultural taboos about dissection Anatomy on the decline? anatomy taught in medical schools but not considered an area for cutting- edge research decreasing amount of time devoted to dissection in medical schools some schools now use computer software the current debate: should you be able to become a medical doctor without performing a dissection? however: ongoing public interest in dissection and anatomy