Week 6 Midterm Exam Review PDF

Construction theory 1 AEC102-001 Midterm Exam Review Environmentally Responsible (Sustainability Green Eco-friendly Resource-conscious Low-carbon footprint Climate-conscious) Designing the built environment so buildings and landscapes can be maintained at a steady level without exhausting n...

Construction theory 1 AEC102-001 Midterm Exam Review Environmentally Responsible (Sustainability Green Eco-friendly Resource-conscious Low-carbon footprint Climate-conscious) Designing the built environment so buildings and landscapes can be maintained at a steady level without exhausting natural resources while minimizing ecological damage. Economy & Ecology The prefix eco- comes from the the Ancient Greek word oikos, which loosely translates to “house” (local environment). The suffix -nomy means “management” and the suffix -logy means “knowledge”. Economy Economy means “house management” Ecology Ecology means “house knowledge” While the study of enonomics concerns how people use resources, and the study of ecologies refers to a branch of science that studies how organisms relate to each other, and the relationships within social and human-built enviornments. GREENHOUSE GAS Greenhouse gases are gases in the earth’s atmosphere that trap heat. During the day, the sun shines through the atmosphere, warming the earth’s surface. At night, earth’s surface cools, releasing heat back into the air. But some of the heat is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere The largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activites in North America is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation Carbon Footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by our actions. Shrinking Gotham’s Footprint by Laurie Kerr Ecological Urbanism Harvard Graduate School of Design Edited by Mohsen Mostafavi with Gareth Doherty  Interim Changes to the 2010 National source and provide adequate ventilation Building Code have minimum requirements and humidity control. COURSE INTRO 1 Principles of sustainable housing Sustainable housing is founded on five fundamental principles. Indoor air quality Water quality Light and sound Fire safety Healthy Indoor Environment Resource Energy Efficiency Efficiency Use renewable, recycled or reused materials Building thermal performance Management of construction waste Energy for heating, cooling and ventiliation Water Durability and logevity Sustainable Renewable energy technologies Building orientation Electical consuption and peak demand Environmental Responsibility Manufacturing Housing Affordability Cost Adaptability Emissions and combustion by-products Suitability Wastewater and sewage Community and site planning issues Hazardous materials: landfill and disposal HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT Indoor air quality material selection, VOC (volatile organic compounds), paints, sealants, glue ventilation Water quality home treatment Light, sound & radiation daylight noise control electromagnetic fields Design a Azure IoT Indoor Air Quality monitoring platform from scratch by kaushik roy ENERGY EFFICIENCY Building thermal performance building envelope: exterior wall assembly including insulation, weather barrier, etc. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) SEER rating (seasonal energy efficiency ratio) Renewable energy Natural heating & cooling by building orientation Passive solar design Building envelope section diagram electrical consumption & peak demand smart meters, Energy star RESOURCE EFFICIENCY Embodied Energy: The energy consumed by all of the processes associated with the production of a building. from the mining and processing of natural resources to manufacturing, transport and product delivery. embodied energy does not include the operation and disposal of the building material. Construction waste management Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Water conservation and reuse Rain water Gray water - water that has already been used domestically, commercially and industrially. Durability and longevity Materials and methods ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING Community planning & site planning issues Integrate nature into the community Municipal zoning that plans residential and industrial seperate from each other Create buffers between industry and where people live Emission and combustion by-products Consider wind direction Potentials for industrial by-product reuse Hazardous materials Landfill & disposal Proper storage American Industrial City, Diagram of its proposed replanning, 1938. Hilberseimer, Ludwig Karl. AFFORDABILITY Affordability Adaptability Marketability Long-term operation Design flexibility Resale Material longevity Potentials for reprogramming for future adaptive reuse Adaptable homes by Geraghty Taylor Architects ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE HOUSING Less land is required. fewer resources to construct. Uses less energy and water to operate. Holds value through durability and reduced maintenance. Provides healthy and thermally comfortable living space. Permeable paving reduces runoff volume by trapping and slowly releasing precipitation into the ground instead of allowing it to flow into storm drains. Reduce erosion, minimize paving surfaces, protect vegetation. Passive and Active design Student-built houses powered exclusively by solar power on display in Washington D.C. at the Solar Decathlon 2009. principles. BASIC DESIGN & ENERGY EFFICIENCY Optimal Building orientation a natural way to help balance overheated and underheated periods by maximizing solar heat gain in the winter and minimizing solar heat gain in the summer. encourages cooling with prevailing winds, and optimizing daily use of the prevailing climate. BASIC DESIGN & ENERGY EFFICIENCY Building shape affects energy use The optimum shape for cool and cold regions is a cube shape because of Residential buildings are external-load extremes of winter temperature suggest dominated buildings, which is a building that the surface area should be minimized, whose energy use is determined mainly by making a compact building form. the amount of heat loss or gain through its exterior envelope. For temperate climates, building shape has less of an effect than in cool climates. However a building elongated in the east- west direction allows for winter solar heat gain, daylighting, and minimizing heat gain in the summer. For hot-arid regions, square shapes are better, for extermal load dominated buildings the plan should include open courtyards. For hot-humid regions, shapes elogated in the east-west direction are preferrable to allow breezes, provide natural cooling, and mimimize severe heat gain from the east and west directions. Courtyards and broad overhangs are also useful. BASIC DESIGN & ENERGY EFFICIENCY Building shading can be used selectively The orientation of a buildings facade to minimize solar heat gain in the summer and determines the most effective type of shading mazimize it in the winter. This can be done with device. Southfacing facades can benefit from deciduous trees, or with horizontal or vertical moderate overhangs or horizontal louvers, shading devices attached to the building. The while east and especially west facades can be shading devices can be either fixed or moveable. protected with vertical louvers, or both.  Renewable Energy Any naturally occuring, theoretically inexaustible source of energy which is not derived from fossil or nuclear fuel and thus non-polutting. Types: Solar Wind Tidal Hydroelectric Biomass Geothermal Ethan Hawke and Uma Thurman in Gattaca (1997) RENEWABLE ENERGY - SOLAR There are two types of solar energy; passive and active. Passive: Solar energy created by directly capturing the suns warmth and light through building design. Active: Occurs by using technology to transform the sun’s energy into electricity. Solar Decathlon 2011 Oberon Solar Farm, Texas, USA RENEWABLE ENERGY - WIND Wind is used to produce electricity using the kinetic energy created by air in motion. This is transformed into electrical energy using wind turbines or wind energy conversion systems. Can be located on land or off-shore. Fastest growing energy source. Has been used for hundreds of years. RENEWABLE ENERGY - HYDROELECTRIC Uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity. One of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy. A dam stores river water in a resevoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. RENEWABLE ENERGY - BIOMASS (BIOFUEL) Biomass is plant-based material used as fuel to produce heat or electricity. Examples are wood and wod residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry, farms and households. U.S. Energy Information Adminstration Schilling Power Station. Schwendi, Germany by Matteo Thun & Partners RENEWABLE ENERGY - GEOTHERMAL (GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP) Geothermal heating and cooling systems Provides heating, cooling, and hot take advantage of the stable temperature water at remarkably high efficiencies. underground using a piping system, commonly referred to as a “loop.” Water circulates in the loop to exchange heat between your home, the ground source heat pump, and the earth. Building Science Science that focuses on the analysis of the phyisical phenomena affecting buildings. MOISTURE When water vapour cools it condenses and can result in moisture damage problems such as mold, rot, corrosion, and staining. Condense: change or cause change from a gas or vapour to a liquid. Moisture can be from ice, liquid or gas (vapour) FOUR PATHWAYS THAT WATER GETS INTO BUILDINGS “Bulk” water: rain, runoff, and wind-driven water Capillary water Air-transported moisture Vapor diffusion https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/article/four-ways-that-water-gets-into-buildings “BULK” WATER: RAIN, RUNOFF, AND WIND-DRIVEN WATER Driven primarly by gravity but also by wind and pressure differences. Travels the path of least resistance. Finds the smallest cracks in walls and roof. Bulk water on the exterior of a building is manged by shedding water down and off of the building. Site features move the water away from the building. Inside the building bulk water is managed by preventing or containing plumbing leaks and condensation. Section Diagram for Managing Bulk Water Basements are a common problem. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/ moisture-management-strategies CAPILLARY WATER Caplillary water moves under tension through porous building materials. Capillary breaks are non-pourous materials such as sheet metal, impermable membranes, closed-cell foam, or plastics Defense against capillary water movement are by making caplillary breaks in appropriate locations. Between the foundation and moisture sensitive materials sitting on it. Rain screen system: Air space between cladding and the sheathing of exterior walls AIR-TRANSPORTED MOISTURE Vapour content of air as it leaks out of or into a building. Air leakage is driven by a combination of holes through the building envelope and one of the three dirving forces” Wind Stack effect Mechanically induced pressure differences (fans) between the inside and outside of the building. Air-transported moisture is managed with a continuous air air barrier in the building envelope Airflow allws more moisture into a house than any other way. Approximately 90 times more than diffusion. VAPOUR DIFFUSION Water vapour passes through porous materials that are seemingly solid. A vapour barrier (6 mil Polyethylene) must be used to stop diffusion through solid materials. Exterior wall assemblies must be designed to be able to dry out if any vapor moves through it ADVANTAGES OF WOOD-FRAME CONSTRUCTION Wood-frame construction can incorporate fast and easy to build and renovate; dimension lumber, engineered wood products durable and structural wood panel sheathing into wall, floor and roof assemblies that are robust, built from a renewable resource economical and fast to build. a natural insulator that is easy to insulate to Current wood-frame technology is the result of minimize heating and cooling costs many years of development and improvement and extensive research. strong, light and flexible using basic tools and fasteners easily tailored to the range of wind and snow loads found throughout Canada easily reinforced to withstand extreme wind and earthquake loads adaptable to all climates ranging from hot and humid to extremely cold climates able to meet or exceed code-established levels of fire safety and sound control https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8UOqaK_suw SOURCES OF INDOOR MOISTURE Breathing, bathing, washing and drying clothes Cooking Indoor plants New building materials The key to mold concrete curing control is moisture Wood curing (especially pressure treated) control Brick and block mortar Drywall compound Plumbing leaks INDOOR AIR QUALITY Mold microscopic fungi mold spores can come into the house via air, attaching to people and pets. If mold becomes a major problem it should be removed by trained workers. mold needs oxygen, water, nutrients and a sustainable temperature range to grow (0 to 38 deg. C). Interactive Mold House Tour: https://www.epa.gov/mold/interactive-mold- house-tour COMMON DAMAGE FROM MOISTURE ISSUES When water vapour condenses on surfaces it can: promote mold growth breakdown protective coatings Such as paint and caulking Decrease the performance of insulation in walls and ceilings Wood rot, metal corrode Potential structural damage SOURCES OF INDOOR MOISTURE The moisture issues described can be minimized or eliminated by providing: Adequate ventilation & air circulation Continous vapour retarder & air barrier around the building envelope RELATIVE HUMIDITY Relative humidity (RH) is a ratio that compares the greatest amount of water vapor that can be contained in the air at a particular temperature. INDOOR AIR QUALITY If houses are sealed too tight (with intent to conserve energy) it can cause other issues such as mold, and it can trap particulate matter and gases in the house. This is why it’s critical to properly ventilation a house. TEMPERATURE CHANGE THROUGH MATERIALS R-value the building industry term for how well a two-dimensional barrier (such as a layer of insulation, a window, or a complete wall or ceiling assembly) resists the conductive flow of heat. Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object. R-value is an imperial system of measurement where the less commonly used term in the industry is RSI value which is a metric measurement of thermal resistance. TEMPERATURE CHANGE THROUGH MATERIALS Temperature gradient is the rate of change of temperature with displacement in a given direction. INDOOR AIR QUALITY people spend approximately 60+% of their time indoors. We encounter hundreds of contaminants when indoor but, usually at low concentrations, therefore are usually harmless unless you have Indoor air allergies, asthma or are hypersensitive. quality can be Indoor air quality can be improved by: improved through Proper ventilation Air filtration architectural Material selection (low VOC) Healthy humidity levels design Removing hazardous materials Cleaning and maintenance Consider wind direction (building orientation and location) Eliminate the source through selection of materials, building assemblies and systems INDOOR AIR QUALITY Factors that affect air quality: Controlling this can be done by: Airborne particulate matter Adequate ventilation and air filtration of the supply air. dust, nanoparticles are all a form of airborne matter Supply as much outdoor air as possible (if the outdoor environment Chemicals for intended uses is appropriate). Unintential emissions from services house maintenance, cleanliness, and within the house operation. Emissions from materials Cleaning floors and dusting many materials emit VOCs (volatile HEPA filters (high efficiency organic compounds) paints, furniture particulate air) help to reduce fabric, etc. airborne matter. INDOOR AIR QUALITY Combustion Gases Carbon monoxide is from incomplete combustion of fuels Nitrogen dioxide is from normal combustion (pilot light) using appliances with electronic ignition and proper ventilation helps to prevent any problems. INDOOR AIR QUALITY Radon (soil gase) Colorless, odorless and radioactive gas that occurs naturally within soil. comes from the earth and enters the house through very small cracks in concrete basement floors, basement walls, sump pits and basement drains. May occur in basements that do not have good air exchange. INDOOR AIR QUALITY Controlling Radon proper sealing at junctions of materials and good ventilation helps control the gas. When high levels of gas are present in the area a vent pipe through the basement floor extending through the roof is required by code. CONSTRUCTION WASTE waste produced during site clearance and construction of new homes and residential renovations, account for more than 5% of the total volume in landfills. Cutting back on waste helps the builder: Reduce the quantity and cost of materials. Reduce haulage / tipping fees at landfill sites. Improve efficiency through altered construction practices Improve reputation by demonstrating environmental responsibility. CONSTRUCTION WASTE Reduce construction waste by: Material reduction techniques. Modular and prefabricated design. Modular houses Prefabricated trusses and walls Reduce re-entrant corners at exterior walls Improve material storage tarp or place indoor Purchase material in bulk less containers Use materials made either entirely or partially of recycled materials. Kufstein modular houses Germany, Austria, Sqitzerland CONSTRUCTION WASTE Reuse: cut-offs from wood. reuse as blocking. insulation pieces. place around pipes to reduce air leakage and reduce sound transmission. Plastic packaging. Reuse as garbage bags or to protect materials. Resource Rows, which used panels of brickwork taken from the demolition of Copenhagen’s Carlsberg Brewery CONSTRUCTION WASTE Building materials that can be made from recycled content: wood engineered wood products plastic flooring, insulation, drainage tile, etc. cardboard, paper insulation metals wall framing (studs) asphalt shingles asphalt pavement drywall (gypsum) new drywall, cement, agriculture FACTORS THAT AFFECT CONSTRUCTION Professional builder (registered) or do-it-yourself Single house or a subdivision Weather Site conditions Availability of labour & materials. SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE Building time frame for a typical subdivision house today where multiple houses are being constructed by the same builder is approximately 8 to 16 weeks. It is a substantial decrease in time over the past 20 to 50 years primarily because of these technologies: Sheet & panel material Factory built components Plastic piping Power tools & equipment Multi house construction. The timeline is typically longer with custom houses. STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION 1/ Plans, financing & permits (varies) 6/ Doors & windows (1 - 2 days) architect, designer, architectural windows, exterior doors flashing. technologist bank 7/ Plumbing, heating & electrical rough-in (3-7 days) building department piping, ductwork, electrical 2/ Layout of building (1 day) 8/ Exterior finishes (7 - 14 days) setbacks brick, siding, stucco, exterior painting Depth Gutter and downspout, caulking 3/ Excavation & footings (1 - 3 days) 9/ Insulation, air & vapour barrier (2 - 5 days) stripping, trucking, formwork, concrete. batt & blow-in insulation plastic film & taping 4/ Foundation, drainage & backfill (4 - 7 days) block, concrete 10/ Interior Finishes (12 - 16 days) dampproofing, weeping tile drywall / plaster clean fill flooring, baseboard window & door trim 5/ Framing (10 - 18 days) wall system, floor system, roof structure STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION 11/ Paint, millwork (cabinets) & fixtures (5 - 10 days) priming & finishing coats, varnishing cabinets, hardware sinks, switches, lights, kitchen appliances. 12/ Landscaping (2 - 5 days) grading, walkways, groundcover NOTE: add 1 to 5 weeks for unavoidable delays weather, delay in subcontractors showing up, deliveries of materials 13/ Final inspection (building department), certificate of occupancy LOCATION & EXCAVATION Marking the excavation area (layout of building). confirm front / back & side yard requirements. setbacks from property lines, utility easements. notify gas, telephone and cable companies ( CALL BEFORE YOU DIG ) stakes & boards are located approximately 4 feet past all corners of the building ( batter boards ). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8m-G9qrDpng LOCATION & EXCAVATION Excavation size & depth topsoil stripped and stored on site. footprint of excavation should be larger than actual building. haul un-wanted excavated material off site (or reuse material on site if design pertains, save trips). LOCATION & EXCAVATION Excavation size & depth depth is to underside of footing footing depth is dependent on: elevation of 1st floor above finished grade elevation of the street and sewer adjoining houses and surface drainage soil conditions Frost depth Specifications A written description of procedures and materials for a specific component of a construction project. Specifications are composed of 49 Division 03 divisions. Concrete strength ( MPA) reinforcing Division 01 finishing General Requirements protection temporary facilities and services precast cash allowances payment procedures Division 04 inspections and testing Masonry meetings historic reclamation protection concrete masonry units (concrete blocks) brick masonry Division 02 stone, marble, granite Existing Conditions glass unit clearing and grading mortar demolition reinforcing SPECIFICATIONS Division 05 Division 08 Metals ( structural and miscellaneous) Openings columns doors and frames beams window glass and frames masonry lintels hardware decking Division 09 Division 06 Finishes Wood, Plastics and Composites wall boards and coverings rough carpentry flooring finish carpentry ceiling finishes architectural wood work (millwork) laminates Division 10 Specialties Division 07 washroom accessories Thermal & Moisture Protection storage shelving roofing siding Division 11 insulation Equipment dampproofing / waterproofing appliances: fridge, stove, etc. flashing central vac sealants SPECIFICATIONS Division 12 Division 23 Furnishings Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning blinds, shades (HVAC) tables, beds heating air conditioning Division 13 humidifier Special Construction saunas Division 26 indoor pool Electrical lighting Division 14 wiring Conveying Equipment service panel elevators wheelchair lifts Division 31 Earthwork Division 22 excavation Plumbing septic system plumbing fixtures granular materials drainage water system Division 32 Exterior Improvements asphalt work concrete work CONCRETE FUNDAMENTALS Concrete or reinforced concrete is one of OBC 9.3.1.6 the first materials used on a construction projec on these typical applications: Minimum strength for footings & foundation walls is 15 MPA. Strip footings Columns & pier footings Minimum strength for interior concrete slabs is Foundation walls 20 MPA. Floor slabs Minimum strength for exterior concrete slabs, The compressive Strength of concrete is measured driveways, sidewalks, porches, patios, garage floor in mega Pascals (MPA). is 32 MPA with additives. CONCRETE INGREDIENTS The 4 basic materials Concrete is composed of: Cement Sand Aggregate Water The typical concrete mix is made up of roughly 10% cement, 20% air and water, 30% sand, and 40% gravel. This is called the 10-20-30-40 Rule– though proportions may vary depending on the type of cement and other factors. Each material is mixed together based on volume CONCRETE STRENGTH CONCRETE PLACEMENT Concrete should always be placed in forms to produce clean straight edges. CONCRETE PLACEMENT Concrete should not fall in place over a height of 8’ (2.4m) due to segregation of materials CONCRETE PLACEMENT Concrete should be spread and then leveled. CONCRETE FINISHING Use steel trowels for smooth concrete Use aluminum-magnesium trowels from textured finishes. fconcrete finishes. Slab on grade (interior) slip resistant basement slab (interior) typical for driveways and exterior walkways CONCRETE CURING Curing is the process of concrete drying and hardening, and plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete. Concrete should be kept at a minimum of 50° F ( 10° C ) for 72 hours while curing. During very cold weather additives (accelerators) and protection will help concrete cure without freezing. Proper curing avoids costly problems. FOOTINGS Footings distribute the loads (weight) of the building to the soil. Concrete Footings: Type & size of footing is dependent on soil conditions and size of building. Minimum soil bearing pressure of 75 kPa (1500 psf) (table 9.4.4.1). minimum depth of the underside of a footing is based on the depth of frost penetration minimum depth 4’ (1.2m) below grade (table 9.12.2.2) FOOTINGS Concrete footings should project a minimum of 4” (100mm) past each side of the foundation wall (good practice). Using a keyway helps with lateral pressures that occur on the foundation walls. Used with poured concrete foundation. Footing CONCRETE FOOTING TYPES Strip Footing (sometimes referred to as ribbon footings) Used to support exterior foundation walls and sometimes interior load bearing walls. Sizing is based on: Number of floors to be supported. How the walls above grade are made CONCRETE FOOTING TYPES Pier Footing (Column footing) Used to support columns (or posts) Approximately 25” x 25” (635x635mm) for 1 storey Approximately 34” x 34” (865x865mm) for 2 storey buildings The thickness should be equal to the projection from column base to edge of footing (minimum 12” (300mm)). CONCRETE FOOTING TYPES Wood footing Plates (Alternate Footing type) Wood footing plates on granular material can be an alternate type of footing for wood foundations. CONCRETE FOOTING TYPES Stepped Footing Required on steeply sloping sites or when a transition in footing elevation is required. Vertical distance should not exceed 24” (600mm) Horizontal distance should not be less than 24” (600mm) Stepped footings are always based on a 8” (200mm) module system. FOUNDATION WALLS Foundation walls carry the building load (floors, walls, roof) down to the footing. 4 common foundation materials: Cast-in-place concrete Concrete block (concrete masonry unit, CMU) Preserved and treated wood ICF (Insulated Concrete Forms) The thickness of cast in place concrete & concrete block and ICF system depends on depth of wall below grade. Foundation walls are typically 8” (200mm) to 12” (300mm) thick (table 9.15.4.2.A). FOUNDATION WALLS Laterally supported foundation wall: wall When a floor systm is secured to the top of a foundation wall preventing it from collapsing inward. if a floor system is NOT secured to the top of a foundation wall it is considered Laterally unsupported. FORMWORK Formwork is the mold wherein fresh concrete is Most forms are made of steel or plywood which poured and formed. makes them reusable once the concrete is cured. The mold, which can be permanent or temporary, Metal tie bars are used to keep the two sides holds the poured concrete and shapes it until it from separating in conjunction with bracing. cures enough to support itself and other loads. Regular forms should be kept in place as Must be tight, well braced & strong enough to long as possible (minimum of 3 days). withstand the pressure of the concrete. FORMWORK Insulated concrete formwork (ICF) ICF’sresult in cast-in-place concrete walls that are sandwiched between two layers of insulation material (typically polystyrene foam). ICF’s remain in place perminently provide both formwork and insulation for the walls which reduce labor cost. Box-outs are placed between the forms at door, window & beam locations to prevent concrete from being placed in these locations. These systems are strong and energy efficient.  whose length equals the finished thickness of concrete elevation. 37 Concrete formwork and combination form ties CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE FOUNDATION WALLS Cast-in-place concrete, also known as “site- wall is As concrete thickness being placed it should be cast” or “poured-in-place” concrete, is poured vibrated to remove air pockets and keep into the formwork and cured onsite in the the mix consistent. concrete’s finished position. break point concrete should be placed as one continuous pour (caution with segregation). reusable forms — plywood or other facing waler horizontal bracing diagonal brace if required form tie stake block anchor bolt cast-in-place concrete wall strip footing CONCRETE BLOCK (CMU) FOUNDATION WALL Standard concrete block is 8” wide x 8” high x 16” long (nominal size) (200x200x400) The only size that changes is the width, which varies from 4” (100mm) to 12” (300mm) The actual size is 3/8” smaller (9mm) for the height ,length, and width This accomodates for the thickness of the mortar joint Mortar joints are 3/8” and are typically tooled smooth to resist water. CONCRETE BLOCK (CMU) FOUNDATION WALLS CMU Mortar 4 components: Portland cement Masonry cement Sand water FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS FOR CRAWL SPACES The principal is the same as other foundatoins except that the excavation is only a trench. Required a 6 mil polyethylene (Vapour barrier) on grade and up interior of foundation walls The crawl space must be vented.  PRE-MANUFACTURED (MODULAR) FOUNDATIONS Modular foundations can speed up construction time and are accurate as they are pre-manufactured at a factory Insulated precast concrete wall panels with steel studs BASEMENT CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS Typically poured in place after the roof and rough-in plumbing is completed. Minimum thickness of 3” (75mm) concrete on 6 mil polyethylene vapour barrier on minimum 4” (100mm) granular fill is required Concrete slabs, interior and exterior poured against other material should always have a premolded expansion joint. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stOvOxIDRYo FOUNDATION WALL DETAILS Anchor bolts 7’-10” O.C. Before cast-in-place or ICF concrete begins to harden anchor bolts for sill plates set in the concrete pour. At CMU foundation walls the top coursing is filled solid with grout with the anchor bolts set in the grout pour before it cures. bolts are usually 1/2” (12.7mm) diameter with a hook at the end (recessed in concrete) to provide good secure anchoring. Maximum distance between anchor bolts is 7’-10” (2.4m) Maximum distance from the end of a plate to the anchor bolt is 12” (305mm) and the minimum is 4” (100mm) Bolts should project out of the concrete a minimum of 2” (50mm) so that the sill plate can be secured with a nut and washer.  polyethylene sheet joint filler CONTROL JOINTS IN FOUNDATION WALL Control joints are used to relieve stress induced by small amounts of movement caused by shrinkage during curing or small expansion and contraction movements This movement is the result of absorption and expulsion of moisture in concrete or masonry. 42 Control joint in basement wall caulk outside face of wall at joint control crack 12 mm (1⁄2 in.) 19 mm (3⁄4 in.) 19 mm (3⁄4 in.) bevelled 19 mm (3⁄4 in.) strip nailed to inside and outside form face to make grooves Note: The combined thickness of inner and outer strips should equal approximately one-fifth of the wall thickness. This example is for an 200 mm (8 in.) thick foundation wall. EXPANSION JOINTS AT CONCRETE SLAB Expansion joints separate the slab from structures such as foundation walls, footings, and structural support columns, and allow the slab to move unrestrained both horizontally and vertically. These joints can be strips of asphalt-impregnated sheeting, compressible foam, or other materials that are put in place before the slab is poured. Expansion joint material or wrapping the vapour retarder (polyetheylene sheet) at a minimum be used between a wall and slab.  enter the top of the foundation. Cap pilasters ground level. For added protection where large supporting beams with 200 mm (8 in.) of quantities of water accumulate in the soil, solid masonry. waterproof the wall by mopping on two layers FOUNDATION45 Concrete PREPARATION block wall - OBC 9.13.2.4 Before applying dampproofing or waterproofing: solid cap 2/ Poured concrete foundation walls need the form pilaster for support of beams tie holes plugged with tar or hydraulic cement. 1/ Block foundation walls need to be parged. sill concrete block blocking for window frame parging dampproofing footing cove Parge the outside face of concrete block walls with at least 6 mm (1⁄4 in.) Canada of and Housing Corporation Mortgage 77 Portland cement plaster, forming a cove on the outside perimeter joint between the footings and the wall. FOUNDATION DAMPPROOFING 9.13.2.1 AND WATER-PROOFING 9.13.3.1 Dampproofing is required by all foundation walls that are part of a basement. Used to control water vapour and soil moisture. Water-proofing is required only for foundations that are subject to hydrostatic pressures. Stops the influx of liquid water from passing through the foundation wall. Prevent hydrostatic pressure through site design by finding ways to direct water away from the house, preventing water from pooling around the foundation, and especially when the site naturally has a high water table.  dampproofing types FOUNDATION DAMPPROOFING heavy coat of bituminous material Dampproofing(rolled, brushedTypes and Waterproofing or sprayed tar) Waterproofing is about four times thicker than damp sheet material Heavy coat of bituminous material (rolled, poofing compounds rubberized brushed or sprayed tar) membrane (sprayed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-K04hoNWFV0 blue, green) Self-adhering membrane https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRCDWuBWivQ Rubberized membrane (sprayed blue, green) DRAINAGE BLANKET 9.14.2.1.(2)(B) Drainage blankets are attached to the foundation walls after dampproofing or waterproofing to help in moving moisture to drainage tiles located at the footings. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=H3gnu1CR3Gw  drainage tiles drain into the sump pit or to the storm sewers FOUNDATION DRAINAGE 9.14 at the road OBC 9.13.2.4 in areas of very wet sites, drainage tile is installed along the inside of the footing and Drainage should always slope grade (the ground) away from the building. possibly laterally under the slab 4” perforated tile is installedtoon prevent hydrostatic the outside pressures. of the footing on firm soil to help carry excess water away from the foundation 9.14.3.2 6” minimum of clear gravel must cover the drainage tile which acts as a filter 9.14.3.3.(4). FOUNDATION DRAINAGE 9.14 Drainage tiles drain into the sump pit or to In areas of very wet sites, drainage tile is the storm sewers at the road. installed along the inside of the footing and possibly laterally under the slab to prevent hydrostatic pressures. BACKFILLING 9.12.3 Backfilling Backfilling foundation walls should not be 9.12.3 carried out until the floor joists and subfloor are in place. backfilling foundation walls Backfilling material should be clean of construction waste should not be carried out until the floor joists and subfloor are Uniform backfilling is necessaryinto place prevent damage such as cracking in the walls. backfilling material should be clean of construction waste uniform backfilling is necessary to prevent damage such as cracking in the walls. FOUNDATION INSULATION Foundations can be insulated on the interior or exterior. Exterior insulation (outsulation) is more effective as it prevents the foundation wall from becoming cold. It reduces the temperature swing which reduces thermal stress & cracking. If insulation is exposed to weather it must be protected 9.25.2.3.(6). FOUNDATION INSULATION Rigid insulation placed on the exterior surface of a foundation advantages over interior placement: It can provide continuous insulation with no thermal bridges It protects and maintains the waterproofing and structural wall at moderate temperatures Minimizes moisture condensation problems, and Does not reduce interior basement floor area. LUMBER 9.3.2 Most residential projects use dimensional lumber: 1 ½” to 3 ½” thick and 1 ½” to 11 ¼” wide. LUMBER GRADES Based on physical characteristics each piece of lumber is examined and assigned a grade. Select Structural is the highest quality available, where high strength, stiffness and good appearance are required. No. 1 grade has some knots but, but still has high structural strength. No. 1 & 2 grades, are popular for most general construction uses. No. 3 grade is used where appearance is not a factor. Stud Grade lumber is for applications where CONSTRUCTION STANDARD UTILITY ECONOMY high strength values are required, such as floor joists, rafters, headers, small beams, trusses and general framing. Moisture content of framing lumber should not exceed 19%. GRADE MARKS APPENDIX A Tables APPENDIX A Tables Table 9 Table 9 (continued) Grade markings are used to Facsimiles of lumber grade marks approved for use in Canada Facsimiles of lumber grade marks approved for use in Canada show that the lumber product Alberta Forest Products Association 900, 10707 100 Avenue Maritime Lumber Bureau P.O. Box 459 conforms to the ( NLGA ) Edmonton, Alberta T5J 3M1 Tel: 780-452-2841 Amherst, Nova Scotia B4H 4A1 Tel: 902-667-3889 Email: [email protected] National Lumber Grades Website: www.albertaforestproducts.ca Website: www.mlb.ca Authority & to CSA Standard Newfoundland and Labrador Canadian Mill Services Association Lumber Producers Association 0141, Softwood Lumber. #200, 601-6th Street P.O. Box 8 Glovertown New Westminster, British Columbia V3L 3C1 Tel: 604-523-1288 Newfoundland and Labrador A0G 2L0 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.canserve.org Tel: 709-533-2206 Display: Canadian Softwood Inspection Agency Inc. Ontario Forest Industries Association (Home of CLA Grading and Inspection) Brookswood RPO 8 King Street East, Suite 1704 P.O. Box 61599 Toronto, Ontario M5C 1C3 Langley, British Columbia V3A 8C8 Tel: 416-368-6188 Name or symbol of agency Tel: 604-535-6192 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.ofia.com Website: www.canadiansoftwood.com Ontario Lumber Manufacturers Agency Species Central Forest Products Association 244 Viau Road c/o Alberta Forest Products Association Noelville, Ontario P0M 2N0 (see above for contact info) Tel: 705-618-3403 Email: [email protected] Grade Website: www.olma.ca Council of Forest Industries Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau 1501-700 West Pender Street P.O. Box 19118 Moisture content Pender Place, Business Building 4th Avenue Postal Outlet Vancouver, British Columbia V6K 4R8 Vancouver British Columbia V6C 1G8 Tel: 604-684-0211 Tel: 604-732-1782 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.plib.org mill number Website: www.cofi.org Québec Forest Industry Council Macdonald Inspection Service 1175, avenue Lavigerie, bureau 200 211-1548 Johnston Road Québec City, Quebec G1V 4P1 White Rock, British Columbia V4B 3Z8 Tel: 418-657-7916 Tel: 604-535-6192 Email: [email protected] Website: www.gradestamp.com Website: www.qfic.qc.ca Continued on p. 270 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation 269 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation 270 ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS (EWP) EWP’s includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of fixation to form composite material. Dimension lumber & wood products are often combined with glue or mechanical fasteners to produce EWP. Engineered Wood Products provide equivalent or better performance to dimensional lumber. EWP uses less wood, from small trees, which make better use of forest resources. Some of the EWP products are: Glue-laminated beams Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams The Wood Innovation and Design Centre in BC, Wood I-joists designed by Michael Green Architects Cross-laminated timber ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS GLUE-LAMINATED BEAMS (GLU-LAM) Glulam is an engineered wood beam composed of wood laminations, or “lams”, that are bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. The grain of the laminations runs parallel with the length of the member. Glulam is versatile, ranging from simple, straight beams to complex, curved members https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzCWStEJHfs ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL) Uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives. It is typically used for headers, beams, and rimboard ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS WOOD I-JOISTS I-joists are strong, lightweight, “I” shaped engineered wood structural members that meet demanding performance standards. I-joists are comprised of top and bottom flanges, which resist bending, united with webs, which provide outstanding shear resistance. https://www.apawood.org/i-joist https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kG5fw3PXf3U SHEET AND PANEL PRODUCTS Plywood: Multiple thin plies of wood running in opposite direction and glued together. Thickness range from 1/4” to 3/4” Exterior grade plywood has a different type of glue. Oriented Strand Board (OSB): engineered wood similar to particle board, formed by adding adhesives and then compressing layers of wood strands (flakes) in specific orientations. FRAMING THE HOUSE Structural shell consists of the foundation, floors, walls, roof and some interior load bearing walls The shell must be framed and sheathed to obtain its rigidity. two main types of traditional residential framing: Platform Balloon PLATFORM FRAMING Most common framing system used Floor system is built independently from the walls. Studs are one storey and typically @ 16” O.C. The Bottom & top plates provide a firestop at floor and ceiling and nailing support. PLATFORM FRAMING BALLOON FRAMING Rarely used today. Studs are continuous from foundation to roof Floor framing is installed after walls are built. BALLOON FRAMING FLOOR FRAMING SILL PLATE Lowest and first wood framing member in residential construction. Used to help anchor the floor system to the foundation wall. typically 2”x6” (38x153). Must be pressure treated (PT) when placed on a concrete foundation wall. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qj0o2LxTFxk grade, or else it must be separated from the may be reduced to 90 mm (31⁄2 in.) in thickness concrete by 0.05 mm (2 mil) polyethylene or (Figure 57). If siding or stucco is used as an TypeFLOOR FRAMING S roll roofing, or the wood framing must SILL PLATE WITH PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION 56 Sill-plate method used in platform construction bottom wall plate subfloor wood I-joist or wood floor joist rim board anchored sill plate foam gasket or extension of air barrier mortar levelling bed 200 mm (8 in.) minimum for stucco and wood siding 150 mm (6 in.) minimum for masonry and metal and vinyl siding finished grade 57 Floor joists supported on a ledge formed in the foundation wall FLOOR FRAMING SILL GASKET A sill gasket is placed between the foundation wall and sill plate. The sill gasket is used to: Fill any gaps that may occur from the top of the foundation wall not being completely level. Reduces air infiltration. Prevents moisture from wicking under sill plate. Prevents insects from entering the house. SILL GASKET FLOOR FRAMING SILL SEALER Same function as sill gasket but provides a better air seal. EPDM rubber https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsUnZ4NYZ4 FLOOR SUPPORT SYSTEMS Wood, steel, concrete or block columns are used to support beams, which support the floor framing system and any other structural framing above. FLOOR SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3” round, adjustable steel column with plates at both ends are most common. Advantage of using steel is that it does not expand and contract like wood. The top plate should be as wide as the beam it supports. Wood post must be the same width as the beam and made of either a solid member or built-up of 2x (38mm)x lumber. Adjustable steel column BEAMS Bearing depth for masonry walls End bearing of beam Do not notch or cut hole in beam must be a minimum of 8” (190mm) must be a minimum of solid masonry. 3 1/2” (89mm). Consult professional engineer  FLANGE BEAM TYPES (MATERIALS) WEB STEEL BEAMS Wide flange steel beams (w-sections) are the most commom steel beam type Length of flange is same length of the web Metric steel member nomenclature, example: member type W250x21 Mass (kg/m) depth (mm)  at least 2–82 mm (31⁄4 in.) nails at each end of splice built-up wood beam BEAM TYPES (MATERIALS) 38 x 64 mm (2 x 3 in.) ledger strip STEEL BEAMS 38 x 38 x 600 mm (2 x 2 x 24 in.) splice with at least 12 mm (1⁄2 in.) space between the splice and the beam wood floor joist 55 Joists framed into a steel beam Wood joist bearing on top of Steel beam steel beam joists connected by 38 x 38 mm (2 x 2 in.) splices with at least 12 mm (½ in.) space between the splice and the beam joist alternatively, the joists may be supported on a minimum 38 x 38 mm (2 x 2 in.) wood plate bolted through the web of the beam Steel beam framing into wood  at the bottom. lumber set on edge and fastened together from each side with 89 mm (31⁄2 in.) nails. Columns are usually spaced 2.4 to 3.0 m Space the nails not more than 450 mm (18 (8 to 10 ft.) apart, depending on the loading and BEAM TYPES (MATERIALS) strength of the beam they support. The footings apart in each row, with the end nails located BUILT-UP WOOD BEAMS 52 Built-up wood beam usually made of three to five pieces foundation wall of 2x (38mm) lumber. built-up wood beam Butt joints must be located over a supporting post or within 6” of the joints should be within sill plate quarter points in the span. 150 mm (6 in.) of quarter point of clear span 12 mm (1⁄2 in.) clearance if beam is untreated and the beam bottom is at or below grade all around or beam end preservative-treated at or below grade separate wood beams installed less than 150 mm (6 in.) above grade fro concrete with dampproofing materia such as 0.155 mm (2 mil) polyethylen 89 mm (31⁄2 in.) minimum bearing clear span steel or wood column  BEAM TYPES (MATERIALS) ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCT (EWP BEAMS) Laminated veneer lumber beams (LVL) Parallel strand beams Glue laminated beams (Glu-lam) FLOOR FRAMING SUBFLOOR JOISTS BEAM COLUMN (POST) LOAD BEARING WALL  DOUBLE TOP PLATE FLOOR SUPPORT SYSTEMS Required for joist load distribution HEADER A beam that spans over an opening. LOAD-BEARING WALL SupportS the weight of the floor or roof structure above them. Designed to transfer the weight from the roof, through the floors and down to the foundation. FOUNDATION & FOOTING LOAD TRANSFER (LOAD-BEARING) When a 1st floor load bearing wall runs parallel to the joist system a beam or load bearing wall in the basement should be used. When a 1st floor load bearing wall runs at right angles to the joist system it should not be located more than: 35” (900mm) (roof above) from the joist support. 24” (600mm) (floor above) from the joist support. LOAD TRANSFER (NON-LOAD BEARING) Non-load bearing walls running parallel to the joist system should have double joist or wood blocking between the joist to support the wall above. FLOOR FRAMING FLOOR JOISTS RIM JOIST OR END JOIST Horizontal member that supports floor sheathing Also referred to a header, band joist, or box joist. (subfloor) and walls. Used to help keep floor joist in place. Used to support a floor that spans over an open area. Same size as floor joist. They are placed equidistant and parallel to one located at the ends of floor joistS. another. Placed on top of sill plate around the entire They span between loadbearing walls or beams. perimeter of floor structure. FLOOR FRAMING OVERLAP JOISTS AT LOAD BEARING POINT JOISTS (OR ONE JOIST LENGTH SPANNING ACROSS BEARING POINT) RIM JOISTS  (3 ⁄2 in.) on concrete or masonry walls or the joists, which are then supported by joist columns. To prevent deterioration, the ends hangers or other structural connectors attached of wood beams, located at or below grade to the beam. Joists can also be supported FLOOR FRAMING and - JOISTS framed into masonry or concrete walls, on ledger strips attached to wood beams must be treated to prevent decay or have 53 Joists supported on top of wood beam built-up wood beam wood joist toenail metal or wood column JOIST HANGERS Designed to hold wood joists in place when a thinner floor structure is desired. FLOOR FRAMING AND AIR INFILTRATION FLOOR JOIST BRIDGING, STRAPPING, AND BLOCKING bridging, strapping, and blocking are used to strengthen and prevent joists from twisting. Bridging and strapping should not be at a distance greater then 6’-11” (2.108m) from joist support. CEILING FINISH FURRING Same as strapping but it is referred to as furring when it is used for the attachement of ceiling finishes. FLOOR FRAMING - JOISTS Any joist having a slight bow edgewise should be placed with the crown on top. JOIST FRAMING AT OPENINGS Interrupted joists must be headed off to transfer their loads to adjacent joists. If the header spans more than 4 feet, it must be doubled and the loads transferred to double trimmer joists. FLOOR FRAMING AT CANTILEVERS Cantilever A projecting structural member only supported at one end. A floor joist projecting beyond a load bearing wall to provide support for a bay window or additional floor space (1 floor only) can cantilever: up to 16” (406mm) using ‘2x8’ (38x184) up to 24” (610mm) using ‘2x10’ (38x235) FLOOR FRAMING AT CANTILEVERS FLOOR JOIST MATERIALS WOOD (DIMENSIONAL LUMBER) Typically: ‘2x6’ ‘2x8’ ‘2x10’ ‘2x12’ FLOOR JOIST MATERIALS EWP - WOOD I-JOISTS wood I-joist FLOOR JOIST MATERIALS EWP - OPEN WEB JOISTS SUBFLOORS Subfloors are typically made of plywood or OSB (orientated strand board) Typical sheet size is 4’-0” x 8’-0” Sheets should be installed at right angles https://www. to the floor joists and with the end joints youtube.com/ staggered. watch?v=3r- wRhMl5uk Floor noise is minimized by using adhesive caulking and not butting sheets firmly together. Subfloor act as a large diaphragm, which essentially helps transmit lateral forces to load bearing walls and columns.  66 Basement beam and first floor joist framing FLOOR FRAMING SPANS supported joist length = 3.6 m (12 ft.) Beam span beam end The clear distance between supported ends of the beam. foundation wall Supported joist length (SJL) Half of the span of the floor joist on either side of the beam added together (or total joist length from both sides divided by 2). Joist Span interior support clear distance between the two supporting ends of the joist. beam span = 4 m (13 span beam ft.) built-up beam Basement beam and first floor joist framing supported joist length ⁄ + b⁄2 a2 a b REQUIRED INFO FOR BEAM CALCULATIONS Number of floors (1, 2 or 3…) Beam span Supported joist length (SJL) Lumber type (for built-up wood beams) REQUIRED INFO FOR FLOOR JOIST CALCULATIONS Joist sizing requirements depend on the loads Required information for sizing joists: carried and the joist span distance. Joist span LOAD types incorporated into building code tables: Lumber species or type of joist Joist spacing Dead load = 20 psf / 1 kPa type of bridging Weight of joists, all material above joist being supported by joists, and permanent equipment in building. Live Load = 40 psf / 1.9 kPa ( max 50 psf / 2.4 kPa) Weight of people, furniture and anything that is not permanently attached or built into the building.