Renewable Energy and Facade Shading

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Questions and Answers

What natural elements can be utilized for shading south-facing facades?

Solid concrete walls

Fiberglass panels

Deciduous trees (correct)

Vertical blinds

What defines active solar energy?

Energy generated using technology to convert sunlight into electricity (correct)

Energy captured through reflective surfaces

Energy formed through natural sunlight absorption only

Energy produced through heat retention in buildings

Which of the following is considered a fast-growing energy source?

Solar

Biomass

Wind (correct)

Geothermal

How is hydroelectric energy generated?

By storing river water in a reservoir and releasing it to activate turbines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?

Nuclear energy Signup and view all the answers

What material is primarily used in biomass energy production?

Plant-based materials Signup and view all the answers

What type of renewable energy captures the kinetic energy of moving air?

Wind energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of renewable energy derived from biomass?

Generating heat or electricity Signup and view all the answers

What is the email address for the Ontario Lumber Manufacturers Agency?

<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> Signup and view all the answers

Which city is associated with the Central Forest Products Association?

Noelville Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is located at 1501-700 West Pender Street?

Council of Forest Industries Signup and view all the answers

What is the telephone number for the Canadian Softwood?

604-535-6192 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following websites belongs to the Ontario Forest Industries Association?

<a href="http://www.ofia.com">www.ofia.com</a> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mailing address for the Alberta Forest Products Association?

Noelville, Ontario P0M 2N0 Signup and view all the answers

Which organization shares its contact information with the Central Forest Products Association?

Alberta Forest Products Association Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the organizations listed in the document?

Forest product manufacturing Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym EWP stand for in the context of wood products?

Engineered Wood Products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the manufacturing process for Engineered Wood Products?

Binding wood strands, particles, or fibers with adhesives Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically used in the composition of EWP?

Natural solid wood Signup and view all the answers

What role do adhesives play in the creation of Engineered Wood Products?

They bind the wood elements together Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would Engineered Wood Products be most advantageous?

When minimal wood wastage is a priority Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT mentioned as a way to create Engineered Wood Products?

Heat treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the properties of composite materials like EWP?

They combine different materials to enhance strength Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential advantage of using Engineered Wood Products over traditional solid wood?

They can be produced in larger volumes with less waste Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum distance that bridging and strapping should be from joist support?

6'-11" Signup and view all the answers

When framing joists, how should a slightly bowed joist be placed?

With the crown on top Signup and view all the answers

What type of material is typically used for making subfloors?

Plywood and OSB Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of joist hangers?

To hold joists in place in thinner floor structures Signup and view all the answers

If a header spans more than 4 feet, what must be done?

It must be doubled and supported by trimmer joists. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cantilever in floor framing?

A structural member supported at one end only Signup and view all the answers

What dimensions can a '2x10' joist cantilever extend up to according to the guidelines?

24" Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard sheet size for subfloors?

4'-0" x 8'-0" Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a subfloor in building framing?

To act as a large diaphragm that transmits lateral forces Signup and view all the answers

Which type of load is defined as the weight of all permanent equipment in a building?

Dead load Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the required information for beam calculations?

Number of floors and lumber type Signup and view all the answers

What does supported joist length (SJL) represent?

Half the span of the floor joist on either side of the beam Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum beam span for supporting a joist length of 3.6 m (12 ft)?

4 m (13 ft) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT required when calculating joist sizing requirements?

Number of joists per room Signup and view all the answers

How does caulking contribute to floor noise management?

By minimizing gaps between sheets Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the load types incorporated into building code tables?

Dead load Signup and view all the answers

Which division focuses on masonry work, including various types of blocks and bricks?

Division 04 Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials and products fall under Division 06?

Wood, Plastics, and Composites Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component listed in Division 07?

Ceiling finishes Signup and view all the answers

Which division includes the specifications for structural steel products?

Division 05 Signup and view all the answers

What is included in Division 11 under the specifications?

Equipment such as appliances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of sealing houses too tightly for energy conservation?

Trapped moisture leading to mold growth Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the measure of a barrier's resistance to heat flow?

R-value Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical to improving indoor air quality?

Proper ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a significant temperature gradient in materials?

Acceleration of heat transfer Signup and view all the answers

What type of pollutants found indoors may be harmless at low concentrations?

Airborne particulate matter Signup and view all the answers

What does adequate ventilation help control regarding indoor air quality?

Airborne health risks Signup and view all the answers

Which practical measure can be taken to reduce indoor air contaminants?

Regular cleaning and maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered appropriate for eliminating indoor air quality hazards?

Selection of materials with low VOC Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for maintaining indoor air quality?

Implementing proper ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in water quality management within homes?

Implementing home treatment systems Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of energy efficiency is focused on building thermal performance?

Exterior wall assembly and insulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials can contribute to poor indoor air quality when used?

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered when planning a healthy indoor environment?

Introducing noise control measures Signup and view all the answers

What design consideration enhances energy efficiency through building orientation?

Aligning the building to maximize natural light Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is important for the management of construction waste?

Reusing and recycling construction materials Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary concerns related to hazardous materials in building construction?

Emissions and combustion by-products Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of carbon monoxide in indoor environments?

Incomplete combustion of fuels Signup and view all the answers

Which method is effective in controlling radon levels in a building?

Sealing cracks and providing proper ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What technique can help to reduce construction waste?

Using modular and prefabricated designs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HEPA filters in indoor air quality management?

To reduce airborne matter effectively Signup and view all the answers

What property of radon makes it particularly hazardous in homes?

It is colorless and odorless Signup and view all the answers

How can builders improve their reputation through construction practices?

By demonstrating environmental responsibility through waste reduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can help reduce air leakage in buildings?

Placing insulation pieces around pipes Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary way that using materials made of recycled products benefits construction?

Helps lower the overall material costs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sill plate in residential construction?

To anchor the floor system to the foundation wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sill gasket in construction?

To fill gaps and reduce air infiltration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of floor support system is most commonly used in residential construction?

Steel columns with adjustment capabilities Signup and view all the answers

How should wood framing be treated when placed on a concrete foundation wall?

It must be pressure treated Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sill sealer in residential framing?

To provide better air sealing than a sill gasket Signup and view all the answers

What material is typically used for a sill plate?

2”x6” pressure-treated wood Signup and view all the answers

What design consideration must be made when installing a sill plate on a concrete foundation?

It must be separated from concrete by a plastic barrier if untreated Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using un-treated wood directly on a concrete foundation without a separation barrier?

Risk of degradation and insect entry Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of designing the built environment sustainably?

To minimize ecological damage while maintaining resources Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes what greenhouse gases do in the atmosphere?

Trap heat to warm the earth's surface Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases generated by individual actions?

Carbon footprint Signup and view all the answers

What does the study of ecology primarily focus on?

The relationships between organisms and their environment Signup and view all the answers

What significant source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities is mentioned?

Burning fossil fuels for energy Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix in the term 'economy' refers to 'house' in Greek?

Eco- Signup and view all the answers

What does 'low-carbon footprint' imply in the context of sustainable design?

Minimal greenhouse gas emissions Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the combination of economy and ecology as defined in the content?

Ecological design Signup and view all the answers

What is the supported joist length (SJL) defined as?

Half of the span of the floor joist on either side of a beam added together. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following loads is classified as a dead load?

Weight of all materials directly supported by the joists. Signup and view all the answers

What essential information is NOT required for beam calculations?

Total weight of the building. Signup and view all the answers

How does flooring noise management benefit from adhesive caulking?

By reducing vibrations caused by foot traffic and other movements. Signup and view all the answers

What does floor joist sizing depend on?

The loads carried and the joist span distance. Signup and view all the answers

What thickness range is typical for foundation walls made from cast-in-place concrete or ICF systems?

8” to 12” Signup and view all the answers

Which material is a common component used for formwork when constructing foundations?

Steel or plywood Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using insulated concrete forms (ICF) in construction?

They remain in place permanently and reduce labor costs. Signup and view all the answers

When is a foundation wall considered laterally supported?

When secured to the top of a floor system. Signup and view all the answers

What must be maintained for formwork during the curing process of concrete?

Formwork must be tight, well-braced, and strong enough. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cast-in-place concrete as it is poured?

It is vibrated to remove air pockets. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about box-outs in ICF is incorrect?

They are removable once concrete is poured. Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken to ensure cast-in-place concrete does not segregate?

Place it in a single, continuous pour. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of ICF systems in terms of energy efficiency?

They enhance energy efficiency significantly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum cantilever extension for a '2x8' joist according to the guidelines?

16 inches Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of joist hangers?

To hold wood joists in place Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is NOT typically used for subfloors?

HDF (High-Density Fiberboard) Signup and view all the answers

What is the required action if a header spans more than 4 feet?

Double the header Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the installation requirement for bridging?

Should not exceed a distance of 6'-11" from support Signup and view all the answers

How should a slightly bowed joist be oriented during installation?

Crown facing upward Signup and view all the answers

Which type of framing component is referred to as furring when used for ceiling finishes?

Strapping Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical sheet size for subfloors?

4'-0" x 8'-0" Signup and view all the answers

What defines the action of interrupted joists during framing?

They must be headed off to transfer loads Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration of passive solar design in buildings?

Natural heating and cooling through building orientation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT included in the definition of embodied energy?

Operational energy used after construction Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using permeable paving in community planning?

Reduces erosion and minimizes runoff volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of community planning when integrating nature into residential areas?

To provide healthy environments and buffers against industrial sites Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches best describes how to manage construction waste effectively?

Focus on reduce, reuse, recycle principles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of using smart meters in energy efficiency?

To measure and optimize energy usage Signup and view all the answers

How does water conservation through gray water systems benefit a building?

Decreases overall water usage in the building Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of resilience in housing does adaptability primarily address?

Reprogramming spaces for future uses Signup and view all the answers

What does the municipal zoning aim to achieve in environmental planning?

Create buffers between residential and industrial zones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is essential for ensuring durability and longevity in building materials?

Choice of appropriate materials and methods of construction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Building Facade Shading

Southfacing facades can benefit from deciduous trees, overhangs, or louvers.
East and west facades are best protected with vertical louvers.

Renewable Energy

Any naturally occurring, inexhaustible source of energy that is not derived from fossil or nuclear fuels.
Types include solar, wind, tidal, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal.

Solar Energy

Two types: passive and active.
Passive solar energy captures the sun's warmth and light through building design.
Active solar energy uses technology to transform sunlight into electricity.

Wind Energy

Uses kinetic energy from moving air to generate electricity.
Wind turbines or wind energy conversion systems transform this energy.
Can be located onshore or offshore.

Hydroelectric Energy

Uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.
One of the oldest and largest renewable energy sources.
Dams store river water in reservoirs, which is released to spin turbines and generate electricity.

Biomass Energy

Uses plant-based material as fuel to produce heat or electricity.
Examples include wood and wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste.

Engineered Wood Products (EWP)

Range of wood products manufactured by binding or fixing strands, particles, fibers, or veneers together.
Used to create composite materials like joists.

Floor Framing and Joists

Joists can be supported on ledger strips attached to wood beams or framed into masonry or concrete walls.
Joists supported on top of a wood beam must be treated to prevent decay.

Joist Hangers

Designed to hold wood joists in place when a thinner floor structure is desired.

Floor Joist Bridging, Strapping, and Blocking

Strengthen and prevent joists from twisting.
Bridging and strapping should be spaced no more than 6’-11” (2.108m) from joist support.

Ceiling Finish Furring

Similar to strapping, but used for attaching ceiling finishes.

Floor Framing - Joists

Any joist with a slight bow edgewise should be placed with the crown on top.

Joist Framing at Openings

Interrupted joists must be headed off to transfer loads to adjacent joists.
Headers spanning more than 4 feet must be doubled and loads transferred to double trimmer joists.

Floor Framing at Cantilevers

A cantilever is a projecting structural member supported only at one end.
A floor joist projecting beyond a load-bearing wall can cantilever up to 16” (406mm) with a ‘2x8’ (38x184) and up to 24” (610mm) with a ‘2x10’ (38x235).

Floor Joist Materials

Wood (dimensional lumber): typically ‘2x6’, ‘2x8’, ‘2x10’, and ‘2x12’.
EWP - Wood I-joists: a type of engineered wood joist.
EWP - Open Web Joists: a type of engineered wood joist.

Subfloors

Typically made of plywood or OSB (oriented strand board).
Typical sheet size is 4’-0” x 8’-0”.
Sheets should be installed at right angles to floor joists with staggered end joints.
Adhesive caulking minimizes floor noise.

Floor Framing Spans

Beam span: clear distance between supported ends of the beam.
Supported joist length (SJL): half the span of the floor joist, on either side of the beam, added together.
Joist span: clear distance between the two supporting ends of the joist.

Required Info for Beam Calculations

Number of floors.
Beam span.
Supported joist length (SJL).
Lumber type (for built-up wood beams).

Required Info for Floor Joist Calculations

Joist span.
Lumber species or type of joist.
Joist spacing.
Type of bridging.

Loads Incorporated into Building Code Tables

Dead load = 20 psf / 1 kPa: weight of joists, materials above joists, and permanent equipment in the building.

Healthy Indoor Environment

Healthy indoor environments focus on indoor air quality, water quality, light, sound, fire safety, resource and energy efficiency, and environmental responsibility.
Indoor air quality factors include ventilation, material selection (VOCs), paints, sealants, and glue. This can be improved by proper ventilation, air filtration, material selection, healthy humidity levels, removing hazardous materials, cleaning and maintenance, considering wind direction, and by eliminating the source.
Indoor air quality can be impacted by airborne particulate matter, chemicals for intended uses, unintentional emissions from services, and emissions from materials.
Combustion gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide can be controlled by using appliances with electronic ignition and proper ventilation.
Radon is a colorless, odorless, and radioactive gas that occurs naturally within soil. It can enter homes through small cracks, basements without proper ventilation, and sump pits and drains.
Controlling radon requires proper sealing at material junctions, good ventilation, and vent pipe through the basement floor extending through the roof when high levels exist.

Construction Waste

Construction waste, including site clearance and construction of new homes and renovations, account for over 5% of landfill volume.
Reducing waste helps builders reduce material quantity and cost, haulage fees, improve efficiency, and improve reputation by demonstrating environmental responsibility.
Waste reduction methods include material reduction techniques, modular and prefabricated design, reducing re-entrant corners, improving material storage, purchasing in bulk, and using recycled materials.
Construction waste reuse methods include using wood cut-offs for blocking and insulation, plastic packaging as garbage bags or material protectors, concrete strength, reinforcement, finishing, and protection.

Specifications

Building construction specifications are organized by divisions covering general requirements, existing conditions, metals, wood, plastics, and composites, thermal and moisture protection, openings, finishes, specialties, equipment, and more.

Floor Framing

Sill plate is the lowest and first wood framing member in residential construction, typically 2x6, and must be pressure treated (PT) when placed on a concrete foundation wall.
Sill gasket is placed between the foundation wall and sill plate to fill gaps, reduce air infiltration, prevent moisture wicking, and insect entry.
Sill sealer provides a better air seal than the sill gasket, commonly made of EPDM rubber.
Floor support systems use wood, steel, concrete or block columns to support beams, which support the floor framing system.

Floor Support Systems

3” round, adjustable steel columns with plates at both ends are common, advantageous for their non-expansion and contraction properties.
The top plate should be as wide as the beam it supports.
Studs are continuous from the foundation to the roof.
Floor framing is installed after walls are built.
Balloon framing supports the upper floor and roof with a single-story extension of the wall studs.

Environmentally Responsible Design

Aims to maintain a steady level of built environment development without exhausting natural resources and minimizing ecological damage.
Uses terms like 'sustainability,' 'green,' 'eco-friendly,' 'resource-conscious,' 'low-carbon footprint,' and 'climate-conscious' to describe the approach.

Economy & Ecology

The term "eco" is derived from the Ancient Greek word "oikos," meaning "house."
"Economy" translates to "house management."
"Ecology" signifies "house knowledge."
Economics focuses on how people utilize resources.
Ecology studies the relationships between organisms, including social and human-built environments.

Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat.
Sunlight warms the Earth's surface, and at night, heat is released back into the air.
Greenhouse gases prevent some heat from escaping, contributing to climate change.
The primary source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in North America is burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation.
Carbon footprint refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases generated by human actions.

Resource Efficiency

Embodied energy refers to the energy consumed during a building's production process, from resource extraction and processing to manufacturing, transportation, and delivery.
It does not include energy used for building operation or disposal.
Construction waste management emphasizes reducing, reusing, and recycling materials.
Water conservation and reuse include utilizing rainwater and gray water.
Gray water is previously used water from domestic, commercial, and industrial sources.

Durability and Longevity

Sustainable design prioritizes materials and methods that contribute to a building's durability and longevity.

Environmental Planning

Community planning and site planning prioritize integrating nature into communities.
Municipal zoning separates residential and industrial areas.
Buffers between industrial areas and residential areas are crucial.
Wind direction and potential industrial by-product reuse are considered for environmental planning.
Proper storage and disposal of hazardous materials are essential.

Affordability, Adaptability and Marketability

Affordability considers long-term operational costs, material longevity, and reduced maintenance.
Adaptability involves design versatility, future reprogramming, and potential for adaptive reuse.
Marketability focuses on resale value and features that enhance marketability.

Environmentally Responsible Housing

Requires less land and fewer resources for construction.
Uses less energy and water for operation.
Retains value through durability and reduced maintenance.
Provides healthy and comfortable living spaces.
Permeable paving surfaces reduce runoff volume and protect vegetation.

Common Foundation Materials

Cast-in-place concrete
Concrete block (CMU)
Preserved and treated wood
Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF)

Foundation Walls

Foundation walls are typically 8" to 12" thick.
Laterally supported foundation walls have a floor system secured to the top, preventing inward collapse.
Laterally unsupported foundation walls lack a secured floor system.

Formwork

Formwork is a mold that shapes fresh concrete until it cures.
Most forms are made of reusable steel or plywood.
Metal tie bars prevent form separation.
Forms remain in place for at least 3 days for curing.

Insulated Concrete Formwork (ICF)

ICFs create cast-in-place concrete walls with insulation between foam layers.
ICFs remain in place permanently, providing formwork and insulation for walls.
Box-outs prevent concrete placement at door, window, and beam locations.
ICFs are strong and energy-efficient.

Cast-in-Place Concrete Foundation Walls

Cast-in-place concrete is poured into formwork and cured on-site.
Concrete should be vibrated to remove air pockets and maintain consistency.
Concrete should be poured continuously to avoid segregation.

Floor Framing

Joists can be supported by masonry or concrete walls, or on ledger strips attached to wood beams.
Joists should be treated with decay-resistant materials when supported by masonry or concrete.

Joist Hangers

Joist hangers securely hold wood joists in place for thinner floor structures.

Floor Framing

Floor framing includes bridging, strapping, and blocking to strengthen joists and prevent twisting.
Bridging and strapping should not be spaced more than 6'-11" apart.
Ceiling finish furring is strapping used to attach ceiling finishes.

Floor Joist Materials

Common materials include:
- Dimensional lumber ('2x6', '2x8', '2x10', '2x12')
- Wood I-joists
- Open web joists

Subfloors

Typically made of plywood or OSB (oriented strand board)
Sheets are installed perpendicular to floor joists with staggered end joints.
Adhesive caulking minimizes floor noise.
Subfloors act as diaphragms, transmitting lateral forces to walls and columns.

Floor Framing Spans

Beam span is the clear distance between beam supports.
Supported joist length (SJL) is half the floor joist's span on each side of the beam.
Joist span is the clear distance between joist supports.

Required Information for Beam Calculations

Number of floors
Beam span
Supported joist length (SJL)
Lumber type (for built-up wood beams)

Required Information for Floor Joist Calculations

Joist span
Lumber species or type of joist
Joist spacing
Type of bridging

Dead Load

Dead load is 20 psf (1 kPa).
It includes the weight of joists, materials above the joists, and permanent equipment in the building.

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Description

This quiz explores essential concepts related to building facade shading techniques and various types of renewable energy. Topics covered include the benefits of using natural elements for shading and the specific forms of renewable energy such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric. Test your knowledge on how these elements contribute to energy efficiency and sustainability.