Week 5 WBCs part I PDF

APPLIED HEALTH SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY Hematology-1 (HLHE-201) White Blood Cells part I Dr. Hadeel Said Abdelsalam 1  ILOs Define site of formation and function of WBCs Classify W...

APPLIED HEALTH SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY Hematology-1 (HLHE-201) White Blood Cells part I Dr. Hadeel Said Abdelsalam 1  ILOs Define site of formation and function of WBCs Classify WBCs Clarify the way of calculation of relative and absolute values of the 5 types of WBCs Describe different leukocytic disorders Identify special characters, function and numerical disorders of white blood cells 2  Content Site of formation and function of WBCs Classification of WBCs Calculation of relative and absolute values of WBCs WBCs disorders Special characters, function and numerical disorders of granulocytic white blood cells 3 6  White Blood Cells White Blood cells are also known as Leucocytes as they are colorless due to lack of hemoglobin. In Greek: “LEUK”- ”WHITE” “CYTE”- ”CELL” 7 8  FORMATION OF WBCs The process of production of white blood cells (leucocytes) is called leucopoiesis. It is a part of hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells). Site of WBC Formation: WBCs originate from the same hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. 9 10 CLASSIFICATION OF WBCs 1) Granulocytes consist of: – Neutrophils – Eosinophils – Basophils 2) Agranulocytes consist of: - Lymphocytes - Monocytes 11 12 CLASSIFICATION GRANULOCYTES AGRANULOCYTES 13  WBCs are mainly involved in the immune response. The normal range: 4,000-11,000 /cmm 14  (Normal Counts) Cell Approximate Percentage of Normal range Total WBC (/µL) (Relative ) (Absolute) Total WBCs 4,000-11,000 100% Neutrophils 2,000-7,000 40 - 70% Eosinophils 20-500 1- 6 % Basophils 0-100 0 - 1% Lymphocytes 1,000-3, 500 20 – 40% Monocytes 200-1,000 2 – 10% 15  GRANULOCYTES The white blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm are called granulocytes. Depending upon the color of granules, granulocytes are further divided into 3 types. 16  AGRANULOCYTES White blood cells which do not contain granules in their cytoplasm are called agranulocytes. They are further divided into 2 types: 17  Functions of Leukocytes “ destroy”function: destroy invading micro organism. destroy abnormal cells (like cancer cells). clean up cellular debris [phagocytosis] assist in injury repair. Each WBC type has a specific function. 18 Relative and Absolute values of different White Blood Cells : Relative value : Gives the relative percentage of each white blood cell. (%) Absolute value : Gives the actual number of each white blood. (cell/cmm) 19 Relative and Absolute values of different White Blood Cells Calculation of the Absolute Count = Total White Blood Cell Count (TWBC) x Percent eg: If Total WBC = 6,000 /cmm Neutrophils = 60 % So Absolute neutrophilic count = 6,000 x 60 / 100 = 3,600 /cmm. 20 21  White Blood Cell Disorders Classification Disorders of cell number 1) Cytosis/philia (increase in number) 2) Cytopenia (decrease in number) Disorders of function & morphology 22  Disorders of WBCs Number 2) Leukocytosis Is an increase in the total leukocyte count above the normal upper limit (> 11,000/cmm). Causes: Physiological: Severe emotional or physical stress. Pathological causes: 1) Infection In bacterial infections, neutrophils are most In viral infections, lymphocytes are most In parasitic infections, eosinophils are most 2) Inflammation (such as rheumatoid arthritis or allergy) 3)Tissue damage (e.g burns) 4) Leukemia 23  Disorders of WBC Number 2) Leucopenia Is a decrease in the total number of leucocytes (< 4,000/cmm). Causes: Decreased WBC production from BM (BM aplasia/hypoplasia). Irradiation. Exposure to chemical (chemotherapy) or drugs. Manifestations:. Recurrent infection and septicemia. 24 GRANULOCYTES 25  Special Characters: Most abundant WBCs Size: about 10-14 µm Relative count: 40-70% of total WBCs Absolute count: 2,000–7,000/cmm Nucleus has 3-5 lobes. Numerous small pink granules 26 Segmented neutrophil Mature cells that have a segmented, irregular shaped nucleus. 27 Band Neutrophil non-segmented nucleus. Referred to as band cell or staff. Less mature than segmented neutrophils. 28  Band Neutrophil: An immature cell characterized by a horseshoe shaped or C shaped nucleus 29 – Neutrophilia – Increase in the number of neutophils > 7,000/cmm or > 70% of all WBCs. – Conditions associated with neutrophilia are: 1-Bacterial infections (most common cause) 2-Tissue destruction e.g. burns. 3-Leukemia 30 Neutropenia = Decrease in neutrophil number ( 6%. 36  Causes: Parasitic ( ascaris, bilharzia) Allergic (asthma, rhinitis, drug reaction) Dermatological diseases Certain malignant conditions. 37  Basophils Special Characters: Size :10 -14 um Cytoplasm :basophilic (blue) Nucleus :not usually seen Granules : many, large, dark purple, cover the nucleus, contain histamine & heparin. 38 Basophil One mature basophil. Blackish granules overlying the nucleus. 39 Functions of Basophils 1- Secrete substances during an allergic reaction Secrete large amounts of heparin, which is an anticoagulant Secrete histamine, which participates in dilatation of the blood vessels. 2- Weak phagocytic cells 40 Basophils 41  Basophilic Disorders Basophilia Defined as an elevated absolute basophil count greater than 100 cells/uL or relative basophil count greater than 1% Basophils 42 Causes of Basophilia: 1)Hematologic causes CML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia) Chronic basophilic leukemia 2)Chronic inflammation Parasitic infections, Inflammatory bowel diseases. 3)Allergic conditions 43  Training Questions? Identify the following cells 45 Identify the following cells 46 Identify the following cells Identify the following cell Answer the following If the total WBCs are 8000/uL Relative count of neutrophils is 55% Calculate & comment on the absolute count of neutrophils. [normal absolute count ranges from 2000- 7000/uL] Answer Absolute count of neutrophils = 55 x 8,000 100 = 4,400/ uL Comment: Normal absolute neutrophilic count. 51