Week 2 Ethics Lecture Slides 2023 PDF

31/07/2023 Why Ethics? THE IMPORTANCE OF ETHICAL THINKING AND PACE Maria Florencia Amigo PACE 1 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie Un...

31/07/2023 Why Ethics? THE IMPORTANCE OF ETHICAL THINKING AND PACE Maria Florencia Amigo PACE 1 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 2 What is Ethics? Why ethics? Ethics is more about values - Ethics is the branch of Philosophy that explores what ought to be decent and appropriate human behaviour. - What kind of a life do I truly admire? What kind of life do I hope to be able to look back on when I am older and reflect on how I have lived? (Singer, 1995, pp. 7-8) - Ethical thinking is becoming ever more necessary (cybersecurity, data privacy, gender equity, environment, humanitarian crisis) This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 3 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 4 Normative Ethics: Three core theories Normative Ethics Studies ethical action. Focuses on theorising how we ought to behave, what are right and wrong actions This material isEthics provided to you as a Descriptive Macquarie University student for your Ethics individualApplied research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has 5 licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission • Consequentialism • Deontological Ethics Studies ethical beliefs. Focuses on investigating moral beliefs and what motivates people to act ethically • Virtue Ethics Studies how ethics can be applied to various fields. Focuses on applying ethical theories and principles to particular domains (bioethics, environmental ethics, research ethics). This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 6 1 31/07/2023 good inten)ons + greatest good for the greatest number of people = good ethical decisions Consequentialism Example that challenges the approach Utilitarianism The greatest good for the greatest number of people? Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham (18th & 19th centuries) • • • The focus is on the consequence of our actions. Main concepts: ― utility of actions ― Good intention ― Greatest good for the greatest number Simon’s mother is feeling really lonely and would like Simon to come and spend the day with her. Simon had planned on using the day to volunteer with counselling for recently arrived refugees. By volunteering, he would be helping a much larger group of people, rather than cheering up his mother for simply one day. But decides to go and spend the day with his mother. ― Critique ▪ ▪ Unintended consequences with no good outcomes What about the ones who are not included? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 7 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 8 Universalisable ac-on: ac-ons that most people would not object to - we have a duty to respond to these (e.g., law, code of conducts, etc.) Deontological Ethics Example that challenges the approach Kant (18th century) Duty above all? • We have a duty to behave in a way that is aligned with our rationality and that: • ― Leads to universalisable actions ― Is based on humanist principles (dignity/integrity) Main concepts: - Categorical imperatives - Duty Peter works in an organisation supporting the homeless. He realises one of the homeless individuals he has assisted during a long time provides false information on a form about how long he has been homeless, so that he can get into public housing a bit faster. Despite the fact that Peter knows his client is lying he decides not to disclose it to his superiors as he has developed a relationship with this person and wants to see him get ahead. Critique - Removes the personal factor (agency) - Ignores emotions/feelings (duty supersedes emotions) - There could be conflicting duties (e.g. The duty to your family may conflict with the duty to your employer) This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission decision making power is removed, as we need to react 10 according to certain principles Du6es can be incompa6ble 9 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission if we all develop good virtues = engage in ethical ac5on May be compassionate, but s5ll not engage in ethical ac5on Virtue Ethics Example that challenges this approach Aristotle (380 BC) • Ethical behaviour results from developing good character through the development of virtues (courage, benevolence, compassion, loyalty). This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University 11 is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission • Critique ― What virtues should we be developing? Valued virtues differ depending on the context. ― Virtuous character may not lead to good actions. ― In particular situations virtues could be conflicting. Rudi got involved in a violent protest to displace internal migrants from a rival ethnic group in his city. He was brave enough to decide to fight on the streets, however he is a compassionate man and does not dare shooting his weapon. > wont know what course of ac0on to take in rela0on to their virtues This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 12 2 31/07/2023 Other Ethical Theories (individual traits/virtues to be ethical people) Duty (Deontology) THEORIES THAT COMBINE PRINCIPLES OF CORE ETHICAL APPROACHES • Character (Virtue) (codes of conduct) Ethics of Care empathe'c when making ethical decisions so ac'ons are beneficial to those in need of care ― Duty of care ― Developed based on the type of people we are Actions (Utility) (consequen)alism) • This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 13 Non anthropocentric ethical theories - Ethics beyond the impact on humanity This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 14 Should we extend the moral community beyond humans? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 15 Humans and nonhumans should be counted in moral community as they have capaci5es and rela5onships. The environment should also be included due to its biodiversity and beauty. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission http://www.ideas-forum.org.uk/about-us/global-citizenship 16 A global ci*zen is someone who: - is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world ci*zen - respects and values diversity - has an understanding of how the world works - is outraged by social injus*ce - par*cipates Questions to guidein youthe community at a range of levels, from the local to the global - is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place - takes responsibility for their ac*ons. WHEN FACING A DIFFICULT DECISION Would I be happy for this decision to be headlining the news tomorrow? Is there an ethical non-negotiable at play? Think of your PACE activity, is there anything you could do through your activity that would enable you to engage with global injustices? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University 17 is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission Will my action make the world a better place? What would happen if everybody did this? What will this do to my character or the character of my organisation? You don't need to think of major undertakings, but of small, doable actions. Is this consistent with my values and principles? Ethics allows us to explore these questions in a way that is sincere, rational, competent and honest. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual (adapted from The Ethics Centre – ethics.org.au) research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 18 3 31/07/2023 ETHICS AND PACE Applied Ethics Ethics in Research: Introduction • Imagine the following two case scenarios: Ethical principles in PACE ― Reciprocity ― Mutual Benefit (to the student, the organisation, the university) • -You have been asked to participate in a research study of how you are experiencing student life at Macquarie University. -You have been asked to participate in a study of how your religion influences on your life choices. How do we ensure this? ― Understand the value and contribution of your activity ― Understand the value and ethics of your organisation ― Understand the community it serves What concerns would you have in relation to participating in this study? What information would you need to have in order to make the decision whether to participate in the study or not? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 19 20 Human Research Ques%ons you may have before consen%ng to joining • • • • • Time and cost Privacy Can I quit if I want to? What is it for? Who is it for? • • • • • WHAT CONSTITUTES HUMAN RESEARCH? • Taking part in surveys, interviews, focus groups • Psychological, physiological, medical testing or treatment • Observation by researchers • Access to personal documents or other materials • Collection of body organs, tissues, exhaled breath • Access to personal information – either identifiable, reidentifiable, non-identifiable – as part of an existing published or unpublished source or database. Will I be endangered? How will the information be stored? What training do the researchers have? Who will use this information? Who is behind this? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 21 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 22 Principles of ethical research • Merit and Integrity (purpose of research, dissemination of results, trained researcher) • Justice (fairness to participants in recruitment and effort requested) This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University 23 is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission • Beneficence (benefits will outweigh costs) • Respect (voluntary nature, privacy, confidentiality) Why discuss Ethics? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 24 4 31/07/2023 Research Ethics Tips from a PACE student 25 26 THANK YOU 27 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 5