Ethics 3 PDF

we focus on virmos char. rather than Action , Virtue ethics Both focus on rightness of actions Deontology and consequentialism ask: what is the right thing to do? (action)...

we focus on virmos char. rather than Action , Virtue ethics Both focus on rightness of actions Deontology and consequentialism ask: what is the right thing to do? (action) ~ - intentions outcome Virtue ethics asks: what kind of person should I be? (character) we don't focus on actions but person Virtue ethics is about developing excellence of character An act is morally right just because it is the one that a virtuous person, acting in character, would do in that situation we conclude & The ultimate standard: what would a virtuous person do? if an action is moral based on person's good |6  Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) In doutology-rationality reasoning - and of weighting In unital calculations He says - : Morality is not precise (like mathematics) but complex and messy - There are rules of thumb that can guide us, but strict obedience will lead to error: it we obey only rules offer aspect might get overlooked Rules can’t fully capture the everchanging world, the particularity of real-life situations, the differences and relationships between people Moral wisdom is practical wisdom (phronesis), which requires training, experience and intellectual and emotional maturity =>> we shouldcreate a kind of wisdom in order to apply the rules we need word luck > - family/teachers |7  Arist vs Kont u. & Virtues motiv by emot motivated ininepe. by Virtues are complex character traits that affect a person's perceptions, thoughts, motives, and behavior virme 0 ! Generous people perceive others in need, think about how to = help, are moved by the needs of others and act generously C - - -- Emotions play an important role in helping us see -- what is morally relevant, tell right from wrong, => feeling repulse motivating us to do the right thing of sussering of ↳if you feel compasionate moves act you someone = Aristotle thought of virtues as the golden mean else between two vices of deficiency and excess ↓ morally good I between complete lack you want to help auG involved complete excess ex-cold-hearted sensitivity zoo |9  conflict mor excmpsa virtue we use - Phronesis When virtues conflict it is up to us to balance one against the other, using the guidance of moral exemplars and our good judgment (phronesis = practical = experience wisdom) Gaudi Ethics only provides general principles. There is no guidebook, formula, or master ↑ O rule. rules can't grasp everything so have to figure it out for a , we Comparable to the role of an ourselves based windom ethical code like the APA? on Practical wisdom is about ethical improvisation: the ability to see the morally we gaim+ Some of its principles important features of a particular situation, and to reason ethically in situ. correspond to virtues The more experienced we are, the more nuances we are able to take into account, the less we cling to rules, the more morally wise we are. by looking moreexamples3 at those we c secoue n a examplers | 10 ourstaves Three classical normative ethical theories ⑮ Question : What is the char of virtuos ? person char-traits expressed in: - perception -Hought a Consequentialism/utilitarianism Deontology Virtue ethics - actions u 2nd Quest duty; principle of utility (greatest happiness virtue; central element categorical imperative for the greatest number) phronesis (practical wisdom) object of evaluation consequences Loading… motives; maxims character act consequentialism: hedonic calculus per situation test maxim with principle of & what would a virtuous person do? is this Ente reasoning & action/attitude in accord with the golden rule consequentialism: adhering to universalizability; principle of humanity mean? look optimific rules for balance Actualize potent highest good happiness/utility dignity. eudaimonia (human flourishing) Much + exp - purpose = flourishing through the - view on humans sentient: can feel pleasure & pain rational being exercise of reason and virtue (= a matter of practice, luck)  & as / Cons +/- G Virtue ethics acknowledges moral complexity and the go importance of character, moral education, moral wisdom, emotions, the good life ? But it has problems with tragic dilemma’s, offering moral - we look at role ex models), demandingness, and arguing the priority of virtue theyd disoe guidance (particularly in cases of conflict between virtues/role but · over rightness of action virtue is pidity not Y ightness Ex for ex rape. !. of action no virtuous person would do it it's immoral , but it doesn't say anything It's not teat a virtue - I so - | 12 it it's person wouldn't do about ten law/the wrought of action mostly because it's wrong  “The committee members had a well-developed sense of professional and ethical conduct and “knew” what was ethically acceptable and what crossed the line.” The APA code ~ Ernest Hilgard in Nagy (2014) The APA was founded in 1925 The Committee on Scientific and Professional Ethics, which dealt & with complaints of unethical conduct, was created in 1938 First APA Committee on Ethical Standards for Psychologists was appointed in A 1947 - science got more serious because , experiments First APA code was published in 1953 got too harmful 171 pages, 6 sections, 310 rules, 162 principles, 148 subprinciples - The code was developed historically to protect the profession from outside regulation ~ Kitchener (1984) Aim : protect people protect professionals | 14  The APA code turation The purpose of the current APA code is guided by the following objectives: Establishing the integrity of the profession US APA 3 Education and professional socialization The NIP’s objectives are similar. Include: being a use the code Securing public trust tool for ethical decision-making, helping E · Enforcement value psychologist reflect on professional ethics and become “ethically resilient” to external pressure. Is a “dynamic, living document” (Nagy) that reflects legal, cultural and societal changes, e.g.: 1981: addressing potential conflicts between code and law 1992: distinguishing between standards> and principles- H enforceble Sut fundamental - 2010: relation between the code and human rights · State ethical · byfamily members of patient - · ideal should we · government (financial) battered out of USA strive for (insurances) people were but said to be interaction with the help psychologyst of to torture (illegal | 15  The five principles from 1992 onwards reflect in part Kitchener (1984) who The APA code served on the task force that produced the 1992 edition. 000 The Introduction and Applicability section discusses the intent, organization, procedural Owhen considerations, and scope of application of the Ethics Code applicable O The Preamble and the five General Principles are aspirational goals that reflect the highest ideals of the profession not forcible ↓ they are translated into standards The 151 standards set forth enforceable rules, written broadly to be applied to the varies roles of psychologists, that can be enforced by the APA Ethics Committee and other organizations that adopt the Code American background [T]he APA code has been created within an American cultural, legal and social context […] By comparison to the APA ethics code, Canada’s ethics - code expressed itself as a social - contract with society - ~ Parsonson | 16  Enforcement 2nd Review > 3rd Sanction 1st -. Complain > -. After reviewing a complaint, the APA Ethics Committee can impose the following sanctions: & Reprimand (violation- unlikely to cause harm to another person/the profession) & Censure (violation - likely to cause unsubstantial harm to another person) 5 Expulsion (violation likely-to cause substantial harm to another person/the profession) & Stipulated resignation (violationO warrants expulsion, but there are mitigating factors) & Probation (to accompany a reprimand or a censure) similar ⑪ The NIP Supervisory Committee can similarly sanction through warning, reprimand, and suspension / termination of membership / registration in NIP register | 17  The APA code & the u law T sufficient for eterical But beseive , but not conduct The Introduction and Applicability section notes that psychologists must comply with the Ethics Code if it establishes a higher standard of conduct than is required by law Contact O When an Ethical Standard is in direct conflict with a governing legal authority, psychologists must make known their commitment to the Ethics Code and take steps to resolve the conflict legal and APA say diff resolve : in some way If the conflict is unresolvable, psychologists are permitted to adhere to the legal requirements, but only if such adherence cannot be used to justify or defend violation ofT ruman human right rights (see justifies Standard 1.02) law never viol- of human rights | 18  Language of the code O O Language is specific enough to provide guidance but general enough to allow - O for personal judgment and applicability across diverse roles and contexts = leave judgement space for personal because we need to take into account Modifiers (appropriate, relevant, feasible) are used to: allow for professional judgment; particulars “A document that would anticipate each and every scenario … would be hopelessly long and legalistic in nature, eliminate injustice or inequality; allowing for the exercise of little independent judgement on the part of professionals” ensure applicability across a broad range of activities; ~ Nagy (2014) See guard against a rigid set of rules that can become outdated. virtue “Reasonable” = prevailing professional judgment in similar circumstances ethics to prevent idiosyncratic ethical judgments inconsistent with prevailing values of the profession guard against unrealistic expectations of responsible conduct ! however: “Lack of awareness or misunderstanding of an Ethical Standard is not a defense to a charge of ethical Ignorance-you can't misconduct” = use are excs ~ APA Code (Introduction) | 19  Principles 1234 NIP code: Responsibility, Integrity, Respect, Expertise I 2 Kitchener article: Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Justice, Fidelity 3451 M 2 34 APA code: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence, Fidelity and Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, 5 Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity 5 Articulate the values from which the Standards stem they Meant to inspire psychologists to the highest ethical ideals of the profession give context “understanding the values and goals outlined in the general “ethics codes express virtues of moral excellence, principles that are principles provides the contextual keys to unlocking the Ostrive aspirational but advocate aspirational broad rules of conduct” meaning and rationale for each ethical standard” ~ Parsonson ~ Nagy (2014) to | 20  Utilitarianism Principle A: Beneficence and nonmaleficence ↓ X From the Latin for doing good and not doing harm Stems from the Hippocratic oath: “first, do no harm” 2 - Reflects psychologists’ dual obligation to strive to do good and avoid doing harm - Emphasizes the importance of avoiding harm by maintaining competence, including practicing physical and mental care (self-care) to be able to help those with whom they work ex - do self care to be better professional | 21  Principle B: Fidelity and responsibility Fidelis = faithful confidentiality Recognizing your responsibility to maintain high standards of competence Meeting your responsibilities by avoiding conflicts of interest that would jeopardize trust or lead to exploitation or harm Knowing the limits of your own expertise and consult with other professionals when necessary - (see Standards 3.05, 3.06, and 3.09). “The issue of fidelity seems especially critical in psychology because issues like truthfulness and loyalty are basic to trust […] Since confidentiality is basic to trust it is a component of fidelity, although it may also derive from the respect due to autonomous persons” ~ Kitchener | 22  Principle C: Integrity Requires accuracy, honesty and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology Requires keeping promises and not engaging in unclear commitments Bet Note: in some scientific and professional relationships, deception may be justified to maximize knowledge gained or the welfare of individuals served (see Standard 8.07) | 23  Principle D: Justice “the concept of justice is not restricted to the individual conduct of the psychologist who is personally rendering psychological services to a Is about considering the needs of all those involved providrax consumer. The ramifications include the impact a psychologist can have on society at large atm as Asks psychologists to consider a broader view; to try and provide well” Knowledge + everyone with fair, equitable, and appropriate access to treatment and ~ Nagy (2014) access to to the benefits of scientific knowledge Calls for psychologists to select procedures and services that meet O the needs of those with whom they work, recognizing that existing inequities may require different but comparable scientific and => yo professional techniques try equal to treat so | 24  Principle E: Respect for people’s rights and dignity - Calls for psychologists to “respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination” (code) Concerns being aware of differences between people (cultural, individual, roles, age, gender, race, religion, socio-economic status, etc) and trying to eliminate biases Reflected in standards requiring informed consent (Standards 3.10, 8.02, 9.03, and 10.01), respect for individual differences (Standards 2.01, 3.01, and 9.01), and privacy and confidentiality (Standardsclient 6.02, 7.04, and 10.03), amongst others about the child excounciling a , and you worry un Can you think of an example from client also min but psychological practice in which (atrisk/harm have ↓ protect least) two of. you the principles might conflict? | 25  The intuitive level Immediate, pre-reflective response to ethical situations Based on the sum of prior knowledge and experience Moral feelings (which are critical to everyday ethical decisions, see Aristotle) Moral intuition (which is more than a convenient and time- saving rule of the thumb, but also a safeguard against “special pleading”) very helphes in time pressure sit- But we should reflect on it “We ought not feel apologetic about having a firm set of beliefs which allow us to take immediate action in such cases” ~ Kitchener (1984) | 27  Cousia ethics - The critical-evaluative level S & = - - reflect To guide, refine and evaluate our ordinary moral judgement Is important when “our ordinary moral judgement fails us or when we are called upon to evaluate or justify our ordinary moral judgements” (45) Asks: what ethical standard should we have? a This level is used when writing the ethical code looking more t The ethical codes are grounded in ethical principles which are grounded in ethical theories our intint. can make us bisse “Hopefully, by doing the best critical thinking possible when we are not pressed by the immediacy of a towards situation, we can build up an improved set of ethical rules and principles, which will ultimately become Contrary to what Kitchener says, the part of our redefined intuitive sense” principle of universalizability is not the theories ~ Kitchener same as the golden rule! but the ethical codes > make reflect | 28 -> us  Rules 2) Eterical formulate Ethical codes > - etenical Rules · Ambiguity of Codes-variety of codes under which one can function Why codes established historically? to protect professions - · were from outside regulat > ethical = codes are more protective of profession itself than consumer b) Sterical Principles of profess codes may be resolved higher Inadequacy by level norms = principles = more Mundamental (general than moral rules freedom Autonomy · - of action and choice ( competent > - Assumptions : 1st basedou had if assumptthattheyce rationens to be treated autonomously client chose to not with you , - ex - medic. they pursue must treat others in the same thermisteducatediee s : way supports their informed respect rights of others to make choice autonomous choices => respect of autonomy · Restriction - limited freedou comptence limited entional decision : making - fo concent docking -  Nonmaleficence not harm to others · causing - ex - doctor refuses to prescribe painkiller to Questions how discomfort justifiable patient who have opioid addict. - much is even the pat wants.. when the risk of not only using => doctor avoids risk/harm in the term long the procedure would lead to more serious harm + voluntary concent ex. organizing a workshop about mental health Beneficence menta doing good = · - promoting awareness our profession has the obligation to promote health wmuchharmis allowedwhen Questions betts a the - based ex , hiring people only ontheir qualif. not other binges · Justice = fairness /equal treatment => fairness/treating people - emiti racism equally ex.keeping confid a , Faithfulness (loyalty/us pressure · Fidelity - nfidentiality Issues ex voluntary relationship (client-counselor ex. Lying solution : to use informed consent : under what circumst. Their couted. is protected + obligations  Virtue of Ethics 0 Concept - an act is morally right because it is one that a virtuous person would do Action are right due to being done by someone of true virhe II moral exampler Al Features · Pluralism-even the there is I standard Do what virtuos there mony cases do a person , are where specific moral rules are applied. ex. act loyally/free of prejudice B) In conflict - follow an exampler 11 Moral window = experience + emot. maturity + reflection Al Emotions roles of emot: for sit to the morally relevant they alert us - ·. morally important ex-fear-danger · tell us what is right /wrong ex-anxiety/anger-someone has done wrong  to do the · Motivation right twy B) Moral education learned exp (not born wite) through - ②. Virtue Endamonit Aim : to flourish/ to make ourselves setto people = more virtuos Virtue : char. trit I not habit un they don't define pp al Involved ex. Generous person -perception I will see a homeless guy) thoughts I will think how to be helpful - motives I moved the distress by - of otis) > gives pleasure to the lover of virtue - People are virtuous when they Integrate understanding A motivation => Emotions state FHedonis wor it  ③ Criticism. of focus char Hean reles lack guidance · on. , · which traits are virtuos of examples culture bieses subjectivity moral + · ④ Strengths. · flexible framework focus community context · on avoids rigid rules and thinking · narrow conseg ,