WEEK 1 BHS400 (1) PDF

 Concept of Quality of Life Dr Farrah Shafeera @ Ann Ibrahim Concept of Quality of Life Quality of Life (QoL) is a multifaceted concept that encompasses an individual's overall well- being and satisfaction with their life. It reflects various domains that contribute to a person's life experie...

 Concept of Quality of Life Dr Farrah Shafeera @ Ann Ibrahim Concept of Quality of Life Quality of Life (QoL) is a multifaceted concept that encompasses an individual's overall well- being and satisfaction with their life. It reflects various domains that contribute to a person's life experience and encompasses both subjective and objective factors. Here are key components of QoL: 1.Physical Well-Being: This includes health status, physical fitness, absence of chronic illness, and the ability to engage in daily activities without limitations. 2.Emotional Well-Being: This dimension focuses on mental health, including levels of happiness, life satisfaction, emotional stability, and the absence of mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. 3.Social Well-Being: Includes the quality of relationships with family, friends, and the community, as well as social inclusion, support networks, and the ability to participate in social activities. 4.Economic Well-Being: Encompasses financial stability, access to resources, job satisfaction, and the ability to meet basic needs, which all contribute to an individual's sense of security and comfort. 5.Environmental Quality: Refers to the surrounding physical environment, including access to safe housing, clean air and water, recreational spaces, and overall safety in the community. 6.Spiritual or Psychological Well-Being: This involves meaning and purpose in life, personal values, and belief systems that contribute to an individual's sense of fulfillment. Subjective vs. Objective Measurement Subjective Measurement: QoL is often assessed through self-reported measures, where individuals evaluate their own satisfaction and happiness. These assessments can include surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. Objective Measurement: This involves quantifiable indicators such as income level, health status, education, and living conditions, which provide an external perspective on a person's life circumstances. Conclusion Quality of Life is a holistic concept that captures the overall experience of individuals within various life domains. It is essential for understanding well-being and guiding improvements in health, social policies, and community development. Enhancing QoL involves addressing the physical, emotional, social, economic, and environmental factors that contribute to a fulfilling and meaningful life.  DEFINITION OF QOL WHO : “an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the cultural and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns”. The degree of well being, satisfaction and standardized living. A feeling, function and future of happiness, health and hope. With increase life expectancy all over the world, the aim of health services is to make these added life years of good quality.  Activity: Have students list factors they think contribute to a high quality of life.  COMPONENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE Energy & Mobility / Activities of daily living / Work Physical Health capacity Feelings, fear, depression / Self-esteem / Thinking, Psychological learning, memory and concentration. Spirituality Religion/ Personal internal power Personal relationships / Social support / Role in the Social Relations family, profession and social groups of friends& relatives Physical, chemical & biological (pollution, noise, traffic, Environment and climate) / Transport/ home environment Quality of Life: Philosophy and Psychology of Happiness  1. Historical Perspectives on Happiness Aristotle’s view of happiness, known as eudaimonia, is often translated as "flourishing" or "living well." He believed that happiness is not just about experiencing pleasure or satisfying immediate desires, but about achieving one's full potential by living a virtuous life. This form of happiness involves a deep sense of purpose, fulfillment, and alignment with one's values. For Aristotle, true happiness comes from realizing the highest good, which is living according to reason and cultivating virtues like courage, wisdom, and justice. In contrast, hedonism focuses on the pursuit of pleasure as the primary or sole component of happiness. A hedonistic approach suggests that a good life is one filled with as much pleasure and as little pain as possible. This might involve indulging in physical pleasures or satisfying immediate desires, without necessarily considering long-term fulfillment or moral virtues Key Differences: 1.Nature of Happiness: ◦Aristotle (Eudaimonia): Happiness is the result of living a life of virtue and fulfilling one's potential. ◦Hedonism: Happiness is the maximization of pleasure and avoidance of pain. 2.Long-Term vs. Short-Term: ◦Aristotle: Focuses on long-term, sustainable happiness through character development and wisdom. ◦Hedonism: Often emphasizes short-term pleasure, without the deeper fulfillment that comes from personal growth. 3.Moral Virtue: ◦Aristotle: Virtue is essential to happiness. A life without virtue cannot truly be considered happy, even if it is pleasurable. ◦Hedonism: Virtue is not necessarily a requirement. As long as one experiences pleasure, the life can be considered good. Which philosophy resonates with your view of happiness— hedonism or eudaimonia?  2. Philosophical Approaches to Happiness Philosophical Schools and Their Perspectives on Happiness Throughout history, different philosophical schools have offered varying perspectives on happiness, addressing questions of what it means to live a good life and how one can achieve lasting well-being. Here’s an introduction to Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Utilitarianism, each offering unique insights into happiness. Comparison of Perspectives: Stoicism: Focuses on inner control and accepting life’s circumstances with virtue. Happiness is an internal state unaffected by external events. Epicureanism: Emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure but advocates for moderation and intellectual satisfaction. Happiness comes from tranquility and freedom from fear. Utilitarianism: Concerned with maximizing the happiness of the greatest number. Happiness is measured by the consequences of actions and their impact on the collective well-being. 1. Stoicism Founders: Zeno of Citium, later developed by Epictetus, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius. Core Idea: Happiness comes from accepting the present moment and controlling what is within our power, while not being overly affected by things beyond our control. Stoic Perspective on Happiness: Focus on Inner Peace: Stoicism teaches that true happiness (or eudaimonia) comes from inner tranquility, which can only be achieved through the right mindset. External events and material wealth are considered beyond one’s control and, therefore, irrelevant to lasting happiness. Virtue is Key: For Stoics, the only true good is virtue, which includes wisdom, courage, justice, and self-control. Living a virtuous life aligns a person with nature and reason, which leads to lasting contentment. Detachment from Emotions: Stoicism emphasizes the importance of controlling one's emotions and reactions to external events, seeing them as mere distractions from a rational and virtuous life. Example: Imagine losing your job unexpectedly. A Stoic would suggest that you cannot control the event itself, but you can control your response. By accepting the situation and focusing on actions within your control (e.g., looking for new opportunities), you maintain inner peace. 2. Epicureanism Founder: Epicurus Core Idea: Happiness is the pursuit of pleasure, but not in a hedonistic sense. Epicurus believed that the highest pleasure comes from avoiding pain and anxiety, and from achieving a state of tranquility (known as ataraxia). Epicurean Perspective on Happiness: Moderate Pleasures: Epicureanism promotes the pursuit of simple, moderate pleasures rather than indulgence in excess. Physical pleasures (e.g., good food) are important but should be balanced by mental pleasures such as friendship and intellectual reflection. Freedom from Fear: Epicurus emphasized that much of human unhappiness stems from unnecessary fears, particularly fear of death or fear of gods. He argued that understanding nature and the universe can help remove these fears. Focus on Personal Well-being: By seeking natural, necessary pleasures (like food, shelter, friendship) and avoiding unnecessary desires (like wealth and fame), people can achieve happiness. Example: A person living a minimalist lifestyle who finds contentment in close relationships, nature, and simple pleasures embodies the Epicurean philosophy of pursuing happiness through moderation and mental peace. 3. Utilitarianism Founders: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Core Idea: Happiness is achieved by maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain for the greatest number of people. This is known as the "greatest happiness principle.” Utilitarian Perspective on Happiness: Maximizing Overall Happiness: Unlike Stoicism and Epicureanism, which focus more on individual happiness, Utilitarianism is concerned with collective well-being. The moral value of an action is determined by its ability to promote the greatest good for the greatest number. Pleasure vs. Higher Pleasures: While Bentham focused on quantifying pleasure and pain (treating all pleasures as equal), John Stuart Mill distinguished between “higher” and “lower” pleasures, arguing that intellectual and moral pleasures (e.g., art, education) are superior to physical pleasures. Consequentialism: In utilitarian thinking, the consequences of actions determine their moral value. If an action leads to more happiness and less suffering, it is considered the right action. Example: A government deciding to implement a healthcare system that benefits the majority of its citizens, even if it inconveniences a few, would be applying utilitarian principles by maximizing overall happiness. Activity to Engage Students: Group Discussion: Divide the class into groups. Ask each group to discuss how they would approach a real-life dilemma (e.g., making a difficult decision at work or in personal life) using one of the three philosophical approaches. Have them reflect on how each philosophy would influence their choices and the outcomes. This variety of perspectives offers students insight into different ways to think about happiness—whether through personal virtue and inner peace (Stoicism), the pursuit of simple pleasures (Epicureanism), or maximizing collective happiness (Utilitarianism). Each philosophy challenges individuals to reflect on how they define happiness in their own lives  3. Psychological Foundations of Happiness Martin Seligman’s PERMA Model Martin Seligman, a leading figure in positive psychology, introduced the PERMA model as a framework for understanding human well-being and happiness. The model outlines five essential elements that contribute to long-term well-being. Each element represents a distinct area in which individuals can cultivate happiness and flourish. 1. Positive Emotions (P) Definition: Experiencing positive emotions such as joy, gratitude, hope, love, and contentment is fundamental to well-being. Role in Well-Being: Positive emotions broaden your perspective on life, making you more open to new experiences and creative solutions. Over time, they help build resilience and encourage a more optimistic outlook. Examples: Practicing gratitude daily, savoring small moments, and fostering a positive mindset. 2. Engagement (E) Definition: Engagement refers to deep involvement in activities that fully absorb your attention, often leading to a state of “flow." Flow: Flow is a state where time seems to disappear, and you are fully immersed in what you are doing. This can happen during creative tasks, sports, or problem-solving activities. Role in Well-Being: When people are highly engaged, they lose track of time and feel energized and fulfilled. High engagement leads to higher satisfaction and personal growth. Examples: A musician lost in playing an instrument, a student deeply focused on a research project, or an athlete fully absorbed in a game. 3. Relationships (R) Definition: Positive relationships with others—friends, family, colleagues—are a key contributor to happiness. Role in Well-Being: Humans are social creatures, and strong, supportive relationships foster emotional connections, provide meaning, and act as a buffer against stress. Building meaningful relationships enhances life satisfaction. Examples: Spending time with loved ones, building trust in friendships, or having supportive colleagues at work. 4. Meaning (M) Definition: Meaning involves having a sense of purpose and feeling that your life is valuable and connected to something greater than yourself. Role in Well-Being: People who find meaning in their lives often feel more fulfilled and resilient, especially in challenging times. Meaning is often derived from relationships, contributing to society, personal goals, or spiritual beliefs. Examples: Engaging in community service, working on meaningful causes, or finding fulfillment in spiritual or religious practices. 5. Achievement (A) Definition: Accomplishing goals and pursuing mastery or success in various areas of life, whether personal or professional, enhances well-being. Role in Well-Being: Setting and achieving goals provides a sense of accomplishment and boosts self- confidence. It motivates individuals to continue striving for success, creating a sense of forward momentum. Examples: Completing a major project at work, mastering a new skill, or achieving personal fitness goals. Example of Engagement Leading to Higher Satisfaction: Consider a university student who loves painting. When she paints, she becomes so absorbed in the process that she loses track of time—this is a state of flow. During these moments, her focus is on the creative process, and she experiences intense satisfaction, contributing to her overall well-being. Flow experiences not only provide immediate joy but also lead to greater long-term life satisfaction, as they help individuals feel connected to their passions.  Activity for Students Self-Reflection Exercise: Ask students to reflect on their own lives and identify which of the five PERMA elements they feel most fulfilled in and which areas need more attention. Afterward, they can set a goal to improve one area (e.g., building stronger relationships or pursuing meaningful goals) and share strategies with the class. By focusing on these five dimensions— Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Achievement —the PERMA model provides a comprehensive approach to increasing long- term happiness and well-being.  4. DETERMINANTS of Happiness 1. Genetics Accounts for approximately 30-50% of happiness. Influences personality traits (e.g., temperament, resilience). Genetic predispositions can affect outlook (e.g., optimism)..2. Circumstances Includes factors such as: ◦Socioeconomic status ◦Relationships ◦Health ◦Life events Generally has a temporary effect on happiness. Phenomenon of "hedonic treadmill" — people adapt to changes over time. 3. Choices Personal decisions significantly impact happiness. Key choices include: ◦Fostering relationships ◦Practicing gratitude ◦Engaging in enjoyable activities 4. Nature vs. Nurture Nature: ◦Focuses on hereditary influences on happiness. ◦Biological factors set a baseline for emotional states. Nurture: ◦Emphasizes environmental and experiential factors. ◦Life experiences shape happiness throughout life. ◦ Conclusion Happiness results from the interplay of genetics, circumstances, and choices. Understanding this balance can help individuals focus on controllable aspects while acknowledging the influence of genetic and environmental contexts. 5. Physical Health and Quality of Life Have students discuss how they maintain their physical health and how it affects their happiness 1. Chronic Illnesses Limitation of Daily Activities: Chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, arthritis) can restrict mobility, energy levels, and the ability to perform everyday tasks, diminishing overall QoL. Psychological Effects: Living with a chronic condition may lead to anxiety, depression, and feelings of isolation, further impacting mental and emotional well-being. Social Relationships: Chronic illnesses can affect social interactions and relationships, as individuals may withdraw from social activities or face stigma, leading to a decreased sense of community and support. 2. Fitness Physical Functionality: Regular physical activity enhances strength, flexibility, and endurance, enabling individuals to engage more fully in daily activities and improving physical independence. Mental Health Benefits: Exercise releases endorphins and other neurotransmitters that improve mood and reduce stress and anxiety, contributing positively to overall mental health. Preventative Health: Maintaining fitness through regular exercise can reduce the risk of developing chronic illnesses, thus improving longevity and life satisfaction. 3. Lifestyle Nutrition: A balanced diet is crucial for optimal health. Poor nutrition can lead to weight gain, increased risk of chronic diseases, and lower energy levels, all negatively affecting QoL. Sleep Patterns: Adequate sleep is essential for physical recovery and cognitive function. Poor sleep quality can lead to fatigue, impaired judgment, and decreased overall health. Substance Use: Lifestyle choices, such as tobacco or excessive alcohol use, can have detrimental effects on physical health and consequently diminish QoL. 4. Holistic Health Mind-Body Connection: Physical health isn’t isolated; it affects and is affected by mental and emotional health. A healthy lifestyle promotes a positive self-image and emotional stability, which enhances QoL. Overall Well-Being: When physical health is prioritized, it contributes to a higher energy level, better stress management, and a greater overall sense of well-being, leading to increased life satisfaction. Conclusion Physical health plays a pivotal role in determining quality of life. Chronic illnesses can impose significant limitations and emotional challenges, while a commitment to fitness and healthy lifestyle choices can enhance physical, mental, and emotional well-being. A focus on holistic health can lead to a more fulfilling and balanced life.  6.Mental Health and Happiness Anxiety disorders o8en reduce QoL, making it difficult to experience happiness.  6.Mental Health and Happiness 1. Stress Impact on Daily Life: Chronic stress can impair an individual’s ability to concentrate, make decisions, and perform everyday tasks, leading to reduced productivity and fulfillment in personal and professional pursuits. Physical Health Consequences: Prolonged stress can contribute to a range of physical health issues, including cardiovascular disease, weakened immune function, and digestive problems. This can create a cycle where physical health decline further exacerbates mental stress. Emotional Well-Being: High levels of stress can lead to irritability, mood swings, and emotional exhaustion, negatively affecting relationships with family, friends, and colleagues. 2. Anxiety Disruption of Daily Activities: Anxiety disorders can cause overwhelming feelings of fear and worry that disrupt daily activities and prevent individuals from engaging in social situations, hobbies, or work responsibilities. Impaired Relationships: Anxiety can lead to avoidance behaviors, where individuals isolate themselves to evade triggers. This can undermine support systems and lead to loneliness, thus reducing QoL. Cognitive Functioning: Anxiety can cloud judgment and lead to difficulty concentrating, which may interfere with work or academic performance and further impact self- esteem and confidence. 3. Depression Emotional and Cognitive Effects: Depression profoundly impacts mood, energy levels, and motivation, often leading to feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, which can diminish one’s enjoyment of life and ability to engage in activities. Social Withdrawal: Individuals with depression may withdraw from social interactions and support networks, leading to isolation and exacerbating feelings of loneliness and despair. Physical Health Implications: Depression is linked to various physical health problems, including chronic pain and fatigue, creating a cycle where physical and mental health issues reinforce one another, further reducing QoL. Holistic Approach to Mental Health Interconnectedness: Addressing mental health is crucial for improving overall well-being. Mental health issues can lead to or exacerbate physical health problems, while poor physical health can negatively impact mental health. Lifestyle Factors: Encouraging healthy lifestyle choices—such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, good sleep hygiene, and mindfulness practices—can improve mental health and, consequently, enhance quality of life. Access to Support Services: Promoting access to mental health resources (e.g., therapy, counseling, support groups) is essential to address issues of stress, anxiety, and depression effectively. Early intervention can prevent the escalation of mental health problems and improve life satisfaction. Conclusion Mental health is a critical component of overall quality of life. By understanding the effects of stress, anxiety, and depression, individuals can take proactive steps to address these challenges, seek support, and implement strategies to enhance their emotional well-being and overall QoL. Prioritizing mental health leads to a more balanced, fulfilling, and productive life. 5-Minute Mindfulness Exercise Objective: To help students center themselves, reduce stress, and cultivate mindfulness. Instructions: 1. Find a Comfortable Position (1 minute) Sit or lie down in a comfortable position. You may wish to close your eyes or lower your gaze to minimize distractions. Allow your hands to rest gently on your lap or beside you. 2. Take Deep Breaths (1 minute) Begin by taking a deep breath in through your nose, filling your lungs completely. Hold your breath for a moment. Exhale slowly through your mouth, releasing any tension. Repeat this deep breathing for a few cycles, focusing on the rise and fall of your chest or belly as you breathe. 3. Body Scan (2 minutes) Bring your attention to your body, starting from the top of your head and moving down to your toes. Notice any sensations, tension, or discomfort in each part of your body. Head and Face: Relax your forehead, jaw, and neck. Shoulders and Arms: Release any tension in your shoulders and arms. Chest and Stomach: Feel the breath moving in and out of your chest and abdomen. Legs and Feet: Relax your thighs, calves, and feet. Take a moment to simply observe how your body feels without judgment. 4. Anchor Your Mind (1 minute) Now, shift your focus back to your breath. Notice the rhythm of your breathing – in and out. If your mind begins to wander, gently acknowledge the thought and then return your focus to your breath, using it as an anchor to the present moment. 5. Conclude the Exercise (1 minute) Gradually bring your awareness back to your surroundings. Start to wiggle your fingers and toes. When you feel ready, open your eyes or lift your gaze. Take a moment to notice how you feel compared to when you started the exercise. Closing Thought: Remind students that they can return to this mindfulness practice whenever they need to center themselves and reduce stress. Regular mindfulness practice can enhance their o