Acculturative Stress PDF - Associations of Acculturative Stress in Indonesian Migrant Workers in South Korea

J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs ISSN (Print) 1225-8482 | ISSN (Online) 2288-4653 Vol. 28 No. 2, 172-180, June 2019 https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2019.28.2.172 Associa...

J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs ISSN (Print) 1225-8482 | ISSN (Online) 2288-4653 Vol. 28 No. 2, 172-180, June 2019 https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2019.28.2.172 Associations of Acculturative Stress, Depression, and Quality of Life among Indonesian Migrant Workers in South Korea 1 2 Dineva R, Farah · Choi, Heeseung 1 Master’s Student, College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul 2 Professor, College of Nursing and the Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this cross-sectional, correlational study was to identify associations of acculturative stress, depression, and quality of life among Indonesian migrant workers living in South Korea. Methods: A total of 91 migrant workers who were recruited in Korea completed paper-and-pencil self-administered questionnaire in September 2018. Acculturative Stress Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Perceived Organizational Support Scale, and demographic questionnaire were used to measure acculturative stress, depression, quality of life, social support, and organizational support, respectively. We applied descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression analyses with SPSS 22 program. Results: A positive correlation was shown between acculturative stress and depression and a negative correlation was found between acculturative stress and quality of life. Significant factor associated with depression was acculturative stress. Significant factors associated with quality of life were acculturative stress and social support. Conclusion: Our study findings assist nurses to improve the quality of mental health services for Indonesian migrant workers by providing important information such as contact information for health services and counseling and to guide future studies on mental health issues among the population. Key Words: Acculturation; Depression; Quality of life; Transients and migrants; Indonesia ing to the acculturation theory , some people have to INTRODUCTION deal with acculturative stress during this complex process. 1. Background Acculturative stress occurs when individuals try to adjust to a new culture and integrate the new and unfamiliar eth- Recently, a number of migrants travel around the world nic characteristics of their host society with their own cul- to make their home in another country. The South Korean tural characteristics. government’s office of statistics has stated that the number This acculturative stress affects mental health issues, of foreign migrant workers in South Korea reached 962,000 such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, higher occur- in 2016 and it has increased year by year since 2012. One ence of somatic symptoms and even suicide. Particular- of motivations for migration is to look for better job oppor- ly, depression is associated with the low quality of life of tunities. Unfortunately, everyone does not go through ac- migrant workers, that has been linked to decreasing work culturation smoothly because they fail to adapt an un- performance and untimely retirement. The process of familiar society with different culture barriers and chal- acculturation is also influenced by individual and envi- lenges. The term ‘acculturation’ is defined as the phenom- ronmental factors including social support and organiza- enon that different cultures result in certain replacements tional support. Social support shows diverse forms of sup- in the original tradition of one or both groups. Accord- port and helps existed among relationship with families, Corresponding author: Choi, Heeseung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-4972 College of Nursing, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8852, Fax: +82-2-740-8852, E-mail: [email protected] - This article is a condensed form of the first author’s master’s thesis from Seoul National University. Received: Feb 8, 2019 | Revised: May 14, 2019 | Accepted: Jun 10, 2019 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ⓒ 2019 The Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing http://www.mhnursing.or.kr  Associations of Acculturative Stress, Depression, and Quality of Life among Indonesian Migrant Workers in South Korea friends, and neighbors. Organizational support is re-  Identify associations among acculturative stress, de- flected by organization’s behavior toward their workers pression, and quality of life; and based on workers’ behaviors and point of views toward  Identify significant factors associated with depression their organization. Therefore, acculturative stress of and quality of life among Indonesian migrant workers. migrant workers can lead to depression, which affects their quality of life along with individual and environ- METHODS mental factors, such as social support and organizational support. 1. Design Annually, many Indonesians travel to South Korea and at least 90% of native Indonesians who stay in South Korea This study used cross-sectional, correlational study de- are migrant workers. In South Korea, Indonesian commun- sign to identify the associations among acculturative stress, ity is well-known as the second largest community among depression, and quality of life in Indonesian migrant work- other Muslim communities and the number continously ers living in South Korea. increases. Islam influences how most Indonesians live their daily lives, such as strict rules on eating, lifestyle, 2. Setting and Sample praying routines, and wearing hijab. As a result, compared to other immigrants from Confucian or Buddhist countries This study participants were migrant Indonesian work- who share a common cultural tradition with Korea, Indo- ers who currently worked in South Korea. Only migrant nesians are more likely to encounter unique challenges workers who were 20 to 65 years old and able to read and when adjusting to Korean society. Regardless of the in- understand Indonesian were invited to participate in the creasing number of Indonesians living in Korea and uni- study. This study used non-probability sampling meth- que challenges that they face, acculturative stress, depres- ods, namely convenience and snowball sampling. The sig- sion, and quality of life among them have not been stu- nificance level used for this study is an ⍺ level of.05 and died. The majority of existing studies on acculturative the power of.80 is used. Based on a previous study , a stress and mental health have focused on Vietnamese and medium effect size (r) of 0.3 was selected for this study. Korean-Chinese migrants [2,10]. Based on the significance level, effect size, and power, the Indonesian migrant workers are reported to lack Korean sample size for this study was calculated by using the G* language skill and some of them have experienced human Power program and the minimum sample size required rights violations, such as physical or verbal abuse, recei- was 82. Taking into account that 20% of dropout rate, re- ved low wages, faced discrimination, and brutal working quired sample size was 98. For this study, among the 120 conditions. Some of them respond to these negative expe- migrant workers who were approached by the researcher, riences and overcome stress by isolating themselves from 98 workers agreed to participate in this study (response the Korean community and are more likely to spend time rate 81.7%). A total of 91 questionnaires were included for with people from Indonesia in their own community. final analysis after excluding 7 incomplete questionnaires. Consequently, they may experience an increased risk of mental health problems. Thus, it is important to explore 3. Measures the level of acculturative stress experienced by this unique group and identify associations of depression, quality of All of the measurements used in this study were Indo- life, and other related factors with Indonesian migrant nesian to minimize language barrier. workers’ acculturative stress. 1) Acculturative stress 2. Objectives Acculturative stress was measured using the Accultura- tive Stress Scale developed by Sandhu and Asrabadi. Based on the acculturation theory, this study was de- The original version of this scale includes 36 items with 7 signed to identify associations of acculturative stress, de- subscales: perceived discrimination (7 items), homesick- pression, and quality of life among Indonesian migrant ness (4 items), perceived hate (5 items), fear (4 items), stress workers living in South Korea. The specific aims of this due to change/culture shock (3 items), guilt (2 items), and study were to: nonspecific concerns (10 items). Each question in this ques-  Assess the level of acculturative stress, depression, tionnaire was rated based on a 5-point Likert scale, from and quality of life; ‘strongly disagree’ (1) to ‘strongly agree’ (5) with (3) as ‘not Vol. 28 No. 2, 2019 173  Dineva R, Farah · Choi, Heeseung sure’. The total scores range from 36 to 180, that the higher subscales: family, friends, and significant others. Each score indicates the higher level of acculturative stress. subscale is represented by four questions. The original ver- The Indonesian version of this scale was developed by sion of MSPSS uses a 7-point Likert scale. But considering the investigator through the systematic translation proc- the nature of Indonesian’s characteristics, in that they tend ess, including translation, back translation, and cognitive to pick a “neutral” choice, the Indonesian version of MSPSS interviews. The Cronbach’s ⍺ from previous study was was changed to a 6-point Likert scale from strongly dis-.95 and.94 for this study. agree (1) to strongly agree (6). The total scores range from 12 to 72 with 2 categories: