BIOS252 Week 1 & 2 Review Questions PDF

BIOS252 - Week 1 & 2 Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fcpuen What lever class has the fulcrum situated between the force and first-class lever the load? Which of...

BIOS252 - Week 1 & 2 Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fcpuen What lever class has the fulcrum situated between the force and first-class lever the load? Which of the following helps an agonist work? A synergist Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion? Sternocleidomastoid Identify the muscle that has the arrow pointing to it. Diaphragm muscle Which element is important in directly triggering contraction? Calcium (Ca++) Thin and thick filaments are organized into functional units called Sarcomeres ________. Cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles in that they contain intercalated discs ________. Which connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle and sepa- Epimysium rates it from surrounding tissues? Identify the muscle that has the arrow pointing to it. Deltoid What are the types of striated muscle? skeletal and cardiac muscles Which types of muscle are involuntary? cardiac and smooth muscles Smooth muscle is responsible for what movements? moving the contents in the small intestine A ring-like band of muscle made of smooth muscle that will stop Sphincter the flow of contents from one organ to another is known as what? the ability of muscular tissue to stretch, within limits, and not be extensibility damaged. Muscles help control the glucose levels in the bloodstream by absorbing, storing, and using large amounts of glycogen Muscle cells take up ions, producing an electrical current along Excitability of the muscles means what? the cell Which function of muscle is best described as helping to maintain Stabilizing body positions posture and preventing unwanted movements? Contractility Muscles have the ability to shorten. This is known as? Elasticity Is the return to an original shape after being stretched. Extensibility Is the ability to stretch without tearing. Is the exchange of ions across the cell membrane, creating a Electrical excitability change in resting membrane potential. Which characteristics are common to both cardiac and smooth uninucleated and involuntary muscle? Select all that apply. 1/6  BIOS252 - Week 1 & 2 Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fcpuen Which type of muscle tissue would best be described as long, thin, Skeletal Muscle cylindrical, multinucleated, and voluntary? Intercalated discs are only found in cardiac muscle tissue Which muscle type is found in blood vessels? Smooth Muscle Which muscle type is found in the heart? Cardiac muscles Which of the following is a function of smooth muscle? Moving food through the digestive system. The movement of food through the digestive system happens via Peristalsis smooth muscles and can be called? What is the function of cardiac muscle? Pumping of blood in the heart Only __________ muscles are under ____________ control, such Skeletal; voluntary as blinking your eyes. Acetylcholine (ACh) The neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction is? Skeletal muscle fiber is considered to be multinucleated. True The fixed point of a lever system that the movement is applied to Fulcrum is known as the? Sarcomere It is a structural and functional unit of a myofibril. Actin It is a protein of thin filament. Myosin It is a protein of thick filament. It is the central part of the thick filament not overlapped by the thin H-zone filament. T/F: Aerobic respiration is the type of energy creation that will give False the muscle about two minutes of energy only. T/F: Between skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth mus- cle, the smooth muscle has the lowest adenosine triphosphate True (ATP) demands due to the latch-bridge mechanism. Stimulating a muscle fiber with such high frequency that the Complete (fused) tetanus twitches fuse into a single, nonfluctuating contraction is known as what? The muscle fiber (cell) is an important part of the organization of filament, myofibril, fiber, fascicle, and skeletal muscle muscle tissue in the skeletal muscle. What is the organization of muscle tissue from smallest to largest? What is the functional contractile unit of the myofibril where muscle Sarcomere tension is produced? The connection formed between the actin and myosin is known as Cross-bridge what? Breaks down the acetylcholine (ACh) that was previously released AChE (acetylcholine esterase) and present in the synapse. Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers Are used when walking or jogging short distances. Isotonic contraction Is a contraction with a change in length but no change in tension. Isometric contraction Is a muscle contraction where there is no change in length. Anaerobic glycolysis creates how much energy for the skeletal 2 minutes muscle? In a third-class lever system, the ________ sits between the effort;fulcrum;load (FEL) _________ and the _________. directions of fascicles, size, shape, action, number of origins, loca- How are skeletal muscles named? Select all that apply. tion of the muscle, sites of origins, and insertions of the muscles. The movement produced by the contraction of a muscle is known action as the muscle's What influences the appearance (direction of grain on an image Arrangement of the pattern of fascicles of a muscle) and function of skeletal muscle? 2/6  BIOS252 - Week 1 & 2 Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fcpuen Why would certain muscles have the word "major" after their largest of the two muscles and does the most work names? Which of the following muscles is named for its shape? Deltoid Which of the following muscles is named for how many origins it Triceps brachii has? Which of the following muscles is named for its size? Vastus medialis Which of the following muscles is named for its action? Levator Scapulae Which type of muscle produces the most force during a particular Agonist movement? Which of the following is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle? draws scalp anteriorly and posteriorly Which of the following extends the forearm? triceps brachii It extends the leg at the knee joint and flexes the thigh at the hip rectus femoris joint. lateral rectus It abducts the eyeball. rectus abdominus Flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdomen. Which of the following muscles are part of the hamstrings? Select biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. all that apply. True or false: The movable attachment point of a muscle is known False as the origin. The muscle or group of muscles that assist the prime mover in its Synergist action is known as the? The muscle responsible for adducting and medially rotating the pectoralis major muscle arm. Damage to the trapezius would cause a person to have difficulty Laterally flexing neck doing what? Flexes the neck laterally if it works unilaterally. When contracting trapezius muscle the trapezius bilaterally, it extends the head. Plantar Flexion The soleus is a synergist of the gastrocnemius during? Diaphragm Depresses the ribs and is the major muscle of inhalation. True or False: Smooth muscles are characterized by striations. False True or False: Smooth muscles are found in hollow organs of the True body. True or False: Smooth muscles contain actin and myosin fila- True ments. True or False: Smooth muscle is innervated by the somatic ner- False vous system. True or False: Cold usually relaxes smooth muscle while heat usually contracts it. Smooth muscles relax under cold weather or False at lower temperature conditions. True or False: Smooth muscle receptors, for a neurotransmitter, are found all over the cell instead of only being found at a motor True end plate. True or False: Smooth muscle can be excited spontaneously. True depolarization of the sarcolemma (cell membrane) Voltage-gated channels respond to? Which of the following is attached to intercalated discs? Cardiac Muscle Smooth muscle can be excited through autonomic nerve fibers Smooth muscle can be excited in which of the following ways? and neurotransmitters, chemicals such as hormones, and tem- Select all that apply. perature changes. Additional ways include stretching and au- torhymicity. 3/6  BIOS252 - Week 1 & 2 Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fcpuen Why can smooth muscle maintain a contraction for longer periods they are resistant to fatigue of time? Select all that apply. require only minimal amounts of energy Is a feature of smooth muscle that allows for the actin and myosin Latch-bridge mechanism to remain attached to one another but no longer use up adenosine triphosphate (ATP). True or False: The myocytes of the smooth muscle have a large False size. Calcium in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is ____________ the cystol more concentrated than in (intracellular fluid - ICF). What are the two types of smooth muscle tissue? multi-unit and single-unit Mechanically-gated channels must be activated by? Stretch Is a result of a genetic disorder that results in the changing of Muscular dystrophy muscles into fat or scar tissue. During thermoregulation, your body is maintaining its temperature. Effectors; skeletal muscles Which are paired correctly regarding this homeostatic mecha- nism? During muscular contraction, heat is generated as a by-product of ATP ______ production. T/F: Physical activity and regular exercise delay age-related de- True creases in muscle mass. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) affects which type(s) of Skeletal and Cardiac muscle? In myasthenia gravis, acetylcholine fails to bind to the muscle ligand-gated channels not being able to open sarcolemma. This eventually leads to? What are the most common muscles affected in myasthenia muscles of the eyelids gravis? Shivering is a consistent contraction of muscle. The muscle con- Thermoregulation tractions result in cells undergoing lots of cellular respiration. This will produce extra heat and help to warm up your core temperature It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attach to the neu- Myasthenia gravis romuscular junction when they bind to the ACh receptors. How many ATP are generated through cellular respiration? 36 What generates heat when a muscle contracts? ATP A 43-year-old woman comes to the office because she has had drooping of her right upper eyelid for the past week. She says she also has had double vision that improves if she closes one of her myasthenia gravis eyes. After a physical examination, which is the most appropriate diagnosis? cholinesterase inhibitors Myasthenia gravis is often treated with what? genetic screening Early identification of muscular dystrophy can be done through? What accompanies muscle atrophy? Select all that apply. loss of structural proteins and muscle mass Which two muscle tissues function as sphincters that control your Smooth and Skeletal Muscle body's openings and internal passage? Which hardworking muscle tissue uses aerobic respiration almost Cardiac Muscle exclusively to avoid fatigue? Which muscle tissue is involved in controlling speech, gesticula- Skeletal Muscle tion, and facial expression? Which muscle cell does not contain myofibrils? Smooth Which muscle cells have desmosomes and gap-junctions? Cardiac and smooth muscle cells What are the main contractile proteins of the thick and thin fila- Actin and Myosin ments in a sarcomere called? 4/6  BIOS252 - Week 1 & 2 Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fcpuen What happens to the I-band when the sarcomere contracts? The I-bands shorten during contraction In which part of the sarcomere do actin and myosin overlap? The A-band Calcium binds to a protein to initiate a muscle contraction is known Troponin as? As inorganic phosphate is released from the myosin heads, the cross-bridge actin and myosin proteins are joined together in a _______? It causes tropomyosin to shift position, exposing binding sites on Calcium the actin proteins. Which of the following is the term for the thin layer of connective endomysium tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber? muscle fascicle muscle fiber Components of skeletal muscle in order of size, from largest to myofibril smallest. myofilament Which of the following is the term for the dense protein disc Z-line defining and bisecting each I-band? Which of the following is the term for the lighter region in the center H-zone of each A-band that is deficient in thin actin filaments? T/F: The two contractile proteins, actin and myosin, are the main True myofilaments that form the sarcomere? T/F: Hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) causes confor- mational changes in the head region of actin, enabling it to bind False and move along myosin filaments. What are the regulatory proteins of actin and myosin? troponin and tropomyosin Which of the following molecules is a structural protein that makes Myomesin up the M-line of the sarcomere? T/F: Titin sits between the M-line and Z-lines of the sarcomere and True acts as a spring for actin filaments, attaching to the Z-line T/F: Suring muscle contraction, the sarcomere shortens and the False H-zone grows in size. The fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous Neuron system, responsible for transmitting and processing information. Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other Dendrite neurons or sensory receptors. The main output structure of a neuron, responsible for transmitting Axon electrical signals away from the cell body. Specialized junction where a neuron communicates with another Synapse neuron or a target cell. T/F: The myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes in the pe- ripheral nervous system and Schwann cells in the central nervous False system. Which type of ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and is responsible for generating action po- Voltage-gated channel tentials? Cell Body (soma) Which part of the neuron has the arrow pointing to it? 5/6  BIOS252 - Week 1 & 2 Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fcpuen Saltatory conduction refers to the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons. What is the significance of this mode of It allows for faster conduction of action potentials conduction? The organization of the nervous system involves two main divi- Central and Peripheral nervous systems sions. Which of the following correctly identifies these divisions? Integration of postsynaptic potentials from multiple presynaptic Which of the following best describes spatial summation? neurons T/F: Astrocytes play a role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier True and regulating the extracellular environment of neurons. Small, localized changes in membrane potential that vary in am- Which of the following best defines graded potential? plitude 6/6