Forensic Entomology BIOL-3330H Trent University Lecture Notes PDF

Forensic Entomology BIOL-3330H Trent University Lecture 2 degree day model calculating degree days deploy carcasses 1 FROM THE OUTLINE DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS This is a review on a topic of your choice, surveying the existing literature on this topic. Reference...

Forensic Entomology BIOL-3330H Trent University Lecture 2 degree day model calculating degree days deploy carcasses 1 FROM THE OUTLINE DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS This is a review on a topic of your choice, surveying the existing literature on this topic. References or citation or whatever you want to call them go in the text for example (Smith 2006). Of, if you prefer the numbered method, use this1 1) Smith, 2006 etc. As an example see the review in Annual Review of Entomology http://www.annualreviews.org/loi/ento or the reviews of mite research in the 2009 issue of Exp Appl Acarol. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19609686 or this review https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-003-0493-5 2 FROM THE OUTLINE INSTRUCTIONS I will be posting videos explaining how to make and bait your traps for your project. You write about where you set the traps, your data, and why this is interesting. DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS ON RESEARCH PROJECT (10%) (about 2000 words +- 250) Introduction 800 words, a mini essay on your topic: - the topic, what you studied: animal, place, reason why this is interesting - the scientific background, what other research exists on this topic, eg other papers - is this original? What have others done? eg other papers What is the theory behind the work? eg other papers You should expect to cite 8 to 10 papers in this section. double spaced 12pt, Times New Roman 3 Materials and Methods (600 words) what animals did you catch (go to genus or family)? How many? Where did you get them? when did you do this? where did you do this? what equipment did you use? where did you get this? what material did you use? where did you get this? what was the experiment? sample size? what analyses did you use? type of data you collected? You should expect to cite 3 to 5 other papers using these methods as justification. Results 250 to 400 words, what you found, with graphs, pictures (figures) and tables, and explanation of these IN THE TEXT. Discussion (500 to 800 words) What did you discover? How does this compare to other studies? How is this relevant to Forensic entomology? What might you do otherwise if you did it again, and what did you learn? You should expect to cite 5 other papers (4 to 10). References OR Literature cited use any format, but be consistent, do not change fonts colours etc. 4 DEGREE DAYS Degree days model, how it works the model "straightens out" the ↳ S optimal relationship from the inflection development temperature point: (inflection point) point actual developmental period degree day model developmental period 360 360 320 same 320 280 280 DD 10 DD10 240 240 ⑨ 2 200 200 15 20 25 30 35 15 20 25 30 35 temperature Celsius temperature Celsius inflection point 5 Degree days model, how it works degree day model developmental period the model "straightens out" the relationship from the inflection point: ming hom growth rate (days-1) growth rate per day upment new orless optimal development more temperature (inflection point) temperature 5b Degree days model, how it works the model "straightens out" the relationship from the inflection optimal development point: temperature (inflection point) actual developmental period degree day model developmental period 360 360 320 320 280 280 DD 10 DD10 240 240 200 200 15 20 25 30 35 15 20 25 30 35 temperature Celsius temperature Celsius inflection point 5d  24 degree hours in a degree day examples 60 minutes in a degree hour i consider an egg with a developmental threshold of 8 C it is held for 48 hours at 10 C in an incubator ↓ it has been held for 2 days x 2 degrees above 8C threshold - 2 x 2 = 4, it has been is 4 degree days (written as 4DDO 8) - if an egg requires 15 degree days > 8 C before hatching this will take: S · 7.5 days at 10 C (10-8=2, 7.5 x 2 = 15) = 5 days at 11 C (11-8 =3, 5 x 3 = 15) - 2 days at 15.5 C (15.5-8=7.5, 2 x 7.5 = 15) - or 1 day at 23 C (23-8=15, 1 x 15 = 15) => 6  Degreon get familiar with these! Accumulated ↳ a day with a max temp of 25 C will have about 20 or ADD above 0, always < 25. or 15 ADD above 5C. a day of mean 25 C will have about 25 ADD above 0 or 20 ADD> 5C a day of mean 5 C might have from 3 to 5 ADD > 0. Know why! Get an intuitive feel for these units, it is just a simple translation from one unit to another, like inches and cm or Celsius and Fahrenheit. 6 in terms of generations eg consider Calliphora vicina: egg to adult (imago) period is 27.8 days at 20 oC + about 5 days to oviposit (my estimate) 32.8 x 20DD0 = 656 DD0 egg to egg generation time 3500 initial colonization 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 3000 initial infection July 14 Aug 5 Oct 4 2500 degree days > 0 C 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Feb 1 Mar 1 Apr 1 May 1 June 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sept 1 Nov 1 Dec 1 7 date calculating degree days the area under a triangle defined by the maximum and minimum temperatures NB local weather station data obtained using a Stevenson screen to house data loggers must be corrected for site effects eg 1 week of data logging at the site gives correction factor for weather station data first case: held at constant temperatures (lab work) 8 written as nDDthreshold 7 or nADDthreshold 6 5 for Accumulated Degree Days o C 4 area = 6DD0 3 area = 6DD 2 (also written as 06ADD0) 1 developmental 0 threshold midnight midnight noon 7 6 developmental ↑ 1 Degree Day area = 1DD0 5 &startingt area = 1DD5 threshold o 4 C 3 2 (also written as 1ADD5) 1 0 midnight midnight noon 9 method 1: simplify curve as a triangle (this is fine, works well) 7 6 5 4 oC 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 midnight noon midnight 10  7 64 · 6 53 5 42 4 31 b oC 3 3 2 a I 2 2 1 Base d In c I 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 midnight noon midnight triangle area = ½ (base x height) add areas of a, b, c, d to obtain total a ½ (0.5 x 6) = 1.5 =b ½ (0.5 x 4) = 1 half a c 1 x 0.5 - = 0.5 day d 3 x 0.5 = 1.5 - total DD0 = 4.5 11 method 2: sine wave method integrate are under a sine curve with amplitude defined by max and min, and wave length defined as 12 hours or 0.5 days classic references: Allen, J. C. 1976. A modified sine wave method for calculating degree days. Environmental Entomology 5:388-396. Baskerville, G. L., P. Emin. 1969. Rapid estimation of heat accumulation from maximum and minimum temperatures. Ecology 50:514-17. 7 6 5 4 oC 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 midnight noon midnight 12 degree day calculations: cases 7 6 upper threshold 5 C 4 o 3 area = ?DD 2 lower threshold 1 midnight midnight 0 noon 13  1. if all daily temperatures are between thresholds (simplest case): DD for one 24 hour period in shaded are of diagram TU = upper developmental threshold TL = lower developmental threshold Tmax = daily maximum temperature, first half of day Tmin = daily minimum temperature, first half of day TU Tmax DD = ½ ( Tmax 2+ Tmin - TL) Tmin Tmin TL midnight noon midnight 14  example Phormia regina development rate (days-1) grown at different temperatures, and then plotted against developmental rate to get threshold temp of 5.4 oC from NABITY ET AL.: P. regina DEVELOPMENT USED IN FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY temperature Celsius 15  optimal developmental degree days needed temperature for development red line is actual relationship, horizontal black DD5.4 lines show the degree day model assumption of linearity temperature oC Greenberg 1991 Byrd and Allen 2001 Nabity et al. 2004 16  INSTRUCTIONS For lab 2, I give you temperatures and dates. use these in your calculator to get degree days, and produce a graph of the degree days over the relevant time period, and answer the questions provided. For your report, answer the questions. Graphs must be labelled (both axes, units, figure caption on the bottom). Your report must include Title, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Literature cited (at least 6 refs: Baskerville and Emin, Allen, Nabity et al., Anderson, Kamal, Environment Canada). For the introduction, set it up as a modelling paper using Excel and climate data, to compare two estimates of degree day development time. For Materials and methods, you are using Baskerville and Emen, and Allen, to construct the model in Excel. Cite these papers. For Results, answer the questions, and for discussion, discuss how the two development times differ, and give a brief discussion of the relevance of this discrepancy in a forensic context. Include lit cited. 17 Where to find climate data http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_e.html 18 19 Adel S. Kamal; Comparative Study of Thirteen Species of Sarcosaprophagous Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) I. Bionomics, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 51, Issue 3, 1 May 1958, Pages 261–271, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/51.3.261 assume a 0 oC threshold, 80 oF = 26.7 oC, 11 days X 26.7 oC = 293.7 DD0 development time for immature stages to newly emerged adult 20 21  26 etc. see lab handout