vocabulary words 2.pdf

Homeostasis- is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. Skeletal System- provides support and protection for the body’s internal organs and gives the muscles a point of attachment. Cardiovascular System- consists of the organs an...

Homeostasis- is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. Skeletal System- provides support and protection for the body’s internal organs and gives the muscles a point of attachment. Cardiovascular System- consists of the organs and fluids that transport materials like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Lymphatic System-is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system Respiratory System-is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants Alveoli- also known as an air sac or air space, is one of millions of hollow, distensible cup-shaped cavities in the lungs where pulmonary gas exchange takes place. Vein- are blood vessels in the circulatory system of humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Artery- is a blood vessel in humans and most other animals that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart in the systemic circulation to one or more parts of the body. Digestive System- is a group of organs consisting of the central gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its associated accessory organs that break down food into smaller components so that nutrients can be absorbed and assimilated Esophagus-is the muscular tube that conveys food from the pharynx at the back of the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus is sometimes called the gullet. Excretory System- consists of organs which remove metabolic wastes and toxins from the body. In humans, this includes the removal of urea from the bloodstream and other wastes produced by the body. The removal of urea happens in the kidneys, while solid wastes are expelled from the large intestine. Kidney-each of a pair of organs in the abdominal cavity of mammals, birds, and reptiles, excreting urine. Nephron-is the minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. Nervous System- maintains internal order within the body by coordinating the activities of muscles and organs, receives input from sense organs, trigger reactions, generating learning and understanding, and providing protection from danger. This is primarily conducted through electrochemical signaling between nerves and other cells. Neuron-is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system. Dendrite-a short, branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body. Endocrine System-is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs Sperm-is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction, Testes-A testicle or testis is the male gonad in all bilaterians, including humans. The functions of the testicles are to produce both sperm and androgens, primarily testosterone. Ovary- is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/oviduct into the uterus. Uterus- is the organ in the reproductive system of most female mammals, including humans, that accommodates the embryonic and fetal development of one or more fertilized eggs until birth. Vagina- is the elastic, muscular reproductive organ of the female genital tract. In humans, it extends from the vulval vestibule to the cervix. Embryo-is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism. In organisms that reproduce sexually, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. Placenta-is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation. It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important endocrine organ, producing hormones that regulate both maternal and fetal physiology during pregnancy Pathogen-An agent causing disease or illness to its host, such as an organism or infectious particle capable of producing a disease in another organism. Immune System- is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, as well as cancer cells and objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Macrophage- are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface. B cell-are white blood cells that produce antibodies to fight foreign substances. T cell-are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. Antibody-a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood. Atmosphere-is a layer of gasses that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object. Ultraviolet Radiation- is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10-400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than x-rays. Orbit-the curved path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon, especially a periodic elliptical revolution. Solar System-is the gravitationally bound system of the sun and the objects that orbit it. It was formed about 4.6 billion years ago. Gravity-is a fundamental interaction primarily observed as mutual attraction between all things that have mass. Launch- is to send or shoot something into the air, water, or space. Star-a massive, spherical ball of plasma that shines due to the energy released by nuclear fusion in its core. Spectral Class- a classification system for stars based on the characteristics of their light spectrum, primarily determined by the temperature of their outer layers. Universe-all existing matter and space considered as a whole, the cosmos. Plate Boundaries-the area where two tectonic plates meet and there is a significant change in the direction or speed of one plate relative to the other and are characterized by wide zones of deformation and are the site of many geological events, including earthquakes, volcanoes, and the creation of mountains and oceanic trenches