GEC11-1A Lecture Notes PDF

GEC11-1A LECTURE NOTE b.Soul is incapable of existing without the LESSON 1...

GEC11-1A LECTURE NOTE b.Soul is incapable of existing without the LESSON 1 body c. Body dies the soul dies PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE d. Three kinds of souls: i. Vegetative – Related to growth and PHILOSOPHY reproduction. ii. Sentient – Related to sensory  Finding answers to questions about ourselves and the desires, emotions, and mobility. world we live in iii. Rational – Unique to humans,  Philosophy employs the inquisitive mind to discover involves thought, reflection, and the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of intellect. everything e. Key idea/ quote: The soul is that which  Means love of wisdom makes a person a person. The soul is the essence of the self.  From philia (love) + Sophia (wisdom) 4. St Augustine 1. Socrates a. Integration of Plato and Christianity: The a. He is concerned with problem of the self soul is united with the body, and humans are b. What is self and the qualities that define it? created in the image of God. c. Dualistic view: The self is composed of both b. Human person is always geared towards body and soul. good i. The body is imperfect and c. Self knowledge is the consequence of temporary. knowledge of god ii. The soul is the opposite, being d. Key idea: man’s end goal is happiness, and perfect and immortal. Only in God can man attain true and eternal d. Key idea: "Know thyself" – self-knowledge happiness; for us to attain communion with is a prerequisite for a meaningful and happy the divine. life. 5. Rene Descartes (father of modern philosophy) e. Quote: "The unexamined life is not worth living." a. The mere fact that I doubt, that mean I exist 2. Plato (student of Socrates) b. Quote: Cogito, Ergo Sum "I think, therefore a. Dualism of soul and body: The true self is I am." The self is consciousness, and doubts the soul, which is immortal and existed about one's existence are proof of existence. before and after the body. c. Key idea: Everything must be subjected to b. Experiences will better understand the core doubt, including the existence of the of self (psyche) physical body. c. Psyche (Soul) is divided into three parts: 6. John Locke i. Appetitive – Basic desires like a. When a baby is born, he knows nothing hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. b. Argues that babies brain is empty and ready ii. Spirited – Emotions and passions, to learn thru experience such as love and anger. c. Tabula Rasa: The mind is a blank slate at iii. Rational/Mind (Nous) – Uses reason, analyzes, and controls both birth(clueless), and experiences make one’s appetitive and spirited elements. identity. d. Key idea: True happiness is achieved when d. Key idea: The self is formed through reason controls both the appetitive and experience, and at birth, we know nothing. spirited parts. 7. David Hume a. Knowledge is derived from human sense The Human Soul in Everyday College Life b. Empiricism: All knowledge is derived from Appetitive – want to make friends, hangout, eat favorite foods, do thrilling activities, inuman sensory experiences. Spirited – professors challenging students to excel in academics, overcome c. Key idea: There is no self. "self" is just a challenges Mind – controls both, understanding the limits of the self and comply to bundle of perceptions and temporary ethical standards impressions. 3. Aristotle (student of plato) 8. Immanuel Kant a. Monistic view: The soul and body are one a. from rationalism and empiricism: The self and inseparable. The soul is the "form" of constructs its own reality, forming a world the body. that is familiar and predictable. -van (lagyan ko daw watermark sabi ni Krisel)  GEC11-1A LECTURE NOTE b. Key idea: The self consists of both the inner oself as a product of social interaction based self (psychological state and rational on assumption: human behavior is intellect) and the outer self (sense influenced by group life experience and physical world). 1. George Herbert Mead’s (Theory of Self 9. Gilbert Ryle Development) a. Behaviorism: The self is not an entity; it is  The self develops from social experiences simply a name we use for behaviors. and activities. b. Quote: I act, therefore I am; You are what  Key idea: The self is formed by interpreting you do. The self is the situations and "taking on the role of the c. same as bodily other." d. Key idea: The thinking "I" is just a "ghost in a. Stages of Development of Self: the machine." The self is equivalent to i. Preparatory Stage (Birth to 2 years): bodily behavior. Children mimic those around them. ii. Play Stage (2-6 years): Children engage in 10. Churchland pretend play without adhering to organized a. Neuroscientific view: The self is rules. inseparable from the brain and body iii. Game Stage (7 years onwards): Children physiology. begin to understand and follow the rules of games. b. Eliminative materialism: neuroscience into b. Two Sides of Self: the fore of understanding the self. sees the failure of folk psychology in explaining "I" (present future phase of self) basic concepts such as sleep, learning, i. individual’s response to others; the spontaneous and unique traits of the mental illness and the like. individual. c. Key idea: all we have is brain. If the brain ii. subjective element and the active side of ceases to exist, so does the self. the self; the response of the individual to the 11. Maurice Merleau-Ponty me a. Embodied subjectivity: The mind and body "Me" (social aspect) are inseparable, and all knowledge is based iii. The socialized aspect of the self; represents on subjective experience. learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of society. b. Key idea: Denies the dualistic separation of iv. self as object; represents the “internalized” mind and body, supporting the idea that self attitudes, expectations and demands of other is embodied. people; objective element of the self 1. what is learned in interactions with others and with the environment LESSON 2 2. Charles Cooley ( The Looking-Glass Self - 1902 )  sense of self is shaped by our perception of how SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWS OF THE SELF others view us  Key idea: SOCIOLOGY (The Self as a Product of Social Interaction) o A person's self-concept grows from  study of human social relationships and institutions. social interactions with others.  refers to social behavior, society, patterns of social o People whom a person interacts become relationship, social interaction and culture that a mirror in which he views himself. surrounds everyday life. a. Process of the Looking-Glass Self: i. We imagine how we appear to others.  We construct ourselves based on our social roles ii. We interpret others' judgments of our through socialization agents appearance.  Key idea: iii. We experience feelings (pride or shame) based on those imagined judgments. o Self is a product of social interaction, but iv. We respond based on our interpretation. individuals actively shape their identity 3. Social Comparison Theory – Influenced by o self is not present at birth, it’s developed Comparison with Others thru social experience wherein language,  We learn about ourselves, our abilities, and gestures, and objects are used to social status by comparing ourselves with communicate others. -van (lagyan ko daw watermark sabi ni Krisel)  GEC11-1A LECTURE NOTE  Key idea: Social comparison helps form our  when the self is able to recognizes what is acceptable self-concept, attitudes, and beliefs. behavior and what is not, it acknowledges differences 4. Self in Modern and Postmodern Societies between self and others.  In postmodern societies, self-identity is  Can only be embraced when the self recognizes its constantly changing due to social contexts, relation to everything else. technology, and globalization.  Cultural degradation: The loss of culture through  Key idea: While these changes provide assimilation, violence, or disregard for tradition, opportunities for self-cultivation, they can also exacerbated by media influences on beauty and body lead to alienation and dehumanization by standards. limiting close relationships and communication, especially within families. RECOGNITION OF THE SELF IN ANTHROPOLOGY 1. The self is biologically attuned to its environment LESSON 3 2. variably self-aware of the mechanisms of the elements of culture working within the self, ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEWS OF THE SELF 3. self-reflexive of the uniqueness and differences of all ANTHROPOLOGY other selves and everything else around.  Derived from Anthropos (human) and Logos (study).  Key idea: Individuals must respect cultural norms  Important concept: and acknowledge differences in views and identities. o Culture: Systems of human behavior, customs, and traditions; symbolic and things TWO ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE to know for functioning in society. SELF o Enculturation: Systems of human behavior,  Egocentric: The self is autonomous and distinct. customs, and traditions; The process by  Sociocentric: There is no intrinsic that can which individuals learn culture through  possess enduring qualities; identity is fluid and observation and adaptation to their shaped by social interactions. environment. KEY TERMS INFLUENCING IDENTITY: SELF AWARENESS  Social Identities: Identity is constructed by  ability to perceive and understand one’s own identity, comparing similarities and differences among including personality, values, beliefs, emotions, and individuals (e.g., student identity). thoughts. o Example: You have categorized yourself as a student,  “that which permits one to assume responsibility for the chances are you will adopt the identity of a student one’s own conduct, to learn how to react to others, and begin to act in the ways you believe students act and to assume a variety of roles” (Haviland, 2003) (and conform to the norms of the group)  Key idea: develops over time, influenced by what a  Family Membership: most significant feature to child observes from adults, eventually shaping determine a person's social identity. o Example: A person’s social identity can be determined identity (e.g., naming rituals). based on the influence of his/her family background (history, status, traits, or even resources) SELF AND BEHAVIORAL ENVIRONMENT  Language: Essential for maintaining group identity 1. Identity is strengthened by understanding different and cultural belonging. orientations: o Example: As people become members of a social group and learn to share that group's identity, they need a. Object orientation: How one relates to to adapt to the group’s language surrounding objects.  Religious Affiliation: Important marker for group b. Spatial orientation: One's personal space in identity, especially in societies with dominant relation to others. religions. c. Temporal orientation: Sense of time. o Example: In a predominantly Catholic country, the d. Normative orientation: Awareness of majority of Filipinos qualify themselves as members of accepted societal norms. the Roman Catholic Church.  Name: Individualizes a person and legitimizes their SELF EMBEDDED IN CULTURE identity within a social group (e.g., birth certificate). -van (lagyan ko daw watermark sabi ni Krisel)  GEC11-1A LECTURE NOTE o Example: When you were born, you were 3. CARL ROGERS given a name documented through a birth certificate to legalize your birth. American Psychoanalyst LESSON 4  founder of humanistic psychology, focusing on self- actualization and personal growth. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEWS OF THE SELF  Key idea: PSYCHOLOGY o Ideal Self: revolves around goals and ambition, dynamic, the idealize image  Study of human mind and behavior we have developed  Focuses on the representation of the individual based o Real Self: aspects of one’s being and on experience one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness by the individual; it is the 1. WILLIAM JAMES part of ourselves that we feel, think, look and act involving our self-image. American Philosopher and Psychologist 4. Additional Concepts by William James  Known for founding psychology as a formal discipline and establishing functionalism, where the  Material Self: Things that belong to us or to which mind is seen as a functional tool for adapting to the we belong (e.g., possessions, family, money). environment.  Social Self: The way we present ourselves in social situations.  Key idea: ME-SELF AND I-SELF  Spiritual Self: Who we are at our core, o I (self): Knower, Pure ego, encompassing our values and beliefs consciousness itself o Me (self): the known, one of the many things that I may be conscious of- physical self, material self and spiritual self  Physical Self: One’s body and physical presence.  Material Self: Possessions or things we belong to (e.g., clothes, family).  Spiritual Self: Who we are at our core, including beliefs and values. 2. KAREN HORNEY German Psychoanalyst  Known for her theories on neurotic needs, feminine psychology, and her critique of Freud’s penis envy.  Key idea: o Ideal Self: An imaginary picture of oneself, often created out of feelings of inferiority, representing unlimited powers and superlative qualities o Actual Self: the person one is in, in everyday life o Real Self: The true self, revealed when addressing anxiety and conflicts. -van (lagyan ko daw watermark sabi ni Krisel)