Smart Electric Grid and Energy Management PDF - 2024

SMART ELECTRIC GRID AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT BE (Electrical and Computers) Final year Dr. Shakti Singh ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ELECTRCIAL AND INSTRUMENATION ENGINEERING...

SMART ELECTRIC GRID AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT BE (Electrical and Computers) Final year Dr. Shakti Singh ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ELECTRCIAL AND INSTRUMENATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT [email protected] www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 1 Contact Info: Room no. 204 ( H-block) Mail to : [email protected] Contact hours : Friday any time, All days after class Thursday, October 3, 2 2024  MST (Mid Semester Test) QUIZ (2) Assignment (2) EST(End Semester Test ) TOTAL – 100 3L, 0T, 0P Thursday, October 3, 3 2024  Course contents Introduction to Smart Grid: Basics of power systems, definition of smart grid, need for smart grid, functions of smart grid, opportunities & barriers of smart grid, difference between conventional & smart grid, regulatory challenges, present development & International policies in smart grid. Architecture of Smart Grid: Functional elements of Smart grid designs, transmission automation, distribution automation, renewable integration. Distribution energy sources, microgrids, storage technologies, electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, environmental impact and economic issues. Smart grid architecture, standards-policies, network architectures, IP-based systems, power line communications, SCADA system Advanced Metering: Introduction to Smart meters, Advanced metering infrastructure and phasor measurement unit (PMU) Thursday, October 3, 4 2024  Tools and Techniques for Smart Grid: static and dynamic optimization techniques for power applications such as economic load dispatch, Conventional and evolutionary algorithms in power system Communication Technologies in Smart Grid: Introduction to communication technology, architectures, standards, PLC, Zigbee, GSM, BPL, Local Area Network (LAN) – House Area Network (HAN) – Wide Area Network (WAN) – Broadband over Power line (BPL) – IP based Protocols – Basics of Web Service and CLOUD Computing, Cyber Security for Smart Grid. Energy Management in Smart Grid: General principles, Planning and program, concept and scope of demand side management (DSM). DSM Strategy, Planning, Implementation and its application, Energy Management System (EMS) , smart substations , substation automation, feeder Automation, smart switchgear, remote terminal unit, Intelligent electronic devices , protocols, phasor measurement unit , wide area monitoring, protection and control, smart integration of energy resources. Thursday, October 3, 5 2024 Indian Power sector at a glance www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 6  www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 7  www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 8 Growth in power sector www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 9 Growth in generation www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 10  www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 11  Infrastructure of conventional electrical networks A typical modern generating unit has rated value of over 1,000 MW. A transmission system is specifically designed to transfer bulk of power from generating plants to distribution systems at high- and extra-high voltage levels over long distances. Typical operating voltages of transmission systems include 765 kV, 500 kV, 400 kV, and 275 kV. Distribution systems, however, are specifically designed to receive electric power from transmission system to be distributed to load centers. It is therefore important to note that the role of a distribution network is passive, that is, its role is confined to transferring electricity from generation and transmission systems to load centers. The operating voltage of distribution networks includes 132 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33 kV, 20 kV, and 11 kV Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 12 3-Oct-24 Principles of vertical structure of conventional power systems whereby the flow of electricity is unidirectional Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 13 3-Oct-24 Main characteristics of conventional electrical networks The main characteristics of conventional electrical networks include: (i) Conventional electrical network has vertical structure (ii) Power flow is unidirectional. This is particularly true for distribution networks. (iii) The price of electricity is dictated by the utility to which the consumer is connected. In other words, consumers have no choice of opting from where they buy their electricity, that is, consumers are considered passive. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 14 3-Oct-24 MAJOR REASONS FOR POWER SECTOR ILLS Inadequate power generation capacity Lack of optimum utilization of the existing generation capacity Inefficient use of electricity by the end consumer Inadequate inter-regional transmission links; Huge T&D losses (theft) and skewed tariff structure, making SEBs unviable Huge Population , not able to cope up with generation demand Overloaded system !! Institutional Framework Central Power Organization GOVERNMENT STATE OF INDIA GOVERNMENT DEPT. OF NATIONAL MINISTRY MNRE CERC ATOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF POWER ENERGY COUNCIL NPCI BARC etc PLANNING DVC THDC PGCIL PFC L AEC COMMISSION BBMB REC CENTRAL NJPC NTPC ENERGY NPTI ELECTRICITY NHPC MANAGEMENT CPRI AUTHORITY SJVNL NEEPCO CENTRE  GRID????? What is a grid ??? Billions of components The “grid” can be broken down in to four main components: Generation, Transmission, Distribution, and Load To ensure uninterrupted power supply to consumer !! A smart grid is an advanced electrical grid that uses communication and information technology to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability in the generation, distribution, and consumption of electricity. It allows two-way communication between utilities and consumers, enabling real-time monitoring, dynamic pricing, and better management of electricity flow.  Regional Grids of India The country is divided into five regional grids Northern Western Eastern Southern Northern-Eastern Each grid operates independently but during abnormal conditions, power can be transmitted from one grid to other grid. National grid Figure 1.3 Indian map showing national grid  Evolution of National Grid Grid management on regional basis started in sixties. Initially, State grids were inter-connected to form regional grid and India was demarcated into 5 regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern region. In October 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected. In March 2003 WR and ER-NER were interconnected. August 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4 regional grids Northern, Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming central grid operating at one frequency. On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to Central Grid in Synchronous mode with the commissioning of 765kV Raichur-Solapur Transmission line thereby achieving 'ONE NATION'-'ONE GRID'-'ONE FREQUENCY'.  NLDC Economy and Efficiency of National Grid Scheduling and dispatch of electricity over the inter-regional links Monitoring of operations and grid security of National Grid Restoration of synchronous operation of National Grid Trans-national exchange of power Feedback to CEA & CTU for national Grid Planning Dissemination of information Supervision Coordinate Supervision & control RLDC Coordinate RPC for regional outage Plan Inter Regional Links Accounting Interconnections Power systems were small and simple in early stages Power systems expanded due to increase in load demand Large power systems were interconnected in order to derive economic and technical benefits Now-a days, usual practice and necessity to interconnect power systems The different grids are interconnected to form a regional grid and various regional grids are interconnected to form national grid. Advantages Reduction in generating capacity due to diversity of load demands Reduction in standby capacity Increase in the size of the generating sets, thereby reducing capital and operating costs Optimum utilization of the available plant capacity and transmission facilities Reliability of power supply Improvement in frequency  MICROGRID A microgrid is a small-scale power grid that can operate independently or collaboratively with other small power grids.... Buildings equipped with electric generation capabilities through solar panels and contingency generators can also generate energy and revenue during downtime. A microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling that maintains voltage at the same level as the main grid unless there is some sort of problem on the grid or other reason to disconnect. A switch can separate the microgrid from the main grid automatically or manually, and it then functions as an island  What is a Microgrid? In the search for more reliable ways to provide electricity and to incorporate renewable energy sources such as solar and wind — much attention is focusing on the Microgrid ▪ A small-scale power system that uses a combination of generation, load and storage devices to serve local customers ▪ The power is generated by the community for the community, and any excess is fed directly into the power grid ▪ Size of the Microgrid may range from homes to municipal regions to industrial parks  Distributed generation What is Distributed Generation?  Distributed generation is an approach that employs small-scale technologies to produce electricity close to the end users of power. DG technologies often consist of modular (and sometimes renewable-energy) generators, and they offer a number of potential benefits. In many cases, distributed generators can provide lower-cost electricity and higher power reliability and security with fewer environmental consequences than can traditional power generators.  In contrast to the use of a few large-scale generating stations located far from load centers--the approach used in the traditional electric power paradigm--DG systems employ numerous, but small plants and can provide power onsite with little reliance on the distribution and transmission grid. DG technologies yield power in capacities that range from a fraction of a kilowatt [kW] to about 100 megawatts [MW]. Utility-scale generation units generate power in capacities that often reach beyond 1,000 MW. Grid /Smart grid  Evolution of Smart Electric Grid The power industry is in the midst of a shake-up, a revolution in how electricity is generated and distributed. Smart grid technology is changing the way utilities and customers interact, and providing support for the integration of renewable resources and energy storage to the grid. The electric utility industry is undergoing a transformation, and it’s more than a reduced role for fossil fuels and an increased emphasis on renewable resources for power generation. Energy companies are looking at ways to lower the cost of power, and the decentralization of generation is bringing about new business models and processes. Essential to those goals is modernization of the power grid, and not just the physical infrastructure. Technology to improve communications between utilities and customers, and the grid and its operators, to share information about electricity use and more efficiently balance power supply and demand, is at the forefront of the move toward a smart grid. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 32 3-Oct-24  Definitions of smart grid The "smart grid" has come to describe a next-generation electrical power system that is typified by the increased use of Communications and Information Technology in the generation, delivery and consumption of electrical energy. Actually, the current electric power delivery system is almost entirely a mechanical system, with only limited use of sensors, minimal electronic communication and almost no electronic control. On the contrary, smart grid employs digital technology to improve transparency and to increase reliability as well as efficiency. Sensors and sensor networks play a major role in turning traditional grids into smart grids. Fig. Smart grid technology Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 33 3-Oct-24  www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 34 Motives behind developing the Smart Grid concept The factors that led to the development of the Smart Grid concept may be summarized as follows: Aging of conventional electrical networks coupled with the emergence of new applications Political and environmental factors Liberalization of electricity market Motivation and inclusion of customers as players to support the grid Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 35 3-Oct-24 Fundamental differences between the Smart Grid and conventional electrical networks Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 36 3-Oct-24 Difference between conventional & Smart Grid Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 37 3-Oct-24  Vision of smart grid The following principal characteristics that define the vision of the Smart Grid Enable active participation by consumers Accommodate all generation and storage options Enable new products, services, and markets Provide power quality for digital economy Optimize assets utilization and operate efficiently Anticipate and respond to system disturbances (self-heal) Operate resiliently against attack and natural disaster Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 38 3-Oct-24  Need for Smart Grid Since the early 21st century, opportunities to take advantage of improvements in electronic communication technology to resolve the limitations and costs of the electrical grid have become apparent. Technological limitations on metering no longer force peak power prices to be averaged out and passed on to all consumers equally. In parallel, growing concerns over environmental damage from fossil-fired power stations has led to a desire to use large amounts of renewable energy. Dominant forms such as wind power and solar power are highly variable, and so the need for more sophisticated control systems became apparent, to facilitate the connection of sources to the highly controllable grid. Power from photovoltaic cells has also, significantly, called into question the imperative for large, centralized power stations. Growing demand led to increasing numbers of power stations. In some areas, supply of electricity, especially at peak times, could not keep up with this demand, resulting in poor power quality including blackouts, power cuts, and brownouts. The 31 July 2012 India blackout was the largest power outage in history. The outage affected over 620 million people, about 9% of the world population or half of Indian population, spread across 22 states in Northern, Eastern and Northeastern India. At the time of failure electricity use was "above normal". Increasingly, electricity was depended on for industry, heating, communication, lighting, and entertainment, and consumers demanded ever higher levels of reliability. Therefore it calls for smart grid. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 39 3-Oct-24 INDIA BLACKOUT Two severe power outages affected most of northern and eastern India on 30 and 31 July 2012. The 30 July 2012 blackout affected over 400 million people and was briefly the largest power outage in history by number of people affected, beating the January 2001 blackout in Northern India (230 million affected). The blackout on 31 July is the largest power outage in history. The outage affected more than 620 million people, about 9% of the world population, or half of India's population, spread across 22 states in Northern, Eastern, and Northeast India. An estimated 32 GW of generating capacity was taken offline. Of the affected population, 320 million initially had power, while the rest lacked direct access. Electric service was restored in the affected locations between 31 July and 1 August 2012. Indian states Affected 2 days by the power outages (on 30 and 31 July) Affected 1 day by the power outages (on 31 July) Date 02:48, 30 July 2012 (+05:30)- 20:30, 31 July 2012 (+05:30) www.thapar.edu Location North, East and Northeast India 03-10-2024 40  Features of Smart Grid Smart grid has several positive features that give direct benefit to consumers: Real time monitoring. Automated outage management and faster restoration. Dynamic pricing mechanisms. Incentivize consumers to alter usage during different times of day based on pricing signals. Better energy management. In-house displays. Web portals and mobile apps. Track and manage energy usage. Opportunities to reduce and conserve electricity etc. Smart Grid will also facilitate distributed generation, especially the roof top solar generation, by allowing movement and measurement of energy in both directions using control systems and net metering that will help “prosumers” i.e. the consumers who both produce and consume electricity, to safely connect to the www.thapar.edu grid. 03-10-2024 41  Smart grid drivers Efforts to obtain higher efficiency in energy distribution and consumption: The goal of utilities is matching demand and supply to minimize waste or loss in the grid. Current distribution systems do not allow supply adjustments based on demand. Since electricity cannot be efficiently stored, its cost depends heavily on the timing of user consumption. Smart meters allow utilities to implement Demand Response (DR) programs to manage the supply and demand of electricity by directly monitoring and influencing consumption. Governments encouraging or mandating smart meters: Several governments have made smart meters essential elements of national energy policies. Most are aimed at improving efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions. Some governments have mandated national rollouts (e.g., the U.K.). Others are funding pilots (the EU, for instance, currently supports multiple projects involving smart meters) Efforts to integrate renewable energy and micro-generation: Sources of renewable energy such as wind and solar are effective sources of alternative energy to counter power shortages. Smart meters make it easier for households that have their own micro-generation systems—such as solar panels on their roofs—to supply electricity back to the grid. Increase in competition within energy markets: The progressive deregulation of energy markets around the world has led to an increase in competition among energy retailers. Data from smart meters allow energy companies to compete more aggressively on pricing and service. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 42 3-Oct-24  Challenges of smart grid Smart Grid Challenges High deployment costs: Replacing the existing metering infrastructure is expensive. The most successful deployments to date have occurred in countries where utilities were coping with network loss and theft (e.g., Italy). Need for extensive installer/worker training: Utilities that have deployed smart meters have all experienced slower than usual installations due to workers’ lack of familiarity with the equipment. In some cases, worker training has helped customer acceptance. Hampering consumers’ ability to switch providers: Utility companies face a number of challenges related to consumers’ ability to switch providers. Often, utilities that have not installed smart meters do not have guidelines on how to use advanced meters when a customer switches from a competitor to their service. Regulators are stepping up efforts to provide more detailed guidelines to electricity retailers. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 43 3-Oct-24  Opportunities and benefits of smart grid The Smart Grid represents an unprecedented opportunity to move the energy industry into a new era of reliability, availability, and efficiency that will contribute to our economic and environmental health. During the transition period, it will be critical to carry out testing, technology improvements, consumer education, development of standards and regulations, and information sharing between projects to ensure that the benefits we envision from the Smart Grid become a reality. Benefits of Smart Grid Deployments Several groups of the society are provided with multiple benefits through the Smart Grid implementations. Such include utility, customers and the regulators while some of the benefits include: ❑ Reduction of T&D losses. ❑ Peak load management, improved Quality of Supply and reliability. ❑ Reduction in power purchase cost. ❑ Better asset management. ❑ Increased grid visibility and self-healing grids. ❑ Renewable integration and accessibility to electricity. Thapar Institute ❑ Increased options such as ToU (time of use) tariff, net metering. of Engineering and Technology, ❑ Satisfied customers and financially sound utilities etc. Patiala, Punjab 44 3-Oct-24  Present development in Smart Grid in India NSGM Establishment National Smart Grid Mission has been established by Govt. of India vide Ministry of Power Office Memorandum dated 27.03.2015 to accelerate Smart Grid deployment in India. NSGM has been in operational since January 2016 with dedicated team. NSGM has its own resources, authority, functional & financial autonomy to plan and monitor implementation of the policies and programs related to Smart Grids in the country. Vision for India Transform the Indian power sector in to a secure, adaptive, sustainable and digitally enabled ecosystem that provides reliable and quality energy for all with active participation of stakeholders. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 45 3-Oct-24 Smart grid project in India The Smart Grid pilot projects sanctioned by Ministry of Power which are completed are as follows: AVVNL, Ajmer APDCL, Assam CESC, Mysore HPSEB, Himachal Pradesh PED, Puducherry TSECL, Tripura TSSPDCL, Telangana UHBVN, Haryana UGVCL, Gujarat WBSEDCL, West Bengal IIT Kanpur SGKC, Manesar www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 46 Concept of Resilient & Self Healing Grid Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 47 3-Oct-24 Cont.. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 48 3-Oct-24 Cont.. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 49 3-Oct-24 Smart grid technologies The Smart Grid basic infrastructure can be thought to consist of the following four systems 1. Electrical power system 2. Communication and information system 3. Intelligent protection, automation, and distributed control system 4. Electricity marketing system www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 50  www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 51 Transformation of grid www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 52  www.thapar.edu 03-10-2024 53