Lecture 5 Smart Grid PDF

SMART GRIDS & IOT Pia Lindh and Mehar Ullah Part of text is adapted from material provided by Jarmo Partanen AIMS 1. To explain drivers of changes in future electricity grids 2. To define what a Smart Grid is 3. To list and describe the features of a Smart Grid...

SMART GRIDS & IOT Pia Lindh and Mehar Ullah Part of text is adapted from material provided by Jarmo Partanen AIMS 1. To explain drivers of changes in future electricity grids 2. To define what a Smart Grid is 3. To list and describe the features of a Smart Grid 4. Introduction to IoT 5. IoT components 6. IoT platforms and its selection process LUT University CONTENT 1. Background 2. What is a Smart Grid? 3. What are the features of a Smart Grid? 4. Recent developments in Smart Grid technology 5. Summary LUT University BACKGROUND CHANGING POWER SYSTEMS There are challenges for grid operators and electricity markets, who must offer Reliability Economic competitiveness Sustainability Aging electrical infrastructure Supply from variable renewable energy and distributed generation Decentralisation Interconnected grids and markets Bidirectional distribution Electricity and information Passive consumers will become active prosumers New demands for electricity TRANSMISSION GRID OF FINLAND  The main transmission grid managed by Fingrid Oyj encompasses approximately 14,600 kilometres of transmission lines and nearly 120 substations.  About 77 per cent of all electricity transmitted in Finland is transmitted through this grid.  The power system in Finland is part of the inter-Nordic power system together with the systems in Sweden, Norway and Eastern Denmark.  There are direct current transmission links to Finland from Russia and Estonia  DC is preferred due to differences in national systems  High-voltage Medium-voltage Low-voltage Power Transmission distribution grid distribution grid distribution grid plant grid ELECTRICITY GRIDS INOverhead FINLANDTransformer line Substation Substation Overhead Transformer line Underground Underground cable cable High-voltage distribution – 22,500 km of overhead lines Medium-voltage distribution – 140,000 km of overhead lines, aerial cables, underground and underwater cables Low-voltage distribution – 240,000 km of overhead lines, aerial cables and underground cables Medium-voltage underground cables increasing in Finland as most disturbances occur in this network Also more commonly used in low-voltage networks Source: https://www.elenia.fi/yritys/s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6verkko- tutuksi WHAT IS A SMART GRID? SMART GRID DEFINITION A Smart Grid can integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected A smart grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies to: Better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies Allow consumers to play a part in optimising the operation of the system Provide consumers with greater information and options for how they use their supply Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system Maintain or even improve the existing high levels of system reliability, quality and security of supply Maintain and improve the existing services efficiently MANAGING COMPLEXITY Substations manage the optimal regulation of electrical power in the network, including existing power plants, distributed renewable energy, storage and end consumers Precise time synchronization is poised to play an even more significant role, as intelligent two-way power grids become fully functional Grid operators receive communication from the grid community and send data, such as pricing and rate signals, back to all participants. FEATURES OF SMART GRID ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND CONDITION MONITORING DEVICES Capex (Capital Expenditure): Money used by company for buying, upgrading or maintaining the physical assets. Opex (Operational expenditure): Money used by company for day to day expenses of the business like office supplies, rent, utilities and salaries etc. Optimization of Capex and Opex by utilities Condition-based maintenance systems allow reduction of maintenance costs without sacrificing reliability BUILDING AUTOMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (BACS) Instrumentation, control and management technology for building structures, power generation, consumption, outdoor facilities and other equipment capable of automation Buildings equipped with an automation system that interconnects a variety of controls including lighting, security, appliances and other devices in a common network infrastructure that also allows it to become more energy efficient. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND SYSTEM INTEGRITY PROTECTION Protection of primary equipment (e.g. transformers) from fatal faults, and power systems from instabilities and black-outs Avoidance of load-shedding actions DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION AND PROTECTION − Advanced distribution automation concepts promote automatic self configuration features, reducing outage times to a minimum (Self- healing grids) − Isolation of network failures and protection of infrastructure − Distributed energy resources are able to create self-contained cells (MicroGrids), which in turn can help to assure energy supply in distribution grids even when the transmission grid has a blackout ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) Is the control centre for the Transmission Grid Today customers require an open architecture to enable an easy IT integration and a better support to avoid blackouts (e.g. phasor measurements, visualization of the grid status, dynamic network stability analysis Can include generation forecasting for variable renewable energy INDUSTRIAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT (IEM) 42.3% energy consumed by industries 20th century conditions 21st century conditions Planning / Strategy Operation / Implementation Controlling Organization Culture Ullah, M., Narayanan, A., Wolff, A. and Nardelli, P.H., 2022. Industrial energy management system: Design of a conceptual framework using IoT and big data. IEEE Access, 10, pp.110557-110567.  INDUSTRIAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (IEMS) Parts of IEnMS Architecture for IEnMS Ullah, M., Narayanan, A., Wolff, A. and Nardelli, P.H., 2022. Industrial energy management system: Design of a conceptual framework using IoT and big data. IEEE Access, 10, pp.110557-110567. DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DMS) Is the counterpart to the EMS and is therefore the control centre for the distribution grid In countries where outages are a frequent problem, the Outage Management System (OMS) is an important component of the DMS Other important components are fault location and interfaces to Geographic Information Systems. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Throughout the Smart Grid the increased use of IT technologies allows to improve the interaction and integration of formerly separated systems Buildings respond to occupants not vice-versa Utilities increase their ability to detect and correct problems in their system All of this leads to cost and energy savings POWER ELECTRONICS Are an important part of the control mechanisms of the power grid Allow for control and conversion of electric power on several scales Systems like High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission and Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) enable actual control of the power flow and can help increase transport capacity without increasing short circuit power POWER QUALITY AND POWER MONITORING SYSTEMS Act in a very similar way to Quality Management Systems in companies Independent from Operation, Control and Management Systems and supervise all activities and assets/electrical equipment in a corresponding grid Such systems can be used as "early warning systems" and are a must to analyze faults and to find out the corresponding reasons. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (DG) Development of DG is transforming the planning of distribution networks Despite the benefits offered by renewable DG technologies, several economic and technical challenges can result from the inappropriate integration of DG in existing distribution networks. Optimal planning of DG is of paramount importance to ensure that the performance of distribution network can meet the expected power quality, voltage stability, Ehsan and Yang, 2018. Optimal integration and planning of renewable distributed generation in the power distribution networks: A review of analytical techniques Applied Energy. 210:44-59 power loss reduction, reliability and https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261917315519 profitability. SMART CONSUMPTION / DEMAND RESPONSE Market players; TSO, DSO, supplier, aggregator Active monitoring, optimisation and control of energy use Information Grid and power flows systems Action signals based on optimization against different targets of system players In Finland every customer has an AMR-meter and communication chanel Energy storage Generation Solar, wind, fuel Loads; controllable, non-controllable cell, biogas SMART METER Is a generic term for electronic meters with a communication link Also called Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) allows remote meter configuration, dynamic tariffs, power quality monitoring and load control Advanced systems integrate the metering infrastructure with distribution automation Allow customers to monitor usage in hourly resolution Allow for more accurate billing Allow for quick detection of faults Can measure the length of power failures accurately SECURITY Security of a critical infrastructure has always been an issue Smart Grid solutions will see an enormous increase in the exchange of data both to improve control and observation The security of this data exchange and the physical components behind it will have be increasingly important Important questions How much personal information does our energy behaviour show? How vulnerable will Smart Grids be? INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies. Enables these objects to collect and exchange data over the internet. Used in various applications, enhancing automation, efficiency, and data collection. Encompasses a wide range of devices, from household appliances to industrial machinery. Key aspect: Facilitates real-time monitoring and control of physical environments through connected networks. Ullah, M., Nardelli, P.H., Wolff, A. and Smolander, K., 2020. Twenty-one key factors to choose an IoT platform: Theoretical framework and its applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(10), pp.10111-10119. HISTORY OF IOT The term "Internet of Things" was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999, originally referring to networked RFID technology. Early developments in smart devices began in the late 20th century with the invention of smart home appliances. The rise of broadband internet and mobile communications in the 2000s facilitated rapid IoT growth. In 2010, IoT gained mainstream attention as more consumer products integrated internet connectivity. Significant milestones include the launch of the first IoT platforms and the establishment of global IoT standards. Ullah, M., Nardelli, P.H., Wolff, A. and Smolander, K., 2020. Twenty-one key factors to choose an IoT platform: Theoretical framework and its applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(10), pp.10111-10119. IMPORTANCE OF IOT IoT is transforming industries by improving operational efficiency and enabling smart decision-making. Provides insights through data analytics derived from connected devices, leading to innovation. Enhances customer experiences through personalized services and improved product offerings. Critical for the implementation of smart infrastructure in cities, including transportation and energy management. The global IoT market is projected to reach $1.1 trillion by 2026, indicating significant economic impact.  BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT Ullah, M., Nardelli, P.H., Wolff, A. and Smolander, K., 2020. Twenty-one key factors to choose an IoT platform: Theoretical framework and its applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(10), pp.10111-10119. IOT PLATFORM IoT platforms are integrated software solutions that manage IoT devices and applications. They facilitate connectivity between devices, users, and the cloud. Provide tools for data collection, processing, and visualization. Support application development for various IoT use cases. Essential for scaling IoT projects and ensuring interoperability across devices. SERVICES PROVIDED BY IOT PLATFORMS Endpoint management Data processing Analytics Security Network management Application development EXAMPLES OF IOT PLATFORMS Amazon web services (AWS) Microsoft Azure Google cloud IoT IBM Watson IoT Oracle IoT Alibaba cloud Ullah, M., Nardelli, P.H., Wolff, A. and Smolander, K., 2020. Twenty-one key factors to choose an IoT platform: Theoretical framework and its applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(10), pp.10111-10119. IOT PLATFORMS IN THE MARKET In 2015 there were 260 IoT platforms In 2016 there were 360 In 2017 there were 450 In 2020 there were 620 HOW TO SELECT AN IOT PLATFORM Ullah, M., Nardelli, P.H., Wolff, A. and Smolander, K., 2020. Twenty-one key factors to choose an IoT platform: Theoretical framework and its applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(10), pp.10111-10119. IOT IN SMART GRID SUMMARY SUMMARY As power grids of the future change, there is an opportunity to modernize and optimize Exchanges of information as well as power are increasingly common Distributed generation and new demands for electricity pose challenges for grids Smart grids can integrate the behaviours and actions of grid participants Control and automation in Smart Grids will take involve many different technologies Low cost energy storage can contribute to Smart Grid development on many levels IoT and IoT platforms are very important starting from data gathering to presentation Suitable IoT platform is important for specific business application