Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the average height growth of a child during early childhood each year?
What is the average height growth of a child during early childhood each year?
What cognitive stage, according to Piaget, is characterized by intuitive thought and a lack of conservation?
What cognitive stage, according to Piaget, is characterized by intuitive thought and a lack of conservation?
How many hours of sleep are recommended for young children each night?
How many hours of sleep are recommended for young children each night?
What concept describes the ability to understand language and apply rules of syntax in preschool children?
What concept describes the ability to understand language and apply rules of syntax in preschool children?
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?
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What is the main function of the superego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
What is the main function of the superego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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Which of the following describes the transition from heteronomous to autonomous morality according to Piaget?
Which of the following describes the transition from heteronomous to autonomous morality according to Piaget?
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At what age does gender identity typically develop according to the content provided?
At what age does gender identity typically develop according to the content provided?
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What is a characteristic of cognitive change during middle childhood?
What is a characteristic of cognitive change during middle childhood?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of emotional and personality development?
Which of the following is NOT a component of emotional and personality development?
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What does 'fuzzy trace theory' explain in the context of information processing?
What does 'fuzzy trace theory' explain in the context of information processing?
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Which of the following describes the advances in functioning in the prefrontal cortex during childhood?
Which of the following describes the advances in functioning in the prefrontal cortex during childhood?
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What type of disability is characterized by low IQ and difficulties in everyday living?
What type of disability is characterized by low IQ and difficulties in everyday living?
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Study Notes
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
- Children grow an average of 2 ½ inches and gain between 5 and 7 pounds per year
- Gross motor skills dramatically improve
- Fine motor skills also improve significantly
- Children require 11 to 13 hours of sleep each night
-
Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood (Piaget)
-
Preoperational Stage
- Symbolic Function: Imagination
-
Intuitive thought:
- Asking questions frequently
- Centration: Focusing on one aspect of a situation
- Lack of Conservation: Difficulty understanding that changing the appearance of an object doesn't change its properties
-
Preoperational Stage
-
Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood (Vygotsky)
- Constructing knowledge through social interaction
- Language helps solve problems
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The range of tasks a child can accomplish with the assistance of others
- Scaffolding: Providing support to help a child complete a task
- Attention improves
- Executive attention: Ability to focus on a task and ignore distractions
- Sustained attention: Maintaining attention for extended periods
-
Memory
- Short-term memory improves
- Long-term memory improves, but can include false memories
Language Development in Early Childhood
- Phonology: Children develop sensitivity to the sounds of language
- Syntax: Preschool children learn and apply rules of grammar
- Semantics: Rapid vocabulary development
- Conversational skills improve
-Increased sensitivity to others
-Adjusting speech to suit different situations
-Supportive environment crucial
- Active participation
- Listening
- Talking
- Writing
- Reading
- Active participation
Emotional and Personality Development
-
Initiative vs. Guilt:
- Children develop a sense of initiative or guilt based on their experiences
-
Self-Representation:
- Developing a sense of self through
- Body parts
- Material possessions
- Physical activities
- Developing a sense of self through
-
Trait-like self-descriptions:
- Describing themselves using adjectives
-
Self-Understanding:
- Developing an understanding of their own emotions and thoughts
-
Understanding of others:
- Developing the ability to understand others perspective
-
Emotions
- Expressing a wider range of emotions
- Understanding emotions
- Regulating emotions
- Range of emotions such as:
- Pride
- Shame
- Guilt
- Children begin describing their emotions and their causes and consequences
- Reflecting on their own emotions
Moral Development
- Moral development includes thoughts, feelings, and behaviors relating to rules and social expectations.
-
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Superego development
- Positive emotions contribute to moral development
-
Piaget:
- Heteronomous Morality: Based on rules and authority figures
- Autonomous Morality: Based on own reasoning and fairness
Gender
- Gender: The social and psychological dimensions of being male or female
- Gender Identity: Developing a sense of being male or female around 2 ½ years old
- Gender Role: Societal expectations for behavior based on gender
- Gender Typing: Acquiring traditional gender roles
Middle and Late Childhood
Physical changes and Health
- Slow, consistent growth, averaging 2-3 inches per year.
- Increase in muscle mass and strength
- Decreases in head and waist circumference
Brain Development
- Significant advances in prefrontal cortex functioning, improving
- Attention
- Reasoning
- Cognitive control
Motor Development
- Motor skills become smoother and more coordinated
- Greater body control
- Extended sitting and attention spans
- Increased activity orientation
Children with Disabilities
-
Learning Disabilities:
- Dyslexia: Reading disability
- Dysgraphia: Writing disability
- Dyscalculia: Math disability
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (Varying levels of social, communication, and behavioral challenges)
Cognitive Changes
-
Concrete operational thought (7 to 11 years of age):
- Mental operations applied to concrete events
- Seriation: Arranging items in order
- Transitivity: Understanding if A>B and B>C then A>C
- Decentering: Considering multiple aspects of a situation
- Conservation: Understanding that changing the appearance of an object doesn't change its properties
- Reversibility: Mentally reversing an action
- Classification: Grouping objects based on shared characteristics
Information Processing
- Long-term memory capacity increases
- Fuzzy Trace Theory: Mental representations are created, including gist memories (general understanding) and verbatim memories (specific details)
- Critical thinking: Evaluating information and forming judgments
- Mindfulness: Being aware of thoughts and feelings in the present moment
-
Creative Thinking (Guilford)
- Convergent thinking: Finding a single correct answer
- Divergent thinking: Generating multiple solutions
Intelligence
- Intelligence: Ability to solve problems and adapt to the environment
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ): A standardized measure of intelligence
- Intellectual Disability: Low IQ and problems adapting to daily life
- Giftedness: High IQ and exceptional abilities, often attributed to a combination of genetics and environment
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Description
Explore the key aspects of physical and cognitive development during early childhood, including growth patterns, motor skill improvement, and cognitive changes as described by Piaget and Vygotsky. Understand how children learn and develop through social interactions and the significance of sleep in their growth.
