Unit 1 Session 1 Notes PDF

Fonética y fonología del inglés I Unit 1 The phonetic sciences: Phonetics and Phonology  Unit 1. The phonetic sciences Contents 1. Introduction: the phonetic sciences and the language system 2. Phonetics 2.1. Introduction: definit...

Fonética y fonología del inglés I Unit 1 The phonetic sciences: Phonetics and Phonology  Unit 1. The phonetic sciences Contents 1. Introduction: the phonetic sciences and the language system 2. Phonetics 2.1. Introduction: definition and phonetic transcription 2.2. The articulation of speech sounds 2.2.1. The respiratory system 2.2.3. The phonatory system 2.2.4. The articulatory system 3. Phonology 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Phoneme and allophone 3.3. Syllable and suprasegmentals  Unit 1. The phonetic sciences: Phonetics and Phonology Set reading Gómez González & Sánchez Roura (2016), Chapters 1 and 2 1. The phonetic sciences and the language system  Brainstorming questions 1. What is Linguistics?  Brainstorming questions 1. What is Linguistics? “Linguistics is the ‘systematic study of language’ – a discipline which describes language in all its aspects and formulates theories as to how it works.” (Aitchinson 19924: 11)  Brainstorming questions 1. What is Linguistics? “Linguistics is the ‘systematic study of language’ – a discipline which describes language in all its aspects and formulates theories as to how it works.” (Aitchinson 19924: 11) 2. What is language?  Brainstorming questions 1. What is Linguistics? “Linguistics is the ‘systematic study of language’ – a discipline which describes language in all its aspects and formulates theories as to how it works.” (Aitchinson 19924: 11) 2. What is language? Language is a uniquely human system used for communication. Some claim…….  2. What is language? Human language is generally by means of two types of sensory stimulation, i.e. auditory and visual, in the form of: – Speech: the complex articulation of language sounds in order to communicate meaning. It refers to the vocalization of human language. – Writing: a system visually representing spoken language through the use of symbols, letters, or characters. Writing follows speech. – Sign language: human language system which uses manual gestures, facial expressions, body movements, and other visual cues to communicate meaning. Deaf / hear of hearing people don’t receive the auditory input of speech, so it’s harder for them to develop speech.  Brainstorming questions 3. What is the place of phonetics and phonology within the scope of linguistics? 3. What is the place of phonology within the scope of linguistics? (Aitchinson 19924: 6) 3. What is the place of phonetics and phonology within the scope of linguistics? Other components in the language system: Morphology: internal structure of words. Syntax: parts of speech in terms of their combinatorial possibilities. Semantics: meaning of words and other linguistic units (pervasive across other components). Pragmatics: influence of situation on the interpretation of utterances. This course covers English Phonetics and Phonology. While both deal with speech sounds, they focus on different aspects. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds (sound articulation, transmission and perception), focusing on the actual acoustic and articulatory properties of sounds. It is concerned with the concrete, measurable aspects of speech sounds. → This course will describe the repertoire of speech sounds in the English language in terms of their articulatory properties. Phonology deals with speech sounds as functional linguistic units. It focuses on the abstract, mental representation of sounds rather than on their physical articulation. → This course will describe how English sounds as abstract linguistic categories interact with each other, and how they form systems and patterns within the English language to build meaning, i.e. how they are used systematically to produce syllables, words and utterances in English. 2. Phonetics  2. Phonetics Acoustics: study of sound in general Phonetics: study of sound in human language, or speech. Stages of the transmission of the speech signal: Speaker production transmission Listener perception  2. Phonetics Stages in the transmission of the speech signal Gómez González & Sánchez Roura (2016: 3)  2. Phonetics Language Stages Branch user of sounds of phonetics Speaker production Articulatory phonetics transmission Acoustic phonetics Listener perception Auditory phonetics  2. Phonetics Language Stages Branch user of sounds of phonetics Speaker production Articulatory phonetics transmission Acoustic phonetics Listener perception Auditory phonetics  2. Phonetics In this course, the emphasis is on articulatory phonetics Exercise: 1. Pronounce the word mum 2. Produce a long /m/, what do you do with your mouth to pronounce it? 3. Pinch you nostrils tightly blocking the air, what happens? 4. Put your fingers in you ears. Switch /m/ and /p/ and you’ll note how these features are turned on and off.  2. Phonetics Exercise: 1. Pronounce the word mum 2. Produce a long /m/, what do you do with your mouth to pronounce it? it’s a bilabial sound 3. Pinch you nostrils tightly blocking the air and see, what happens? 4. Put your fingers in you ears. Switch /m/ and /p/ and you’ll note how these features are turned on and off.  2. Phonetics Exercise: 1. Pronounce the word mum 2. Produce a long /m/, what do you do with your mouth to pronounce it? it’s a bilabial sound 3. Pinch you nostrils tightly blocking the air and see, what happens? it’s a nasal sound 4. Put your fingers in you ears. Switch /m/ and /p/ and you’ll note how these features are turned on and off.  2. Phonetics Exercise: 1. Pronounce the word mum 2. Produce a long /m/, what do you do with your mouth to pronounce it? it’s a bilabial sound 3. Pinch you nostrils tightly blocking the air and see, what happens? it’s a nasal sound 4. Put your fingers in you ears. it’s a voiced sound Switch /m/ and /p/ and you’ll note how features in 3 and 4 are turned on and off.  2. Phonetics Summary Phonetics is the study of the physical nature of speech in terms of its production by speakers, perception by hearers and of its acoustic properties.  2. Phonetics Phonetics also provides transcription to indicate pronunciation. Inconsistencies in English (vs. e.g. Spanish): ▪ The same sound may be represented by different letters, /i:/ as in be as in believe as in receive as in dream as in seen ▪ One spelling, letter, may lead to different sounds, /e/ as in pen /ɪ/ as in pretty /i:/ as in these /ɑ:/ as in clerk /ɪə/ as in here ▪ One sound is represented by a combination of letters: /Ɵ/ as in thin /t/ as in attempt /f/ as in rough /f/ as in pharmacy 2. Phonetics  2. Phonetics IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet, p. 32): phonetic symbols, suprasegmentals and diacritics. In RP English: Phonetic symbols: - Consonants: 24 - Vowel sounds: 20; short (7), long (5), diphthongs (8) Suprasegmentals - ˈ primary stress: /kəmˈpeə/; ˌ secondary stress: /kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃņ/ - ː length: /lзːn/ - (…) Diacritics: articulatory features (narrow transcription) -ͪ aspiration [p ͪ , t ͪ , k ͪ]: [p ͪet], [t ͪɒp], [k ͪæt] -ʷ labialisation (lip-rounding) [p ʷ, t ʷ, k ʷ]: [pʷʊt][t ʷuː], [k ʷuːl] -(…)  2. Phonetics see also Gómez González & Sánchez Roura (2016:37-38) IPA: PDF: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/IPA_chart_2018.pdf IPA with sounds https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-wit h-sounds/#ipachartstart  2. Phonetics Types of transcription: A phonemic transcription (also known as broad transcription) shows only functional differences, that is, it shows differences between sounds which are used to distinguish word meaning, i.e. phonemes. Notation: slant bars (slashes). eg.: man /mæn/ vs. tan /tæn/ A phonetic transcription (also called narrow or allophonic transcription) can indicate details of the articulation of any particular sound (allophones) by the use of differently shaped symbols or by adding diacritics to a symbol. Notation: square brackets. eg.: attend [əˈt ͪend] vs. attend /əˈtend/ cot [k ͪɒt] vs.cot /kɒt/ knock [nɒk]  2. Phonetics Exercise: 1. Read the transcription below. 2. Listen to the audio file while you read the transcription. 3. Read the transcription below again. ||eɪ ˈfəʊn ɪz ə ˈsɪŋɡl ̩ fəˈnetɪk ˈseɡment ˈvjuːd ɪn ˈtɜːmz əv ɪts fəˈnetɪk ˈkærəktə wɪðˈaʊt rɪˈɡɑːd tu ɪts ˈpɒsəbl ̩ ˌfəʊnəˈlɒdʒɪkl ̩ ˈsteɪtəs || ðə ˈfəʊn ɪz rɪˈleɪtɪd tə ˈfəʊniːm ɪn ðə ˈseɪm ˈweɪ ˈmɔːf ɪz rɪˈleɪtɪd tə ˈmɔːfiːm||  2. Phonetics Transcription conventions ||eɪ ˈfəʊn ɪz ə ˈsɪŋɡl ̩ fəˈnetɪk ˈseɡment ˈvjuːd ɪn ˈtɜːmz əv ɪts fəˈnetɪk ˈkærəktə wɪðˈaʊt rɪˈɡɑːd tu ɪts ˈpɒsəbl ̩ ˌfəʊnəˈlɒdʒɪkl ̩ ˈsteɪtəs || ðə ˈtɜːm ˈfəʊn ɪz rɪˈleɪtɪd tə ˈfəʊniːm ɪn ðə ˈseɪm ˈweɪ ˈmɔːf ɪz rɪˈleɪtɪd tə ˈmɔːfiːm|| 1. There are usually more letters than sounds in English words. 2. No capitalisation is used. 3. No punctuation marks are used. Instead, | corresponds to commas and || to stops, although conventions may vary. 4. Don’t use c, q, x and y in your transcription. They are letters, they are not phonetic symbols. More transcription tips in your textbook (2016: 38-40).