Understanding The Self PDF

He wrote more than 20 Dialogues Understanding The Self with Socrates as protagonist in most of them. Theory of Forms – the physical world PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY...

He wrote more than 20 Dialogues Understanding The Self with Socrates as protagonist in most of them. Theory of Forms – the physical world PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY is not the real world; ultimate reality WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? exists beyond our physical world started in Athens of Ancient Greece at Forms - abstract, perfect, unchanging around 600 BCE concepts or ideals that transcend time “philos” – love, “sophia” – wisdom and space; they exist in the Realm of SOCRATES Forms The mentor of Plato THEORY OF FORMS Athens was the center of Western 1.THE FORMS ARE AGELESS thought. Athenians settle arguments AND THEREFORE ARE ETERNAL. by discussion and debate. 2.THE FORMS ARE Sophists - the first teachers of the UNCHANGING AND THEREFORE West. PERMANENT. Socrates wanted to discover the 3.THE FORMS ARE UNMOVING essential nature of knowledge, justice, AND INDIVISIBLE. beauty, and goodness PLATOS DUALISM A lot of his thoughts were only known THE REALM OF SHADOWS - is through Plato’s writing (The composed of changing, ‘sensible’ Dialogues). things which are lesser entities and SOCRATIC METHOD therefore imperfect and flawed. also called dialectic method. THE REALM OF FORMS - It is the SOCRATES’ VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE source of reality and true knowledge. “the unexamined life is not worth living” PLATO’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE touching the soul may mean helping 3 COMPONENTS OF THE SOUL the person to get in touch with his/her REASON - motivation for goodness true self. and truth. he believed that a person will become SPIRITED - non-rational and is the wiser by reaching inside themselves, will or drive toward action. to learn continuously, and to look for APETITES - irrational and lean answers by thinking, seeking, and towards the desire for pleasures of the asking repeatedly. body. PLATO ST. AGUSTINE OF HIPPO The mentor of aristotles. initially rejected Christianity but The Academy eventually became a priest and a bishop of Hippo (354-436CE) St. Augustine View of Nature  God as the source of all reality and THE HUMAN MIND truth. Without God, man could never Mind receives materials from sense understand eternal truths. and calls it perceptions and it has two (2) The sinfulness of man. The cause of types: sin or evil is an act of man’s freewill. Impressions – immediate ROLE OF LOVE sensation of external reality. SIN OF GREED Ideas – recollections of SIN OF PRIDE impressions. SIN OF JEALOUSY The part of human nature that LOVE OF GOD IS THE SUPREME other philosophers called soul VIRTUE was termed as ‘the self’ by Hume. RENE DESCARTES The self is also a product of the imagination. Father of Modern Philosophy There is no The body is like a machine that is permanent/unchanging self. controlled by the will and aided by the mind. IMMANUEL KANT I think, therefore I am. Born in Konisberg, East Prusia The Mind-Body Problem. (Western Russia). JOHN LOCKE Founder of German Idealism. He wrote the three books: His works focuses on the workings of Critique of Pure Reason, Critique the human mind, particularly, of Practical Reason, and Critique acquisition of knowledge. of Judgment. He believed that knowledge results KANT’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE from ideas produced a posteriori or by objects that were experienced. Transcendental apperception - the Tabula Rasa. capacity of that self to create a meaningful world of experience. LOCKE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE the unconscious mind. Moral good depends on conformity or non-conformity of a person’s behavior LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE towards some law. According to Locke, there are three laws: Law of Opinion Civil Law Divine Law DAVID HUME Empiricism, Skepticism. After reading the Philosophy of John Locke, ‘he never again entertained any belief in religion.  He wrote books on perception, art, and political thought. He argued that the human body is the primary site of knowing the world. MERLEAU-PONTY’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE The body-subject concept. Phenomenology provides a direct description of the human experience while perception forms the background of the experience which serves to guide man’s conscious actions. Perception is not constant PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? came from the Latin words ‘ánthrōpos’ , which means ‘human’ , and ‘logos’ , which means ‘study of’ scientific study of humans, human GILBERT RYLE behavior, and societies in The past Freewill was invented to answer and present. whether an action deserves praise and The four subfields of anthropology: blame. 1. Archaeology 2 TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE 2. Biological Anthropology Knowing - that 3. Linguistic Anthropology Knowing – how 4. Cultural Anthropology PATRICIA AND PAUL CHURCHLAND ARCHEOLOGY Neurophilosophy - the study of the the study of the ancient and recent philosophy of the mind, the human past through material remains. philosophy of science, neuroscience Archaeologists’ focus is the past and and psychology. how it may have contributed to the Patricia Churchland - known for her present ways of how people conduct claims that man’s brain is responsible their daily lives. for the identity known as the self. they discovered that the most MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY important aspect of human nature is Philosopher of the Body. survival. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY  also called physical anthropology. a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY of human beings. WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? biological anthropologists focus came from the Latin word socius, primarily on human adaptability and which means companion’ and logos, evolution. which means ‘the study of’ LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY a social science that studies human branch of anthropology that studies societies, their interactions, and the the role of language in the social lives processes that preserved and change of individuals and communities. them. how language and modes of GEORGE HERBERT MEAD communication change over time. prominent in the field of social an essential part of human psychology, sociology, philosophy, communication is language – a and pragmatism. system of communication used by a MEAD’S SOCIAL SELF particular country or community. Social Behaviorism used to describe CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY the power of environment in shaping the study of contemporary human human behavior; people develop their cultures and how these cultures are self-image through interactions with formed and shape the world around people. them. Self- dimension of personality that is Culture – a way of life of a group, that madeup of the individual’s self- are passed along by communication awareness and self – image. and imitation from one generation to self cannot be separated from the the next. society. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1. Preparatory Stage (birth - 2 years) Symbols - are the words, gestures, the ‘self’ is not present at birth but pictures of objects that have a develops over time through social recognized/accepted meaning in a interaction and social experience. particular culture. at this stage, children’s behavior Heroes - are persons from the past or is primarily based on imitation. present who have characteristics that children become familiar with the are important in a culture. symbols – the bases of CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY communication that people use in Rituals - are activities participated in their interaction. by a group for the fulfillment of 2. Play Stage(2-7 years old) desired objectives and are considered. Through communication, social Values - belong to the deepest level or relationships are formed. the core of every culture.  Role-taking is the process of interactions learned to slant their mentally assuming the presentation of themselves in order to perspective of another person create preferred appearances and the ‘self’ is developing. satisfy particular people (impression 3. Game Stage (8-9 years old) management) child begins to consider several (dramaturgical approach)- tasks and various types of similarities of real social interaction relationships simultaneously. to a theatrical presentation. ‘generalized other’ – the behavior of the person when he sees/considers other people in the course of his actions. STAGES OF SELF FORMATION STAGE 1. PREPARATORY STAGE 2. PLAY STAGE 3. GAME STAGE EXISTENCE OF SELF 1. NONE 2. DEVELOPING 3. PRESENT CHARACTERISTICS 1. Imitates others 2. Role-taking 3. Generalized other THE “I” AND “ME” “I” SELF - when the person initiates or performs a social action, the self functions as a subject. “ME” SELF - when the person takes the role of the other, the self functions as an object. LOOKING-GLASS SELF THEORY a person ' s self grows out of society ' s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others it develops in three phases. ERVING GOFFMAN The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life people in early social