Types of Shots, Storyboard, Audio, Video Editing - Combined PDF

ABCOM08L: Photography and Videography Prepared by: Mr. Casipit Today we’ll learn about: Types of Shots Sound in videography Storyboard  Types of Shots part 1 https://youtu.be/pJGBTJT5wpM?si=reqO4QzUW5Jc-QAk Types of Shot Extreme Medium Wide...

ABCOM08L: Photography and Videography Prepared by: Mr. Casipit Today we’ll learn about: Types of Shots Sound in videography Storyboard  Types of Shots part 1 https://youtu.be/pJGBTJT5wpM?si=reqO4QzUW5Jc-QAk Types of Shot Extreme Medium Wide Shot Full Shot Wide Shot Close Up Medium Extreme Close Up Shot Close UP  Types of Shots Part 2 https://youtu.be/GR6EG1qDDbI?si=wK3Mv8y2YfRFs75H Camera Angles Straight on High Angle – Birds eye view Low Angle – Worms eye view Dutch Angle – Must be intentional Sound in Videography Objectives: Understand the significance of audio in video production. Identify various types of microphones and their applications. Learn techniques for capturing high-quality audio on location. Get an introduction to audio editing and synchronization. Importance of Audio in Videography Audio is a fundamental element of videography that plays a critical role in elevating the viewing experience. It not only adds depth and emotion to visuals but is essential for effectively conveying messages and stories, making it a cornerstone of successful video production. Good vs. bad audio in videos Different Types of Microphones in Videography Lavalier Shotgun Handheld Lavalier Microphone (Lav Mic): Lavalier microphones, often referred to as lav mics, are small and discreet microphones designed to be clipped onto a speaker's clothing, typically near the chest area. They are commonly used for interviews, presentations, and on-camera hosts, providing clear and close-up audio without being prominently visible in the frame. Lav mics are ideal for situations where the subject needs freedom of movement while maintaining high-quality audio.  Shotgun microphones are highly directional microphones with a long, narrow design. They capture sound primarily from the direction they are pointed, effectively reducing ambient noise and capturing focused audio. Shotgun These microphones are often used in filmmaking to capture audio from a specific subject or direction, making them valuable for outdoor shoots or Microphone: scenarios with multiple sound sources. Shotgun microphones can be mounted on boom poles or directly on the camera. Handheld Microphone: Handheld microphones are the familiar microphones held by performers, presenters, or reporters during interviews, live performances, or news broadcasts. They are designed for ease of use, enabling the user to hold the microphone close to their mouth while speaking. Handheld microphones are known for their versatility and can be used in various videography scenarios where the speaker is in close proximity to the microphone. Capturing High-Quality Audio Reduce Background Noise: Choose a quiet location: Whenever possible, select a shooting location with minimal background noise. Avoid busy streets, construction sites, or places with excessive ambient sound. Windshields for Outdoor Recording: Use a foam or furry windjammer: When recording audio outdoors, especially in windy conditions, place a foam windjammer or furry windscreen over the microphone. This helps reduce wind noise and ensures clean audio. Position Microphones Effectively: Choose the right microphone type: Select the microphone that best suits your needs based on the shooting scenario. For instance, use a shotgun microphone for focused sound or a lavalier microphone for close-up dialogue. Maintain proper mic distance: Position microphones close enough to the sound source to capture clear audio while avoiding distortion. For lavalier mics, clip them discreetly near the speaker's chest. Shotgun mics should be aimed toward the sound source. Use boom poles: When using shotgun microphones, attach them to a boom pole for flexibility in capturing audio from different angles while keeping the microphone out of the frame. Monitor Audio: Wear headphones: Use headphones to monitor audio as you record. This allows you to identify and address issues like background noise or unwanted interference in real-time. Record Backup Audio: Use multiple microphones: If possible, record audio with redundant microphones. This ensures you have a backup source in case of unexpected issues with one microphone. Consider wireless systems: When using lavalier microphones, employ wireless systems to provide mobility and flexibility for the speaker while maintaining high-quality audio. STORYBOARD A storyboard is a graphic organizer that consists of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic, or interactive media sequence. Animatic a preliminary version of a movie, produced by shooting successive sections of a storyboard and adding a soundtrack. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRyPSOyC7_c&ab_channel=Gorillaz Thanks Class! VIDEOGRAPHY BASICS ABCOM08L | Prepared by: Mr. Casipit  Topics today: Foundational understanding of videography History Camera types and formats Video resolutions Frame rates Welcome to Videography Class! Videography Basics Understanding videography basics is crucial for aspiring videographers and photographers as it equips them with the fundamental skills needed to create compelling visual narratives, whether in motion or still images, enabling them to effectively convey stories, emotions, and messages through their work. Definitions of Video noun The recording , reproducing, or broadcasting of moving visual images. A recording of moving visual images made digitally or on videotape. Videography Videography is the process of capturing video digitally, then editing and producing that video. Brief History of Video 1956 Prior to 1956, motion picture film was the only recording medium available for capturing and storing televised images. 1951 Charles Ginsburg led the research team at Ampex Corporation in developing one of the first practical videotape recorders or VTRs in 1951. VTR’s It captured live images from television cameras by converting the information into electrical impulses and saving the information on magnetic tape. Illustration of a magnetic tape 1956 By 1956, VTR technology was perfected and in common use by the television industry. Video Recording Like Sound recording videos are first recorded in “magnetic tapes”.  Question. When did you record your first video? Tape Recording Technology Audio and video magnetic recording have had a greater impact on broadcasting than any other development since the invention of radio/TV transmission itself. Analog Tape Formats Prior to 1986, when Sony released the first DIGITAL videotape format, all magnetic tape systems used ANALOG methods of reproduction. Analog Tapes The main disadvantage of analog tape formats was the problem of generational loss, which would occur whenever a program was copied from one tape to another. Analog copy was never as good as the original it was dubbed from. A Comparison of Super 8mm, Hi8, Mini DV and HD all shot in 2019 https://youtu.be/qmjhXM7i_4g?si=ZIqH5F0joRyDAuqa Digital Tape Formats Digital recording reduced video and audio signals to discrete binary values that could be copied without error from one tape to the next. A data point was either a zero or a one, which meant that a copy of a copy of a copy would be virtually identical to the master recording every time JVC and Panasonic Videotape in a large cassette format was introduced by both JVC and Panasonic around 1976. This was the most popular format for home use and for video store rentals for many years until it was replaced by CDs and DVDs. VHS stands for Video Home System. In 1995, the Ricoh RDC-1 was the first digital still camera to also shoot movie footage and sound. It had a 64mm (2.5 -inch) color LCD screen, and the f/2.8 aperture had a 3x optical zoom. In 2007, Apple launched the iPhone, and the smartphone age truly began. Significance of Videography Videography has played a significant role in capturing and preserving moments in history. It has been used to document important events, such as the moon landing , the fall of the Berlin Wall , and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Videography has also been used to capture and preserve cultural traditions, such as dance performances , music concerts, and religious ceremonies. Types of Video Cameras and Formats 1. Camcorders Camcorders are dedicated video cameras designed primarily for capturing video footage. They are known for their ease of use, portability, and built -in features like zoom lenses, image stabilization, and integrated microphones. Camcorders are popular choices for events, vlogs, and amateur videography due to their simplicity and all -in-one design. 2. DSLRs (Digital Single-Lens Reflex) DSLRs are versatile cameras that can capture both high -quality photos and videos. They offer interchangeable lenses, allowing videographers to choose the lens that best suits their creative vision. DSLRs provide manual control over settings like aperture, shutter speed, and ISO, making them ideal for cinematic and professional video production. 3. Mirrorless Cameras Mirrorless cameras share many features with DSLRs but lack an optical mirror, making them more compact and lightweight. They offer excellent video quality and manual controls, along with the flexibility of interchangeable lenses. Mirrorless cameras are favored by videographers who prioritize mobility without sacrificing image quality. 4. Smartphones Modern smartphones have become powerful tools for video recording. They feature high-resolution cameras, advanced image stabilization, and user -friendly interfaces. Apps and accessories enhance their capabilities, making them suitable for everything from casual recording to professional-level videography. Smartphones are prized for their convenience and accessibility. Different Video Formats MP4 (MPEG-4) MP4 is one of the most widely used video formats. It's suitable for web streaming, online sharing (YouTube, Vimeo), and digital devices like smartphones and tablets. MP4 files offer a good balance between video quality and file size compression, making them versatile for various platforms. AVI (Audio Video Interleave): AVI is an older video format known for its compatibility with older Windows -based systems. It's suitable for local playback on PCs and some media players. However, AVI files tend to be larger than more modern formats, so they are less commonly used for online sharing. MOV (Apple QuickTime): MOV is the default video format for Apple's QuickTime media player. It's commonly used in the Apple ecosystem for video editing and playback on macOS and iOS devices. MOV files offer high-quality video and are of ten used for professional video editing projects. MKV (Matroska Video): MKV is a versatile open -standard video format. It's popular among video enthusiasts and is known for its support of high - definition video, multiple audio tracks, and subtitles. MKV is suitable for archiving video content and for sharing high -quality videos with compatible media players. WMV (Windows Media Video) WMV is a proprietary video format developed by Microsof t. It's commonly used for streaming and playback on Windows -based systems. While less popular than MP4, it provides good video quality and compression for web streaming. FLV (Flash Video) FLV was initially designed for web -based video playback and was widely used for Adobe Flash content. It's now less common due to the decline of Flash technology. However, some legacy websites may still use FLV for streaming. WebM WebM is an open-source format developed for web use. It's of ten used for HTML5 video playback, making it suitable for web browsers without the need for browser plugins. WebM files offer good video quality and compression. Choosing the right video format depends on factors such as intended use, platform compatibility, and quality requirements. MP4 and MOV are generally safe choices for broad compatibility, while more specialized formats like MKV and AVI may be preferred for specific needs like high- definition archiving or professional editing. Understanding Video Resolutions and Frame Rates Video resolution Video resolution refers to the number of distinct pixels that make up the image on a display, typically expressed in terms of width x height. Common video resolutions include: 720p 1280 pixels wide by 720 pixels high. This is of ten referred to as "HD" (High Definition) and is suitable for most online streaming and video sharing platforms. 1080p 1920 pixels wide by 1080 pixels high. Also known as "Full HD," it offers higher image quality than 720p and is widely used for Blu - ray discs, streaming services, and video production. 4K (2160p): 4K (2160p): 3840 pixels wide by 2160 pixels high. Of ten referred to as "Ultra HD," it provides four times the resolution of 1080p. It's used for high -end video production, streaming, and is the standard for many modern TVs. 8K (4320p) 7680 pixels wide by 4320 pixels high. This is the highest consumer-grade resolution currently available, offering incredible detail. It's primarily used in advanced video production and ultra-high-definition television displays. Interlaced vs. Progressive Scan - 1080i vs. 1080p https://youtu.be/H_o5h5SK_70?si=xwAqClD79eHvfcKj For our outputs Shoot and export at 720p or 1080p Quick tip for great looking videos. Use manual mode Know the advantages and limitations of your camera Lock focus, and exposure Use pro-mode for video Experiment on mobile video features like timelapse, slow motion etc. Frames per Second (FPS) 24 FPS – Commonly used for movies and animation 30 FPS – Commonly used for TV broadcast, mobile phone video 60 FPS – Commonly used for sports broadcast 120 FPS – Used for ultra slow-motion videos to capture Difference in Frame rates 24fps vs 30fps vs 60fps https://youtu.be/PNGJshMyHXI?si=kxQtA-pk2_50xwwf Group Output To be discussed. Photography Composition ABCOM08L – Mr. Casipit Todays Topic: Composition and Framing in Photography The rule of thirds and other composition techniques. Mastering your camera’s manual settings and understanding basic concepts like ISO, aperture and shutter speed is crucial for anyone looking to improve their photography skills. But the truth is that the most important aspects of photography actually have very little to do with the camera itself. Composition in photography refers to the arrangement of elements within a frame. It's the way a photographer structures a shot to make it visually appealing and effective in conveying the intended message or emotion. Good composition draws the viewer's eye to the subject, creates a sense of balance, and guides the viewer through the image. Compositional Techniques to Improve Your Photographs and Expand Your Creative Possibilities. 1. Framing Using elements within the scene (like windows, doorways, or branches) to frame the subject, drawing attention to it. 2. Leading lines Using natural or artificial lines within the image to lead the viewer's eye towards the subject or through the composition. 3. Symmetry Symmetry can be a powerful compositional tool, because humans are naturally drawn to symmetry and balance. 4. Negative space Negative space in a photograph refers to the areas of an image that are left open, such as the sky or other areas in an image such as a blank wall, long stretch of floor or other empty background. Leaving negative space can help your main subject stand out and also evoke certain emotions, whether you want your photo to transmit peace and quiet or a sense of mystery. 5. Fill the frame Filling the frame is the opposite of using negative space and requires you to get in as close as possible to your subject. This technique blocks out any potential distractions in an image and can be especially useful if you’re trying to photograph something in front of a busy or cluttered background, whether it’s a messy kitchen or a crowded living room. It’s also a great option when you’re shooting portraits, as it allows you to capture important details like facial features and make sure you’re the focus is on your subject’s eyes. 6. Contrast Contrast can also be used in composition, because including contrasting elements in a photograph allows you to make a stronger visual impact. The most common types of contrast you’ll encounter in photography are tonal contrast and colour contrast, but contrast can also be added to a photograph in the form of textures and shapes. Conceptual contrast, on the other hand, is based on ideas and is more subjective. It involves including two or more things that you wouldn’t normally expect to see together in a single photograph, such as old vs new or artificial vs natural. 7. Repetition and pattern Patterns and repetition can also be very eye- catching, and when photographed well, even mundane everyday scenes or objects can be transformed into works of art. We’re surrounded by patterns and repetition in our daily life, but these things often go unnoticed. When photographed from the right angle, however, something as simple as the identical chimneys on a row of houses or the rungs of a ladder can be very striking. At home, you might find patterns in the form of some exposed brickwork or a series of patterned kitchen tiles. Breaking the pattern can also make for a very dramatic effect, because when a pattern isn’t perfect, our eyes are naturally drawn to the thing that’s missing or seems out of place. 8. Depth of field Depth of field can also change the composition of your images and turn an average snapshot into something more artistic and eye-catching. Playing with depth of field allows you to clearly define the foreground and background and dictate what the viewer will focus on. 9. Shadows Shadows can be used in photography to employ many of the composition techniques we already discussed, for example to add depth, texture and contrast to an image. They can also help you draw attention to specific points in your photos or add a sense of drama or mystery. If you want to start using shadows in your composition, make a habit of spending a few moments taking in a scene before you start shooting. Ask yourself where the light is coming from and how you can use this to your advantage. For instance, you might notice that the sunlight pouring through the shutters is creating interesting patterns on a person sitting nearby. Or maybe the harsh light coming from the window would be perfect for shooting silhouettes. Rule of thirds Rule of odds Rule of thirds The rule of thirds is a compositional guideline that breaks an image down into thirds (both horizontally and vertically) so you have nine pieces and four gridlines. According to the rule, by positioning key elements along the gridlines, you’ll end up with better compositions. Rule of Odds The rule of odds states that when you're including a group of subjects in your photo, an odd number, rather than an even number will produce a more interesting, and more visually pleasing composition. The Golden Ratio The Golden Ratio is an exceptional rule when it comes to design or photography. It isn't easy to become a pro in handling this ratio as it goes back to centuries-old history. The Golden Ratio is a perfect balance between 1:1.618. The focus is kept on the primary subject of the frame with more minute details. In this rule, the frame is divided into a series of squares known as "Phi Grid." The golden ratio is 1.618, represented by the Greek letter 'phi', is said to be a mathematical connection between two aspects of an object. It is also called the Fibonacci sequence and it can be found across all of nature: plants, animals, weather structures, star systems – it is ever-present in the universe. Identify the composition used in the following photographs What’s your main takeaway from today’s lesson? ABCOM08L Prepared by: Mr. Casipit  History of photography Overview of different camera types and formats Introduction to essential camera controls and settings Basics of exposure: aperture, shutter speed, and ISO The word Photography literally means ‘drawing with light’, which derives from the Greek photo, meaning light and graph, meaning to draw.  Photography is the process of recording an image – a photograph – on light sensitive film or, in the case of digital photography, via a digital electronic or magnetic memory. Why do you believe it is vital to grasp the history and fundamentals of photography? Understanding the history and basics of photography is crucial for laying a solid foundation in the field. History offers insights into the evolution of techniques and technologies, providing context for current practices. 5th to 4th BCE A pinhole camera is a simple camera that captures images without using a lens. It consists of a light-proof box with a tiny hole on one side and photosensitive material (such as film or photographic paper) on the opposite side. When light passes through the pinhole, it creates an inverted image inside the box—a phenomenon known as the camera obscura effect Latin name means “dark chamber,” (6th Century) In 1200-1600, discovery that Silver Nitrate is Light Sensitive Joseph Niepce took the first photograph in 1826. Exposure time 8 hours! Daguerreotype Is the first commercially successful photographic process (1839-1860) in the history of photography. Named after the inventor, Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre, each daguerreotype is a unique image on a silvered copper plate. How was it made? The Daguerreotype | V&A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAPgdo5H7ZY Discovered by John Herschel, it’s a better way to capture images. Light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was applied to a glass plate. Invented by Dr. Richard L. Maddox. This involved the coating of glass photographic plates with a light sensitive gelatin emulsion and allowing them to dry prior to use. Popularized mass photography by George Eastman the founder of Kodak. Leica developed the first 35mm Film Camera in 1925. The Leica was an immediate success and was responsible for popularizing 35mm film photography. SLR – Single Lens Reflex Camera The Contax S was launched at the Leipzig Spring Fair in 1949. A Twin-Lens Reflex (TLR) camera is a fascinating type of camera that features two objective lenses of the same focal length. One lens for focusing and the other for taking the image. In 1957, Russell Kirsch converted a photograph of his three-month- old son into a tiny digital file using an early computer. This was created by scanning an analogue photograph. An instant camera is a camera which uses self-developing film to create a chemically developed print shortly after taking the picture. The first model equipped with this innovation was the Konica C35 AF released in 1977. This was followed by Polaroid SX- 70 in 1978, which was the first autofocus SLR single lens unit. The first SLR autofocus 35 mm was released in 1981 under the name of Pentax ME-F. In 1989, Fujifilm released the FUJIX DS-X, the first fully digital camera to be commercially released The first commercial camera phone was the Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999.  How has photography evolved throughout time, and what influence has it had on society? Point-and-shoot DSLR Mirrorless Film cameras A point-and-shoot camera, also known as a compact camera and sometimes abbreviated to P&S, is a still camera (either film or digital) designed primarily for simple operation. A DSLR (Digital Single-Lens Reflex), is a type of camera that uses a complex mechanical mirror system to redirect light coming through the lens. As the name suggests, mirrorless cameras capture images without the use of a mirror in the camera body. This is different from DSLR cameras, which reflect images into viewfinders via mirrors. Instead, mirrorless cameras often use electronic viewfinders (EVF) to display images digitally. Medium format Full-frame APS-C Micro four-thirds 1 inch Improved Low Light Performance: Larger sensors capture more light due to their increased surface area. This results in better performance in low-light conditions, reduced noise, and improved image quality without the need for excessive ISO settings. Shallow Depth of Field: Bigger sensors enable a shallower depth of field, allowing for better subject isolation and background blurring (bokeh). This effect is especially desired in portrait and macro photography, where the subject stands out against a beautifully blurred background. Higher Dynamic Range: Larger sensors tend to have higher dynamic ranges, which means they can capture a broader range of tones from shadow to highlight areas. This leads to more detail retention in both bright and dark areas of an image. Cost and Size: Cameras with larger sensors are often more expensive to manufacture and purchase. Additionally, larger sensors can result in larger and heavier camera bodies and lenses, making the overall setup less portable and convenient. Depth of Field Challenges: While a shallow depth of field can be advantageous, it can also pose challenges, particularly in scenarios where more of the scene needs to be in focus. Achieving sufficient depth of field with larger sensors may require narrower apertures, which could impact low light performance. Limited Lens Compatibility: Cameras with larger sensors may require specialized lenses designed for that sensor size. This can limit the availability of lenses, especially in comparison to cameras with smaller sensors which often have a wider range of compatible lenses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Th32y5uqfw 1. Lens 2. Viewfinder 3. LCD screen 4. Buttons, and dials. P,A,S,M P,Av,Tv,M Scene modes You can set the ISO manually, shutter speed and Aperture is auto. You can control the aperture; shutter speed is auto. ISO can be set manually or auto. You can control the shutter speed, aperture is auto. ISO can be set manually or auto. You can control the Aperture, Shutter Speed and ISO. What is Aperture? Aperture in photography refers to the adjustable lens opening that controls the amount of light allowed into the camera. What is Shutter Speed? Shutter speed in photography refers to the duration the camera’s shutter remains open, allowing light to reach the sensor. What is ISO? ISO: Represents the sensitivity of the camera sensor. Higher ISO values make the sensor more sensitive to light, brightening the image. However, it also introduces noise. Lower ISO values reduce sensitivity but may lead to darker images. The exposure triangle is a fundamental concept in photography that involves three key settings: aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. These elements work together to control a photograph’s exposure. Correct exposure in photography refers to capturing an image where the right amount of light reaches the camera's sensor. This means the picture isn't too bright (overexposed) or too dark (underexposed), allowing the details in the scene to show up clearly and naturally. It's like finding the balance so your photo looks just right.