تشريح (نظري) L1&L2 PDF

 THE LYMPHATIC ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوي‬ SYSTEM ❖ network of tissues, organs and vessels that help to maintain the body’s fluid balance & protect it from pathogens ❖The two systems are directly connected together · it consists of fluid deriv...

 THE LYMPHATIC ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوي‬ SYSTEM ❖ network of tissues, organs and vessels that help to maintain the body’s fluid balance & protect it from pathogens ❖The two systems are directly connected together · it consists of fluid derived from plasma =lymph and white blood cells (esp. lymphocytes and ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻋﻢ‬ macrophages(monocytes)) ❖The lymph travels in only one direction - it doesn’t circulate GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC ‫وظائف عامة للنظام اللمفاوي‬ SYSTEM ‫إرﺟﺎع اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪم‬ 1. Returns Fluid from Tissues to Blood ~85% of fluids that leak out of blood returns to blood via blood capillaries ~15% returns via lymph capillaries - in 24 hrs lymphatics return fluid equivalent to entire blood volume - if lymphatic ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪم ﻋﻮدة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬85٪ ‫ ﻋﻮدة ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬٪15 ~ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺪم‬ system becomes blocked edema ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺎدل اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوات اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ‬24 ‫اﻟﻠﻴﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪم ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ‬ 1. Absorb and Transport Fats - Special lymphatic capillaries (=lacteals) in villi of small intestine absorb all lipids and fat soluble vitamins from digested food bypasses liver much goes straight to adipose tissues ‫ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 3. Returns Large Molecules to Blood ~25-50% of blood proteins leak out of capillaries each day they cannot get back into capillaries instead lymphatic capillaries pick them up and return them to the blood if lymphatics are blocked blood protein ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺪم ﺗﺴﺮب‬25-50٪ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم ﻻ‬ decreases leading to fluid imbalances in body ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﻮدة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ وإﻋﺎدﺗﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪم إذا ﰎ ﺣﻈﺮ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوات‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﲔ اﻟﺪﻣﻰ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼﻻت اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﰲ اﳉﺴﻢ‬ GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 4. Hemopoiesis - some WBC’s (lymphocytes, monocytes) are made in lymphatic tissues (not bone marrow) main supply of lymphocytes ‫ اﳊﺼﺎﻧﺔ‬/ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎع ﻋﻦ اﳉﺴﻢ‬ 5. Body Defence /Immunity - lymphoid tissue is an important component of the Immune System (forms a diffuse surveillance defence system in all body tissues and organs ‫)ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮة وﻧﻈﺎم دﻓﺎﻋﻲ‬ 6. The major role of WBC’s is in body defence 7. Lymphatic system screens body fluids and removes pathogens and damaged cells  LYMPH ‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ‬ Lymph is a clear watery fluid that resembles blood plasma but: has fewer proteins its composition varies depending on organs that it drains the lymphatic system handles 125 ml/hr (2500- 2800 ml of lymph/day) ~1/2 of this from the liver and small The lymph is a colorless [clear] fluid drained from the extra- intestine alone cellular fluid by fine lymph vessels ( lymphatics ) which The lymph and lymph vessels are absent in nervous system and eye. The lymph is filtered in the lymph nodes Lymph pass to the lymph nodes in afferent lymphatics and comes out from the lvmnh nodes in efferent lymphatics Lymphatic Vessels (lymphatics): ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﰲ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻷﻛﻴﺎس اﻷﻋﻤﻰ اﻟﺼﻐﺎر‬ Lymphatic Capillaries originate in tissues as tiny blind ended sacs ❖· lie side by side with blood capillaries ❖· single layer of endothelial cells like blood capillaries ❖· but much more permeable to solvents, and large solutes and whole cells  LYMPHATIC VESSELS These small lymphatic capillaries merge with others to form larger lymphatic vessels -they resemble veins in structure:  LYMPHATIC DUCTS These lymphatic trunks merge together to form two major Lymphatic Ducts equivalent to major vessels of circulatory system but more like veins than ‫اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔﻣﺜﻴﺮةﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه ﺟﺬوع‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﻨﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻟﻴﺶ ﺷﻌﺮﻳﺔ اﻛﺜﺮ‬ arteries ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ﻧﻔﺎذﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪواﺋﻲ وﻟﻜﻦ أﺷﺒﻪ اﻷوردة‬ ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬34 ‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮاﻳﲔ‬  TWO MAJOR LYMPHATIC DUCTS: 1- Right Lymphatic Duct very short drains upper right quadrant of body drains into right subclavian vein at jct with jugular V 2- Thoracic Duct much larger and longer drains the rest of body (3/4ths): all of body below diaphragm and left arm and left side of head, neck and thorax begins just below the diaphragm, anterior to vertebral column lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk join to form saclike cysterna chyli drains into left subclavian ‫ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﺐ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻲ‬ vein ‫ﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﻴﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻠﻤﻒ ﻣﺮه وﺣﺪه‬ ‫ﻻن اذا رﺟﻊ ﻣﺮه وﺣﺪه ﺣﻴﺴﻮي ﺧﻠﻞ ﻻزم ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﺪده و‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺐ ﰲ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﳌﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻪ‬ LYMPHATIC DUCTS  LYMPH NODES also called lymph glands oval, vary in size from pinhead to lima bean most numerous of the lymphatic organs  Functions of lymph nodes: 1.cleanse lymph - as lymph flows through sinuses node it slows down and microorganisms and foreign matter are removed 2.alert immune system to pathogens 3.important in hemopoiesis - lymphocytes and monocytes are made here  MAJOR ACCESSORY LYMPHATIC ORGANS Spleen – largest Thymus Tonsils Peyers’s patches Appendix  SPLEEN largest of the lymphatic organs Located between the stomach & diaphragm located in left hypochondriac region ovoid in shape inside is a network of interlacing fibers: red pulp packed with RBC’s white pulp lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils  SPLEEN Performs several functions: 1. Defense helps screen blood and removes pathogens and bacteria ‫ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬Rbc ‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻠﻤﻒ و‬ 2. Hemopoiesis monocytes and lymphocytes are made here (before birth, RBC’s also made here) rbc ‫و ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺒﺮة‬ 3. Erythrocyte and platelet destruction - spleen is “erythrocyte graveyard” iron is salvaged from RBC’s 4. blood reservoir able to store blood (~350ml) can constrict and pump blood into circulatory system if hemorrhaging = self transfusion (can squirt 200 ml into blood in