Introduction to Surveying PDF

Introduction to Surveying LECTURE 1 OBJECTIVES Define surveying as part of the science of Geomatics; Identify the jobs of a surveyor; Gain knowledge on the history of surveying; and Enumerate the surveying operations/ types, their uses and recent technologies. GEOMATICS...

Introduction to Surveying LECTURE 1 OBJECTIVES Define surveying as part of the science of Geomatics; Identify the jobs of a surveyor; Gain knowledge on the history of surveying; and Enumerate the surveying operations/ types, their uses and recent technologies. GEOMATICS The science concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth's physical features and the built-in environment GEOMATICS Disciplines Surveying Geodesy Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Cartography Geographic Information Systems Global Positioning System SURVEYING The art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques. J.P. La Putt (1987) SURVEYOR A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to: practice the science of measurement; assemble and assess geographic related information; and use that information for the purpose of planning and implementing the efficient administration of the land, the sea and structures thereon. - International Federation of Surveyors HISTORY OF SURVEYING In Babylon - Clay tablets contain record of lands -Federation of American Scientist HISTORY OF SURVEYING In Egypt The pyramid of Giza is nearly a perfect square a side of the pyramid align with a the true meridian HISTORY OF SURVEYING ERATOSTHENES HISTORY OF SURVEYING HISTORY OF SURVEYING IN ROME (150 BC) School of surveying was established by Romans to teach: town planning map making and building of roads and aqueducts HISTORY OF SURVEYING 1400-1700 Developments telescope design and standardization of units of construction measurement measurement of magnetic determination of longitude declination measurement of time surveying instruments and reference books written on surveying methods HISTORY OF SURVEYING 1900 The military requirements of World Wars I & II provided the motivation for vast improvements in the design of surveying equipment and execution of surveying operations. PHASES OF SURVEYING 1. RECONNAISSANCE – selecting method, equipment and final point locations 2. FIELDWORK & DATA COLLECTION – making measurements and recording data in the field 3. COMPUTING & DATA PROCESSING – preparing calculations based upon the recorded data to determine locations in a useable form 4. MAPPING OR DATA REPRESENTATION – plotting data to produce a map, plot, or chart in the proper form USES OF SURVEYS 1. Establishment of boundaries of land 2. Fixing of national and state boundaries 3. Charting of coastlines and navigable streams and lakes 4. Precise location of definite reference points throughout the country 5. Collection of valuable facts concerning the earth’s magnetism at widely scattered stations throughout the country TYPES OF SURVEYING 1. Plane Surveying the type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane, or in which its spheroidal shape is neglected. TYPES OF SURVEYING 2. Geodetic Surveying takes into account the true shape of the earth TYPES OF SURVEY 1. Control Survey consists of establishment of the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points 2. Property Survey performed to determine the length and direction of lot lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground. 3. Topographic Survey made to secure data from which may be made a topographic map indicating the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and human-made objects. TYPES OF SURVEY 4. Hydrographic survey refers to surveys of bodies of water for the purposes of navigation, water supply, or subaqueous construction. TYPES OF SURVEY 5. Mine Survey utilizes the principles for land, geologic and topographic surveying to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining operations. TYPES OF SURVEY 5. Mine Survey utilizes the principles for land, geologic and topographic surveying to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining operations. TYPES OF SURVEY 6. Route survey refers to those control, topographic and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication, such as highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines and pipelines. TYPES OF SURVEY 7. Construction Survey performed to lay out, locate and monitor public and private engineering works. TYPES OF SURVEY 8. Photogrammetric Survey utilizes the principle of aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, in which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed objects. RECENT TECHNOLOGIES Total Station System Digital Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Satellite Positioning System (USA – NAVSTAR GPS, Russia – GLONASS, European Union – Galileo) Geographic and Land Information Systems REFERENCES o Becker, B.J. Eratosthenes of Cyrene. 01.html http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Eratosthenes.htm o www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/ o ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm o International Federation of Surveyors. o Buckner (1994). http://surveying.mentabolism.org/buckner.html. o http://www.surveyor.asn.au/for-the-public/international- Last Accessed 16June08 definition-of-surveyor.php o Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of o La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines: National Arkansas. Book Store. http://www.cast.uark.edu/home/research/geomatics.html o ManSurveying.gif. From o Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and Practice. USA: http://everythingaboutsurveying.blogspot.com/2008/05/geodeti McGraw-Hill, Inc. c-instrumentation-methods.html o Federation of American Scientists. Html link lost o New Jersey Department of Transportation. Survey Manual. Downloaded from o Great Pyramid of Khufu. http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/documents/survey/ http://vncafe.blogspot.com/2008/03/great-pyramid-of-giza.html o http://surveying.mentabolism.org/geomatic.htm. From the Dept. o History of Geomatics. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania. http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/planesurvey/prot/topic/topo02- Link (broken): http://info.utas.edu.au/docs/geomatics/geomatics_exp.html