TOPIC 2 LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT.pdf

language maintenance and shift  Language shift in different communities Project Language death and language loss overview Factors contributing to language shift How can a...

language maintenance and shift  Language shift in different communities Project Language death and language loss overview Factors contributing to language shift How can a minority language be maintained? Language revival  LANGUAGE SHIFT IN DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES  Language shift DEFINITION EXAMPLE In a Hakka family: A process in which a community of -Grandparents speak Hakka speakers shifts from speaking some -Children speak Cantonese language to speaking a different -Parents speak Hakka to language due to underlying changes grandparents, and they shift to in the composition and aspirations Cantonese to speak with their of the society. children Language shift in migrant minority communities means that when people move to a new place, they start using the language spoken there more than their own language. Example: They want to fit in with the people around them or because they need to use the new language for school or work. Over time, younger generations may not learn their family's language as well as their parents did, and eventually, the original language may be used less and less. MIGRANT MINORITIES In migrant majorities, they are larger groups of people moving to a new place and becoming the majority population. So, they can influence the language of their new home, often leading to the adoption of their language by others. Example: A large group of settlers moving to a new land and speaking their language, which eventually becomes the dominant language in the area. In simple terms, migrant minorities adapt to the majority language, while migrant majorities can shape the language landscape of their new home. MIGRANT MajoRITIES In non-migrant communities, they have lived in the same place for a long time but a language shift happens when people start using a different language instead of their original one. This is because political, economic and social changes can occur within a community, usually they want to fit in with others, or because they see the new language as more useful or cool due to things like new influences nearby. Over time, the original language may not be used as much, especially by younger generations. This can affect how people communicate and their cultural identity within their community. Non-migrant communities LANGUAGE DEATH AND LANGUAGE LOSS  Language death occurs By extension, language when a language loses its extinction refers to the last native speaker. situation where the When all native speakers of a language is no longer language pass away, the known, even by second- language effectively dies out. It becomes an extinct language. language speakers. LANGUAGE DEATH example  refers to the decline in the number of speakers of Language loss can also a language and the occur as a result of reduction in its use within language shift a community. LANGUAGE LOSS example  factors contributing to language shift  factor contributing to language shift 1 3 Economic, Social, and Attitudes and Values Political Factors 2 4 Demoghraphic Factors Cultural Factors  Economic: The dominant language is associated with social status and prestige. Learning another language can enhance Economic, job prospects and economic opportunities. Social, and Social: Language shift is often faster in urban areas than in rural Political regions due to increased exposure to other languages. Factors Political: Government policies, official language choices, and political power dynamics influence language use and shift. demographic factors Group Size: The size of a language-speaking community affects its vitality. Smaller groups are more vulnerable to language shift. Urbanization: Urban areas tend to experience faster language shift due to diverse interactions and migration.  Perceptions: Positive attitudes ATTITUDES toward the dominant language and negative perceptions of the native AND language can accelerate language shift. VALUES Cultural Values: Cultural assimilation and the desire to conform to societal norms impact language choices. CULTURAL FACTORS Globalization: Increased global connectivity leads to the spread of dominant languages, affecting local languages. Cultural Homogenization: Dominant cultures influence smaller ones, leading to language shift. Cultural Imperialism: The dominance of certain cultures through media, entertainment, and technology can marginalize local languages  how can a minority language be maintained  language maintainance FAMILIES FROM THE MINORITY SYMBOL OF MINORITY GROUP LIVE NEAR TO EACH GROUP’S IDENTITY OTHER Where language is considered an Chinese people who live in the Chinatown important symbol of a minority areas of big cities are much more likely to maintain a Chinese dialect as their mother group’s identity, the language is tongue through to the third generation likely to be maintained longer than those who move outside the Chinatown area.  language maintainance DEGREE AND FREQUENCY OF CONTACT WITH THE HOMELAND A regular stream of new migrants or even visitors will keep the need for using the language alive.  EXAMPLE David is Welsh and lives in Llandudno. He's 14 and DEFINITION goes to a Welsh school where he learns some Language revival in language shift means subjects in English and others in Welsh. His parents trying to bring back a language that is know a bit of Welsh, but not a lot. David thinks he dying out because fewer people are knows more Welsh words than them. His little speaking it. It involves efforts to teach sister goes to a Welsh school too. She's upset the language to new generations, because kids from Liverpool make fun of Welsh preserve its words and stories, and sounds. David wants to defend her, but his parents encourage its use in daily life. stop him. LANGUAGE REVIVAL  QUESTION TIME 2. what is the 1. State the definition differences between of language shift language death and in your own words. language loss Thank you