Ch.3 MCQs.docx

**Chapter 3** **Question 1:** According to the chapter, what is one of the primary reasons for language shift in migrant communities? A\) Loss of interest in their heritage\ B) Economic and social advancement in the majority language\ C) Lack of educational opportunities\ D) Government policies e...

**Chapter 3** **Question 1:** According to the chapter, what is one of the primary reasons for language shift in migrant communities? A\) Loss of interest in their heritage\ B) Economic and social advancement in the majority language\ C) Lack of educational opportunities\ D) Government policies enforcing monolingualism **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The chapter explains that migrant communities often shift to the majority language to achieve social and economic success.\ (Page 53) **Question 2:** In the context of language shift, which of the following is considered a \"domain\" where language use is observed? A\) Personal skill\ B) Work, home, school settings\ C) Language proficiency\ D) Cultural heritage **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Domains refer to settings like work, home, and school where language use is observed and can shift over time.\ (Page 54) **Question 3:** What is typically the first domain in which children of migrant families encounter the majority language? A\) Home\ B) Religious institutions\ C) School\ D) Workplace **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The school is often the first place where children from migrant families encounter and are expected to use the majority language.\ (Page 54) **Question 4:** Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across which of the following? A\) Different dialects\ B) Different individuals\ C) Different domains over time\ D) Different countries **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Shift is observed by noting changes in people\'s patterns of language use in different domains over time.\ (Page 54) **Question 5:** According to the chapter, intermarriage between speakers of minority and majority languages tends to result in: A\) Maintenance of minority language\ B) Creation of a new dialect\ C) Shift towards the majority language\ D) Equal bilingualism in the family **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Intermarriage often accelerates language shift toward the majority language, especially in monolingual societies.\ (Page 62-63) **Question 6:** Which of the following factors contributes to slower language shift in rural areas compared to urban areas? A\) Better education in rural areas\ B) Isolation from political centers\ C) More job opportunities in rural areas\ D) Higher birth rates **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Rural groups are more isolated from political power centers, and can meet social needs in their ethnic language, slowing language shift.\ (Page 61) **Question 7:** The term \"language death\" refers to: A\) The complete replacement of a language in a community\ B) A language no longer spoken naturally anywhere in the world\ C) A language changing its structure over time\ D) A language merging with another language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language death occurs when a language is no longer spoken naturally anywhere in the world.\ (Page 58) **Question 8:** What social factor can significantly contribute to the maintenance of a minority language? A\) Negative attitudes towards the language\ B) High prestige and positive value placed on the language\ C) Lack of educational materials\ D) Government suppression of the language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** When a minority language is highly valued and considered an important symbol of ethnic identity, it is more likely to be maintained.\ (Page 63) **Question 9:** Which of the following statements best describes \"ethnolinguistic vitality\"? A\) The number of speakers a language has worldwide\ B) The likelihood that a language will be maintained based on status, demographics, and institutional support\ C) The age at which children learn a language\ D) The difficulty level of a language\'s grammar **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Ethnolinguistic vitality refers to predicting the likelihood a language will be maintained by considering its status, the size and distribution of its speakers, and institutional support.\ (Page 66) **Question 10:** What is one of the key demographic factors that affect language maintenance? A\) Climate of the region\ B) Size and concentration of the minority group\ C) Economic inflation rates\ D) Technological advances **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The size of the group and whether they live near each other can be crucial for maintaining a minority language.\ (Page 61-62) **Question 11:** Which factor is crucial in slowing down language shift in a minority language community? A\) Negative attitudes towards the language\ B) High levels of intermarriage with majority language speakers\ C) Strong community pride and positive attitudes towards the language\ D) Isolation of elderly speakers only **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Positive attitudes and valuing the language as a symbol of ethnic identity support efforts to maintain the language.\ (Page 63) **Question 12:** Efforts to revive the Welsh language have included: A\) Banning English language media\ B) Establishing Welsh-language television channels and bilingual education\ C) Forcing all residents to speak only Welsh\ D) Eliminating English-language education **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The revival of Welsh involves media support like TV channels and effective bilingual education programs.\ (Page 67-68) **Question 13:** What is \"ethnolinguistic vitality\"? A\) A measure of a language\'s grammatical complexity\ B) The energy level of speakers during communication\ C) An assessment of a language\'s likelihood to be maintained, considering status, demographics, and institutional support\ D) The historical age of a language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Ethnolinguistic vitality assesses factors like status, number of speakers, and institutional support to predict language maintenance.\ (Page 66) **Question 14:** Language shift tends to be slower when: A\) The minority language is rarely used\ B) The minority language has official status and institutional support\ C) The majority language is taught in schools\ D) There is little community support for the minority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Official recognition and use in institutions help maintain the minority language and slow language shift.\ (Page 65-66) **Question 15:** Which type of bilingual education immerses students entirely in the minority language? A\) Submersion education\ B) Transitional bilingual education\ C) Dual-language education\ D) Immersion education **Answer:** D **Explanation:** Immersion education involves teaching students in the minority language to promote fluency and maintenance.\ (Page 68) **Question 16:** An important demographic factor that supports language maintenance is: A\) Scattered settlement of speakers\ B) Large group size concentrated in one area\ C) High rate of interethnic marriage\ D) Complete isolation from the majority group **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A large, concentrated population of speakers facilitates frequent use and reinforcement of the minority language.\ (Page 61-62) **Question 17:** Language shift is more rapid when: A\) The minority language has high international prestige\ B) Economic advancement requires proficiency in the majority language\ C) The minority language is used in education\ D) The community actively supports language maintenance **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Economic pressures to use the majority language for jobs accelerate language shift.\ (Page 61) **Question 18:** What is a key reason that rural areas may resist language shift longer than urban areas? A\) They have more educational resources\ B) They have less exposure to the majority language due to isolation\ C) They have stronger laws protecting minority languages\ D) They have no interest in economic development **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Isolation in rural areas limits contact with the majority language, helping maintain the minority language.\ (Page 61) **Question 19:** Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers often leads to: A\) Strengthening of the minority language\ B) Creation of a new hybrid language\ C) Shift towards the majority language in the home\ D) Equal use of both languages at home **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The majority language often becomes dominant in the home, leading to language shift.\ (Page 62-63) **Question 20:** An example of institutional support for language maintenance is: A\) Using the minority language only at home\ B) Having radio and TV broadcasts in the minority language\ C) Encouraging children to speak the majority language\ D) Providing no educational resources for the minority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Media in the minority language supports maintenance by increasing exposure and usage opportunities.\ (Page 65-66) **Question 21:** Which of the following is an example of language death as opposed to language shift? A\) Turkish immigrants in Britain shifting to English\ B) Manx language becoming extinct after the death of its last native speaker\ C) Spanish-speaking immigrants maintaining their language in the USA\ D) Bilingual communities continuing to use both languages **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language death occurs when the last native speakers of a language die, as with Manx. Language shift involves a community adopting another language but the language existing elsewhere.\ (Page 59) **Question 22:** Which term describes the process when individuals lose proficiency in their native language due to lack of use? A\) Language maintenance\ B) Language shift\ C) Language loss\ D) Language convergence **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Language loss refers to individuals becoming less proficient in their native language due to limited use and shrinking contexts where it is spoken.\ (Page 59-60) **Question 23:** In the context of language death, which of the following is a common pattern in the linguistic abilities of younger speakers? A\) Increased use of complex grammatical structures\ B) Expansion of vocabulary in the native language\ C) Simplification of grammatical structures and reduced vocabulary\ D) Creation of new dialects within the language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Younger speakers often have less proficiency, leading to simplified grammar and reduced vocabulary in the dying language.\ (Page 59-60) **Question 24:** Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as contributing to language shift? A\) Economic pressures\ B) Political power dynamics\ C) Technological advances\ D) Strong institutional support for the minority language **Answer:** D **Explanation:** Strong institutional support tends to aid language maintenance, not contribute to language shift.\ (Page 61-62) **Question 25:** What role does the size of a minority language group play in language maintenance? A\) Larger groups always lead to language shift\ B) Smaller, isolated groups are more likely to maintain their language\ C) Larger, concentrated groups can better maintain their language\ D) The size of the group has no impact **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Larger, concentrated minority groups can support language use in more domains, aiding maintenance.\ (Page 62) **Question 26:** Which of the following best explains why immigrant children might resist speaking their minority language? A\) They find it too easy to learn\ B) Peer pressure and desire to fit into the majority culture\ C) Encouragement from parents to maintain the language\ D) Lack of exposure to the majority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Children may resist the minority language due to peer pressure and wanting to assimilate into the majority culture.\ (Page 62) **Question 27:** A key step that communities can take to maintain their minority language is to: A\) Avoid using the language in public\ B) Establish community schools that teach in the minority language\ C) Discourage any use of the majority language\ D) Limit interaction with other communities **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Establishing schools that teach in the minority language helps maintain the language across generations.\ (Page 65) **Question 28:** In the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality, what does institutional support refer to? A\) Support from family and friends\ B) Use of the language in education, government, and media\ C) The number of native speakers worldwide\ D) The language\'s ease of learning **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Institutional support involves the use of a language in institutions like education, law, religion, and media.\ (Page 66) **Question 29:** What is a linguistic landscape? A\) The range of dialects within a language\ B) Visual language use in public spaces, such as signs and billboards\ C) The physical terrain of a language\'s origin\ D) The academic study of language families **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A linguistic landscape refers to the display of languages in public spaces, providing information about language use and vitality.\ (Page 66, Exercise 1(c) and Answer) **Question 30:** Which of the following is an example of using media to support language maintenance? A\) Broadcasting TV programs in the majority language only\ B) Publishing newspapers and magazines in the minority language\ C) Restricting internet access to minority communities\ D) Encouraging the use of the minority language at home only **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Media in the minority language, like newspapers and magazines, helps increase exposure and usage, supporting maintenance.\ (Page 65-66) **Question 31:** What is one challenge in measuring ethnolinguistic vitality? A\) Language status is easily quantifiable\ B) The components are subjective and difficult to measure precisely\ C) Demographic data is always accurate\ D) Institutional support does not affect vitality **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Measuring components like attitudes and institutional support can be challenging due to their subjective nature.\ (Page 66) **Question 32:** The concept of \"immersion education\" involves: A\) Teaching only the majority language to minority students\ B) Using the minority language as the medium of instruction for various subjects\ C) Teaching the minority language as a foreign language only\ D) Avoiding the minority language in educational settings **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Immersion education uses the minority language to teach regular school subjects, promoting fluency and maintenance.\ (Page 68) **Question 33:** Which historical example demonstrates that a language can be revived even after it has ceased to be spoken as a native language? A\) The decline of Latin\ B) The revival of Hebrew in Israel\ C) The extinction of Manx\ D) The shift from Gaelic to English in Scotland **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Hebrew was successfully revived in Israel after being used only in religious contexts for centuries.\ (Page 67) **Question 34:** In which setting is a minority language most likely to be maintained without outside support? A\) In large urban centers\ B) In homes where only the minority language is spoken\ C) In schools that do not teach the minority language\ D) In workplaces dominated by the majority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The home is a domain under the family\'s control where the minority language can be maintained.\ (Page 62, Answer to Exercise 2(b)) **Question 35:** Which of the following best explains why language shift may occur even without conscious decision by the community? A\) The community lacks any knowledge of their language\ B) The community actively decides to abandon their language\ C) The community does not perceive their language to be under threat and focuses on learning the majority language for advancement\ D) The community has strict language maintenance programs **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Without realizing the threat, communities may focus on the majority language for success while inadvertently neglecting their own language.\ (Page 61) **Question 36:** Which group is likely to resist language shift longer? A\) A small, dispersed group with little institutional support\ B) A large minority group with strong community structures and positive attitudes toward their language\ C) A community with negative attitudes towards their own language\ D) A group with high rates of intermarriage with majority language speakers **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Large groups with strong community support and positive attitudes are better positioned to maintain their language.\ (Page 65) **Question 37:** An example of demographic support for language maintenance is: A\) High levels of internal migration\ B) The minority language speakers being scattered across a large area\ C) Concentration of minority language speakers in a particular region\ D) Minority language speakers all living individually among majority speakers **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Concentration in a region allows frequent use and reinforcement of the language among speakers.\ (Page 65) **Question 38:** Which of the following practices can help slow down language shift in mixed-language marriages? A\) Using only the majority language at home\ B) Encouraging children to communicate only with majority language speakers\ C) The minority language-speaking parent consistently using their language with the children\ D) Avoiding any use of the minority language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Consistent use of the minority language by one parent can aid in its maintenance within the family.\ (Page 62-63) **Question 39:** Why is it challenging for a minority language to expand into high-status domains? A\) High-status domains often require established technical vocabulary and formal registers that the minority language may lack\ B) Minority languages are not allowed in any public settings\ C) Speakers of the minority language refuse to use it in formal situations\ D) The majority language completely blocks any use of the minority language **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Expanding into high-status domains requires developing technical terms and formal registers, which may be lacking in minority languages.\ (Page 72, Answer to Exercise 3(b)) **Question 40:** Language shift can sometimes be slowed or reversed when the minority language: A\) Is used only by the elderly\ B) Becomes associated with social and economic progress\ C) Is not taught to children\ D) Has no written form **Answer:** B **Explanation:** If the minority language becomes associated with progress, it can encourage continued use and maintenance.\ (Page 55, Example 3) **Question 41:** Which of the following can negatively impact the maintenance of a minority language? A\) Establishing heritage language programs\ B) Frequent contact and visits with the homeland\ C) Use of the minority language in religious services\ D) Lack of domains where the minority language is used **Answer:** D **Explanation:** Having few or no domains where the minority language is used reduces opportunities for practice and maintenance.\ (Page 65) **Question 42:** According to the chapter, immigrants who feel their ethnic language is safe often: A\) Take active steps to maintain it\ B) Do nothing, which can lead to its loss over time\ C) Avoid learning the majority language\ D) Promote their language in all public domains **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Believing their language is safe, they may not actively maintain it, leading to gradual loss.\ (Page 61) **Question 43:** Which of the following is an example of technology influencing language shift? A\) A community refusing to use any technological devices\ B) Increased access to media content only in the minority language\ C) Television and internet primarily available in the majority language reducing minority language use\ D) Technology having no effect on language usage **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Predominance of technology in the majority language can decrease domains where the minority language is used.\ (Page 70, Answer to Exercise 11) **Question 44:** What role do positive attitudes play in language maintenance? A\) They hinder maintenance efforts by promoting the majority language\ B) They are irrelevant to language maintenance\ C) They support maintenance by encouraging the use of the minority language\ D) They force minority speakers to abandon their language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Positive attitudes encourage community members to value and use their language, aiding maintenance.\ (Page 63) **Question 45:** Why might a minority group desire to maintain their language when moving to a new country? A\) To ensure faster assimilation into the new culture\ B) To prevent any contact with the majority language\ C) To maintain their identity and cultural heritage\ D) To create confusion among majority language speakers **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Maintaining their language helps preserve their cultural identity and heritage in a new country.\ (Page 63, Answer to Exercise 5(a)) **Question 46:** An indication of a language\'s high status within a community is: A\) It is only spoken by the elderly\ B) It is used in official settings and public signage\ C) It has no written form\ D) It is avoided in formal contexts **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Use in official contexts and public displays suggests high status and wider acceptance.\ (Page 68, Answer to Exercise 8) **Question 47:** Which of the following best describes the relationship between technological change and language shift? A\) Technological changes have no impact on language use\ B) Technological advances can introduce majority language content, decreasing minority language use\ C) Technology always promotes the minority language\ D) Technology replaces the need for any language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** New technology often brings majority language content, reducing domains where the minority language is used.\ (Page 70, Answer to Exercise 11) **Question 48:** A critical factor for the success of language revival efforts is: A\) The number of elderly speakers\ B) The existence of a point of no return\ C) Strong community desire and motivation to revive the language\ D) Government suppression of the language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Community motivation and effort are crucial in successfully reviving a language.\ (Page 67) **Question 49:** Why might rural communities maintain a minority language longer than urban communities? A\) They have better educational resources\ B) They are more resistant to new ideas\ C) They have less exposure to the majority language due to isolation\ D) They have larger populations **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Rural isolation limits majority language influence, helping maintain the minority language.\ (Page 61) **Question 50:** Which of the following contributes to language shift in migrant communities? A\) Strong community networks using the minority language\ B) Limited need for the majority language\ C) Economic necessity to use the majority language for employment\ D) Institutional support for the minority language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Economic pressures to use the majority language for employment contribute to language shift.\ (Page 61) **Question 51:** Heritage language programs are designed to: A\) Transition students quickly to the majority language\ B) Eliminate the use of the minority language\ C) Promote and maintain the minority language among younger generations\ D) Teach only the majority culture\'s history **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Heritage language programs aim to promote and preserve minority languages among the youth.\ (Page 65) **Question 52:** What effect does frequent and regular contact with the homeland have on language maintenance? A\) It has no effect\ B) It discourages use of the minority language\ C) It provides new linguistic input, encouraging maintenance\ D) It causes confusion among speakers **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Regular contact with the homeland brings new language input and motivation to maintain the language.\ (Page 65) **Question 53:** In the study of language maintenance and shift, \"domains\" refer to: A\) Physical territories where a language is spoken\ B) Areas of technology use\ C) Contexts or settings where certain languages are used, such as home or work\ D) Grammatical components of a language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Domains are social contexts like home, work, or school where specific languages are used.\ (Page 54) **Question 54:** Which of the following is a social factor that may inhibit language shift? A\) Belief that the minority language hinders progress\ B) Community efforts to promote the minority language in various settings\ C) Lack of educational resources\ D) Strong desire to assimilate completely **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Community promotion of the language supports maintenance and can inhibit shift.\ (Page 65) **Question 55:** Why is the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality useful in studying language maintenance and shift? A\) It provides a guaranteed method to prevent language shift\ B) It offers a framework to analyze factors affecting language maintenance\ C) It discounts the importance of attitudes and institutions\ D) It focuses solely on the number of speakers **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The concept helps predict language maintenance by considering status, demographics, and institutional support.\ (Page 66) **Question 56:** A \"passive knowledge\" of a language refers to: A\) Fluency in speaking but not understanding\ B) Understanding the language but not actively using it\ C) Complete inability to understand or speak the language\ D) Specialized knowledge of technical terms only **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Passive knowledge means understanding the language but not being able to speak it fluently.\ (Page 62, Example 7) **Question 57:** Which scenario illustrates language loss at the individual level? A\) A community decides to abandon their language\ B) A person retains full proficiency in their heritage language\ C) An individual stops using their native language and becomes less proficient over time\ D) A group creates a new dialect **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Language loss involves an individual losing proficiency due to reduced use and exposure.\ (Page 59-60) **Question 58:** Which action can help maintain a minority language within the family? A\) Parents consistently using the minority language with their children\ B) Limiting exposure to the minority language\ C) Encouraging children to watch only majority language media\ D) Not teaching the minority language\'s writing system **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Regular use of the minority language by parents reinforces it and aids maintenance.\ (Page 62-63) **Question 59:** Language death can be a result of: A\) Voluntary shift to a more prestigious language\ B) Massacre or epidemic eliminating all speakers\ C) Introduction of bilingual education\ D) Creation of new words in a language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** When all speakers of a language die due to events like massacres or epidemics, the language dies too.\ (Page 59) **Question 60:** Which of the following is an example of institutional support in the religious domain? A\) Using the majority language exclusively in all services\ B) Offering religious services in the minority language\ C) Prohibiting the minority language in religious contexts\ D) Requiring all members to use the majority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Using the minority language in religious services supports its maintenance.\ (Page 65) **Question 61:** Which of the following factors can contribute to language shift in a community? A\) Strong governmental policies supporting the minority language\ B) High prestige and international recognition of the minority language\ C) Economic necessity to adopt the majority language for employment\ D) Effective bilingual education programs in the minority language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Economic pressures to adopt the majority language for employment can lead to language shift.\ (Page 61) **Question 62:** The process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire of a community is called: A\) Language death\ B) Language loss\ C) Language revival\ D) Language shift **Answer:** D **Explanation:** Language shift refers to one language replacing another in a community\'s language use.\ (Page 58, Answer to Exercise 3(a)) **Question 63:** A community that uses a minority language only in religious ceremonies is likely experiencing: A\) Language maintenance\ B) Language shift\ C) Language revival\ D) Stable bilingualism **Answer:** B **Explanation:** When a language is limited to rituals, it indicates a shift toward the majority language in other domains.\ (Page 60) **Question 64:** What impact does a positive international status of a minority language have on its maintenance? A\) No impact at all\ B) It hinders maintenance efforts\ C) It contributes positively by enhancing pride and motivation\ D) It causes confusion among speakers **Answer:** C **Explanation:** International prestige can enhance pride in the language and motivate communities to maintain it.\ (Page 63) **Question 65:** An example of demographic support diminishing and affecting language maintenance is: A\) An increase in the population of minority language speakers\ B) Out-migration of minority language speakers to urban areas\ C) Concentration of speakers in one geographical area\ D) Arrival of new immigrants speaking the minority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Out-migration reduces the local speaker population, weakening the language\'s usage and maintenance.\ (Page 67-68) **Question 66:** Which is a potential outcome when a minority language lacks use in domains like education, media, and administration? A\) The language becomes more widely used\ B) Language shift towards the majority language\ C) Increased proficiency in the minority language\ D) Strengthened institutional support **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Without use in key domains, the minority language may be abandoned in favor of the majority language.\ (Page 65-66) **Question 67:** Language maintenance efforts are more likely to succeed when the government: A\) Suppresses the minority language\ B) Is indifferent to language issues\ C) Actively supports and promotes the minority language\ D) Only uses the minority language in informal settings **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Government support is crucial in providing institutional backing for language maintenance.\ (Page 66) **Question 68:** In the context of language maintenance, an \"avoidance relationship\" might explain: A\) Frequent communication between all community members\ B) The refusal of two speakers to communicate in their shared language\ C) The rapid adoption of the majority language\ D) The creation of a new pidgin language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** An avoidance relationship may result in speakers not using their shared language, impacting maintenance.\ (Page 58, Example 5) **Question 69:** Which of the following statements is true regarding language revival? A\) It is impossible once a language has died\ B) It requires only the efforts of linguists\ C) It can be successful with strong community motivation and support\ D) It happens naturally without any deliberate action **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Community motivation and concerted efforts are essential for successful language revival.\ (Page 67) **Question 70:** The process by which speakers become less proficient in a language due to decreased use is called: A\) Language shift\ B) Language death\ C) Language loss\ D) Language maintenance **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Language loss refers to decreasing proficiency in a language due to reduced use and opportunities.\ (Page 59-60) **Question 71:** Which activity would most likely aid in the maintenance of a minority language? A\) Conducting all school instruction in the majority language\ B) Prohibiting the use of the minority language in public\ C) Offering community events where the minority language is used\ D) Discouraging children from learning the minority language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Community events using the minority language provide opportunities for use and reinforce its value.\ (Page 65) **Question 72:** An example of language shift driven by political factors is: A\) A community choosing to revive a language for cultural reasons\ B) A government imposing an official language, leading to diminished use of a minority language\ C) The natural evolution of a language over time\ D) Individuals choosing to learn a foreign language for travel **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Political imposition of an official language can lead to shift away from minority languages.\ (Page 57) **Question 73:** What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand? A\) The Maori people refused to use their language\ B) English became dominant in most domains, including media and education\ C) Maori was the only language used in schools\ D) Government policies enforced the use of Maori **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The dominance of English in important domains led to reduced use of Maori.\ (Page 62) **Question 74:** Which of the following best illustrates the concept of language maintenance? A\) A minority language disappearing within two generations\ B) A community actively using and teaching their language to younger generations\ C) The majority language being replaced by a minority language\ D) Individuals refusing to learn any new languages **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Actively using and teaching the language ensures its continued use, maintaining it within the community.\ (Page 65) **Question 75:** Which of these is a cultural factor that supports language maintenance? A\) Negative media portrayal of the minority language\ B) A strong tradition of literature and arts in the minority language\ C) Absence of written materials in the minority language\ D) Majority language education only **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Cultural richness, like literature and arts, in the minority language encourages pride and maintenance efforts.\ (Page 63) **Question 76:** In communities where bilingualism is the norm, language shift is: A\) More likely to occur\ B) Less likely to occur\ C) Irrelevant to language maintenance\ D) Accelerated by bilingualism **Answer:** B **Explanation:** In societies where bilingualism is normal, there is less pressure to abandon one language for another.\ (Page 70) **Question 77:** Which type of domain is most susceptible to early language shift? A\) Home and family settings\ B) Religious ceremonies\ C) Educational and workplace environments\ D) Private thoughts and dreams **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Educational and workplace domains often require the majority language, leading to early shift in these areas.\ (Page 54-55) **Question 78:** The presence of which of the following in a community is a sign of strong ethnolinguistic vitality? A\) Minority language used only by elderly members\ B) Minority language dying out in all domains\ C) Active use of the minority language across multiple domains and by all age groups\ D) Exclusive use of the majority language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Active and widespread use across domains and age groups indicates strong vitality and maintenance potential.\ (Page 66) **Question 79:** An important factor for language maintenance within migrant communities is: A\) Complete isolation from the majority society\ B) Integration and only using the majority language\ C) Establishing community structures like churches and schools using their language\ D) Avoiding any educational opportunities **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Community structures using the minority language provide platforms for use and reinforce its importance.\ (Page 65) **Question 80:** In a diglossic situation leading to language shift, the typical pattern is: A\) The H variety displacing the L variety\ B) The L variety displacing the H variety\ C) Both varieties being maintained equally\ D) Neither variety being used **Answer:** A **Explanation:** The high-status H variety often expands into L domains, leading to shift away from the L variety.\ (Page 72, Answer to Exercise 3(b)) **Question 81:** Which of the following best describes why a language with a small number of speakers might still be maintained? A\) Lack of any community support\ B) Strong feelings of identity and pride among its speakers\ C) No available educational resources\ D) Widespread apathy toward the language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Strong identity and pride can motivate speakers to maintain and use the language despite small numbers.\ (Page 63) **Question 82:** What might be the impact of intergenerational transmission on language maintenance? A\) It has no effect\ B) It can lead to language shift if not continued\ C) It guarantees language death\ D) It always results in the creation of a new language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Without passing the language to the next generation, maintenance fails and shift may occur.\ (Page 62-63) **Question 83:** Which outcome is possible when a minority language is only used during special ceremonies? A\) The language is maintained in everyday use\ B) The language is thriving in all domains\ C) The language is at risk of becoming extinct except for ceremonial phrases\ D) The language is being revived successfully **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Limited use in ceremonies suggests the language is not used daily and is at risk of extinction.\ (Page 60) **Question 84:** An effective strategy to enhance the status of a minority language is to: A\) Avoid using it in any official capacity\ B) Promote its use in media, education, and government\ C) Discourage its use among younger generations\ D) Limit its use to informal and private settings **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Using the language in high-status domains raises its prestige and supports maintenance efforts.\ (Page 65-66) **Question 85:** In the context of language shift, unequal bilingualism refers to: A\) Equal proficiency in both the majority and minority language\ B) Greater proficiency in the majority language and limited use of the minority language\ C) More proficiency in the minority language\ D) No proficiency in either language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Unequal bilingualism often leads to preference for the majority language and contributes to shift.\ (Page 59-60) **Question 86:** What effect does a heritage language program in schools have on language maintenance? A\) It discourages use of the minority language\ B) It enhances proficiency and pride in the minority language among students\ C) It accelerates language shift\ D) It has no impact on language use **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Heritage language programs teach the minority language, aiding maintenance and fostering positive attitudes.\ (Page 65) **Question 87:** Which of the following best explains the concept of \"language loss\"? A\) The death of a language\ B) The process where a community completely replaces their language\ C) Decreasing individual proficiency in a language due to reduced use\ D) The spread of a language to new regions **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Language loss refers to individuals losing proficiency as they use the language less frequently.\ (Page 59-60) **Question 88:** Language maintenance is more challenging in a family when: A\) Both parents speak the minority language at home\ B) The minority language is valued and used in public domains\ C) There is strong community support for the minority language\ D) One parent does not speak the minority language **Answer:** D **Explanation:** If one parent doesn\'t speak the minority language, it\'s harder to use and maintain it at home.\ (Page 62-63) **Question 89:** Which of the following can be an indicator of a minority language\'s vitality when observed in a linguistic landscape? A\) Absence of the minority language in public signage\ B) Presence of minority language signs in shops, advertisements, and public notices\ C) Use of the minority language only in private homes\ D) Exclusive use of the majority language in all public spaces **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Visibility of the minority language in public spaces indicates active use and supports vitality.\ (Page 66-67, Answer to Exercise 7) **Question 90:** Which of these statements reflects a factor that may slow down language shift? A\) The minority language has no written form\ B) The community is dispersed and lacks cohesion\ C) The minority language is associated with social stigma\ D) Regular arrival of new immigrants who speak the minority language **Answer:** D **Explanation:** New immigrants provide fresh language input and reinforce use within the community.\ (Page 65) **Question 91:** A \"point of no return\" in language loss refers to: A\) When language shift begins\ B) The exact moment a language dies\ C) The idea that after a certain point, revival efforts may not be successful\ D) The peak of language vitality **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Beyond this point, language loss may be so advanced that revival efforts face significant challenges.\ (Page 67) **Question 92:** Which factor is least likely to contribute to language maintenance? A\) Strong institutional support\ B) Positive community attitudes\ C) High levels of intermarriage with majority language speakers\ D) Use of the minority language in education **Answer:** C **Explanation:** High intermarriage rates often lead to greater use of the majority language at home, hindering maintenance.\ (Page 62-63) **Question 93:** Which of the following best describes the term \"killer language\"? A\) A language that causes other languages to become extinct due to its dominance\ B) A language used exclusively in violent contexts\ C) A minority language that replaces majority languages\ D) A language no one wants to learn **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Dominant languages like English can overwhelm and lead to the extinction of minority languages.\ (Page 57) **Question 94:** One way communities can promote language maintenance is by: A\) Limiting the language\'s use to personal thoughts\ B) Establishing media outlets like radio and television in the minority language\ C) Encouraging exclusive use of the majority language\ D) Discouraging youth from learning the language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Media in the minority language increases exposure and normalizes its use, aiding maintenance.\ (Page 65-66) **Question 95:** How does urbanization typically affect language maintenance? A\) It has no impact\ B) It strengthens minority languages\ C) It often leads to language shift due to increased use of the majority language\ D) It causes languages to merge **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Urbanization brings greater exposure to the majority language, often accelerating shift.\ (Page 58) **Question 96:** Which societal attitude is most supportive of bilingualism and language maintenance? A\) Viewing bilingualism as a disadvantage\ B) Considering monolingualism the norm\ C) Valuing bilingualism as an asset and normal part of society\ D) Avoiding any mention of minority languages **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Societies that value bilingualism create environments where maintaining minority languages is accepted and encouraged.\ (Page 70) **Question 97:** Which of the following is a challenge in reviving a language? A\) Having a strong written tradition\ B) Active community engagement\ C) Lack of speakers and limited functional use in daily life\ D) Positive government policies **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Without enough speakers and daily use contexts, reviving a language is significantly more challenging.\ (Page 67) **Question 98:** Improved transportation and communication can impact language maintenance by: A\) Isolating communities and enhancing language use\ B) Increasing exposure to the majority language and potentially reducing minority language use\ C) Having no effect on language use\ D) Only benefiting the minority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Better transportation and communication increase majority language exposure, possibly decreasing minority language use.\ (Page 62) **Question 99:** Which of the following would be considered a formal domain where using the minority language can promote its maintenance? A\) Casual conversations among friends\ B) Official government proceedings conducted in the minority language\ C) Internal thoughts and dreams\ D) Texting using slang in the minority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Using the minority language in formal, official contexts raises its status and supports maintenance.\ (Page 68, Answer to Exercise 8) **Question 100:** What is the significance of having a \"linguistic landscape\" that includes the minority language for its speakers? A\) It discourages the use of the minority language\ B) It serves as a visual affirmation of the language\'s presence and vitality\ C) It confuses residents and visitors\ D) It has no impact on language maintenance **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Visible use of the language in public spaces reinforces its importance and supports maintenance.\ (Page 66-67, Answer to Exercise 7) **Question 1:** Which of the following best illustrates the process of language shift in Maniben\'s experience as described in the chapter? A\) Learning multiple languages simultaneously from birth\ B) Gradual replacement of her native language with the majority language at work\ C) Rejecting the majority language in favor of her ethnic language\ D) Maintaining her ethnic language in all domains despite societal pressures **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Maniben\'s experience demonstrates how she gradually shifted from using Gujerati to using English almost exclusively at work over a period of ten years, illustrating language shift in the workplace domain.\ *(Page 53)* **Question 2:** In the example of Armeen, what is the primary concern regarding the Azeri language in Iran? A\) It is being officially promoted over Farsi\ B) It is displacing Farsi in public signage\ C) It is losing domains of use to Farsi and not being taught formally\ D) It has no written form or literature **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Armeen is concerned that Azeri is being displaced by Farsi, especially in public signs, and that literacy in Azeri is almost non-existent because it is not taught in schools, indicating a loss of domains and educational support.\ *(Page 55)* **Question 3:** The dominance of Farsi in public signage in Tabriz sends what symbolic message about the Azeri language? A\) Azeri is officially recognized and promoted\ B) Azeri is the language of commerce in Tabriz\ C) Azeri is considered irrelevant by the government due to the dominance of Farsi in public spaces\ D) Azeri is gaining popularity among youth **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The prevalence of Farsi on public signs in Tabriz symbolically communicates that, from the government\'s perspective, Azeri is irrelevant, contributing to the perception that Farsi is the language of importance.\ *(Page 55)* **Question 4:** Which factor contributed significantly to the language shift from Hungarian to German in the town of Oberwart? A\) Official promotion of Hungarian in schools\ B) Isolation from German-speaking communities\ C) Industrialization leading to the expansion of German\'s functions and association with progress\ D) A lack of bilingualism among the young people **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Industrialization in Oberwart expanded the functions of German, associating it with social and economic progress, which led to a language shift as residents sought advancement.\ *(Pages 55-56)* **Question 5:** In Oberwart, social networks influenced language use. Which of the following statements is true according to the chapter? A\) Older peasants and grandparents predominantly used German\ B) Young people used Hungarian exclusively with friends\ C) Interactions between younger people and those in professional jobs predominantly occurred in German\ D) The choice of language was random and not influenced by social networks **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The chapter notes that in Oberwart, younger people and those working in industrial or professional jobs predominantly used German, showing how social networks and occupations influenced language choice.\ *(Page 56)* **Question 6:** What was the significance of the pattern of language use in Table 3.1 regarding the future of Hungarian in Oberwart? A\) It showed a stable bilingual situation with no risk of shift\ B) It indicated that Hungarian was expanding into new domains\ C) It suggested that German was gradually displacing Hungarian, especially among younger speakers\ D) It confirmed that Hungarian would remain the dominant language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Table 3.1 illustrates the generational shift toward German, especially among younger speakers, suggesting that Hungarian may eventually be entirely displaced if the trend continues.\ *(Page 56)* **Question 7:** Which demographic factor contributed to Crystal\'s rapid language shift from Spanish to English in New Zealand? A\) She lived in a large Spanish-speaking community\ B) Her family had frequent contact with Spanish-speaking relatives\ C) She lived in a small town with no opportunities to use Spanish outside the home\ D) She attended a bilingual Spanish-English school **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Crystal\'s isolation in a small provincial town with no opportunities to use Spanish outside her family led to rapid language shift as she needed to integrate into the English-speaking community.\ *(Page 62)* **Question 8:** In the context of language shift, what is one impact of improved transportation and communication on isolated minority language communities? A\) It aids in maintaining the minority language by connecting communities\ B) It has no significant impact on language use\ C) It enhances isolation from the majority language\ D) It increases exposure to the majority language, potentially accelerating language shift **Answer:** D **Explanation:** Improved transportation and communication reduce isolation, facilitating increased contact with the majority language and culture, which can accelerate language shift.\ *(Page 62)* **Question 9:** Annie\'s experience with Dyirbal illustrates which of the following processes? A\) Total language revival with full community support\ B) Language maintenance with strong institutional backing\ C) Gradual language loss due to decreasing use and proficiency among younger speakers\ D) Expansion of Dyirbal into educational and official domains **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Annie is experiencing language loss as her proficiency in Dyirbal diminishes due to fewer opportunities to use it, reflecting the broader pattern of language erosion among younger speakers.\ *(Pages 59-60)* **Question 10:** Which of the following strategies did the Welsh government implement to support the revival of the Welsh language? A\) Making Welsh instruction optional in schools\ B) Establishing Welsh-language television channels and effective bilingual education programs\ C) Prohibiting the use of Welsh in governmental proceedings\ D) Discouraging non-Welsh speakers from moving to Wales **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The Welsh government supported language revival by establishing a Welsh-language TV channel and implementing bilingual education programs to increase proficiency and use among younger generations.\ *(Pages 67-68)* **Question 11:** In Exercise 9, Figure 3.1 presents dimensions for analyzing language maintenance and shift. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions included? A\) Economic Factors\ B) Cultural Factors\ C) Religious Factors\ D) Technological Factors **Answer:** D **Explanation:** The dimensions discussed include economic, cultural, and religious factors, but technological factors are not explicitly listed in Figure 3.1.\ *(Page 70)* **Question 12:** The concept of ethnolinguistic vitality includes three main components. Which of the following is NOT one of these components? A\) Status of the language\ B) The size and distribution of the language community (demographics)\ C) Institutional support for the language\ D) Individual speakers\' economic wealth **Answer:** D **Explanation:** Ethnolinguistic vitality considers the status of the language, demographics, and institutional support, but not the individual economic wealth of speakers.\ *(Page 66)* **Question 13:** In the context of language maintenance, what role do heritage language programs play as described in the chapter? A\) They accelerate language shift by promoting the majority language\ B) They provide instruction in the minority language to support maintenance and cultural identity\ C) They replace community efforts to maintain the language\ D) They focus solely on adult education **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Heritage language programs offer education in the minority language, supporting maintenance by enhancing language skills and reinforcing cultural identity among younger generations.\ *(Page 65)* **Question 14:** Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of \"language erosion\" mentioned in the chapter? A\) A sudden drop in the number of speakers due to a natural disaster\ B) The gradual reduction in proficiency and use of a language among its speakers\ C) The rapid expansion of a language into new domains and regions\ D) The official banning of a language by government authorities **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language erosion refers to the gradual loss of language proficiency and reduction in usage as speakers have fewer opportunities and contexts to use the language.\ *(Page 60)* **Question 15:** In discussing the revival of Hebrew, what was identified as a key factor in its successful revitalization? A\) Strict government enforcement without public support\ B) Limiting the use of Hebrew to religious contexts\ C) Strong nationalist sentiment leading adults to actively use Hebrew with their children\ D) Excluding other languages from the region entirely **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The revival of Hebrew was largely due to strong nationalist feelings among Israeli adults, who made a conscious effort to use Hebrew with their children, thereby reestablishing it as a living language.\ *(Page 67)* **Question 16:** According to the chapter, language shift can sometimes be led by women or men depending on: A\) The linguistic complexity of the minority language\ B) The level of institutional support for the minority language\ C) Employment opportunities and societal gender roles affecting who interacts more with the majority language\ D) The natural linguistic abilities of each gender **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The chapter states that the gender leading language shift can vary based on who enters new jobs associated with the majority language, influenced by societal gender roles and economic factors.\ *(Page 61)* **Question 17:** To effectively maintain a minority language, there must be: A\) Legal penalties for using the majority language\ B) Mandatory government programs enforcing language use\ C) Regular, meaningful communication in the language across various domains\ D) Isolation from all forms of media in the majority language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Maintenance of a minority language requires regular and meaningful use in everyday communication across multiple domains to keep the language vibrant and functional.\ *(Page 62)* **Question 18:** In the chapter, social pressures to conform play what role in the language shift among migrant communities? A\) Encouraging continued use of the minority language to preserve culture\ B) No significant role in language choices\ C) Pressuring migrants to adopt the majority language to fit in with the larger society\ D) Leading migrants to isolate themselves linguistically from the majority community **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Social pressures often motivate migrants to adopt the majority language to gain acceptance and avoid appearing different, contributing to language shift.\ *(Page 54)* **Question 19:** The chapter mentions that in many Maori communities, the use of Maori in ceremonies depends on: A\) The presence of government officials\ B) The availability of respected elders who are fluent in the language\ C) The economic benefits provided for using Maori\ D) Technological advancements supporting language use **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The use of Maori in ceremonies depends on elders who retain knowledge of the appropriate language structures and cultural protocols, highlighting the importance of intergenerational transmission.\ *(Page 60)* **Question 20:** What effect do mass media platforms such as television have on language maintenance in minority communities, according to the chapter? A\) They always promote the minority language and its usage\ B) They have no effect on language practices within minority communities\ C) They can contribute to language shift by increasing exposure to the majority language, especially among younger generations\ D) They discourage the use of the majority language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Mass media often provides content in the majority language, which increases exposure and can lead to the younger generation favoring the majority language over their minority language, accelerating language shift.\ *(Page 62)* **Question 1:** What is the concept of \"linguistic landscapes\" as discussed in the chapter? A\) The variety of languages spoken in a country\ B) The physical terrain influencing language development\ C) The display of languages in public spaces, such as signs and billboards\ D) The study of ancient languages and their origins **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Linguistic landscapes refer to the visibility and presence of languages in public spaces, including signs, billboards, and other written displays, reflecting language use and vitality in a community.\ *(Page 66, Exercise 1(c) and Answer)* **Question 2:** How can the study of linguistic landscapes provide insights into the vitality of a minority linguistic community? A\) By showing the dominance of the majority language only\ B) Through the analysis of languages used in private conversations\ C) By examining the presence and visibility of the minority language in public signs and notices\ D) By focusing solely on online language use **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The presence of minority language signs, advertisements, and public notices in the linguistic landscape indicates active use and vitality, providing insights into the strength and visibility of the minority linguistic community.\ *(Pages 66-67, Answer to Exercise 7)* **Question 3:** Which of the following is a strategy mentioned in the chapter for reviving endangered languages? A\) Imposing legal penalties for not using the endangered language\ B) Implementing immersion education programs using the endangered language as the medium of instruction\ C) Eliminating the use of other languages in the community\ D) Avoiding any official recognition of the endangered language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Immersion education involves teaching students in the endangered language, which helps in revitalizing it by fostering fluency and regular use among younger generations.\ *(Page 68)* **Question 4:** The successful revival of Hebrew demonstrates that: A\) A language cannot be revived once it has no native speakers\ B) Strong nationalist feelings and deliberate efforts can lead to the revival of a language\ C) Only languages with a large number of speakers can be revived\ D) Language revival is dependent solely on government policies **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Hebrew was successfully revived due to strong nationalist sentiments and concerted efforts by Israeli adults to use the language with their children, showing that a language can be revitalized with determination and community support.\ *(Page 67)* **Question 5:** What role does technology play in language shift, as discussed in the chapter? A\) Technology has no impact on language use\ B) Technological advancements always support minority language maintenance\ C) Increased accessibility of majority language content through technology can contribute to language shift\ D) Technology eliminates the need for language altogether **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Technological advancements, such as the internet and media accessible in the majority language, can increase exposure to that language and contribute to language shift by reducing the use of the minority language.\ *(Page 70, Answer to Exercise 11)* **Question 6:** How can technology be utilized as a tool for language maintenance and revitalization? A\) By restricting access to technological devices\ B) Through the development of digital resources, apps, and online content in the minority language\ C) By promoting the exclusive use of the majority language online\ D) By avoiding the use of technology in education **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Technology can support language maintenance by providing digital platforms, educational apps, and online content in the minority language, making it more accessible and engaging, especially for younger generations.\ *(Page 70)* **Question 7:** What is one challenge associated with measuring ethnolinguistic vitality? A\) The number of speakers is always difficult to determine\ B) Attitudes and perceptions are subjective and hard to quantify precisely\ C) Institutional support can only be measured financially\ D) Demographic data is irrelevant to vitality **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Measuring components like attitudes toward the language and perceptions of its status involves subjective judgments, making it challenging to quantify ethnolinguistic vitality accurately.\ *(Page 66)* **Question 8:** Language planning and policies can influence language maintenance by: A\) Having no effect on language use\ B) Implementing supportive policies that promote the use of minority languages in official domains\ C) Enforcing monolingualism in the majority language\ D) Ignoring the needs of minority language communities **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language planning and supportive policies can aid maintenance by promoting minority languages in education, administration, and media, providing institutional support necessary for their continued use.\ *(Page 66)* **Question 9:** An example of a language policy that supports minority language maintenance is: A\) Prohibiting the teaching of the minority language in schools\ B) Making the minority language a compulsory subject in education\ C) Limiting government services to the majority language only\ D) Requiring all media to broadcast exclusively in the majority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Making the minority language compulsory in schools, as done by the Welsh National Assembly for Welsh up to age 16, supports language maintenance by ensuring that all students learn and use the language.\ *(Page 66, 68)* **Question 10:** Which additional factor is mentioned in the chapter as contributing to language shift but was not discussed in detail? A\) Technological change, including access to online content and media in the majority language\ B) Increased birth rates among minority language speakers\ C) Declining interest in the majority language\ D) Strict preservation of traditional cultural practices **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Technological changes, such as the availability of internet content and portable devices, contribute to language shift by making majority language resources more accessible, thereby influencing language use patterns.\ *(Page 70, Answer to Exercise 11)* **Question 11:** Why is intergenerational language transmission critical for language maintenance, as discussed in the chapter? A\) It allows for the immediate revival of a language\ B) Without transmitting the language to children, the language cannot continue to be used in daily life\ C) It has minimal impact compared to institutional support\ D) Only older generations can maintain a language effectively **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Passing the language on to children ensures its continued use in future generations; without intergenerational transmission, the language risks becoming extinct as speakers age.\ *(Page 62-63, 70)* **Question 12:** How does globalization impact minority languages, according to the chapter? A\) It exclusively benefits minority languages by spreading them globally\ B) It has no impact on language use\ C) It can contribute to language shift by promoting majority languages worldwide\ D) It isolates minority language communities from global communication **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Globalization spreads majority languages and concepts globally, often at the expense of minority languages, as global languages become necessary for communication, work, and media consumption.\ *(Page 70)* **Question 13:** Which of the following is a reason technology might accelerate language shift in minority communities? A\) The high cost of technological devices\ B) Lack of interest in technology among minority language speakers\ C) Majority language dominance in online content and digital communication platforms\ D) Technology\'s inability to support written language **Answer:** C **Explanation:** As online content and digital communication are often dominated by the majority language, minority language speakers may increasingly use the majority language to access technology, accelerating language shift.\ *(Page 70)* **Question 14:** The chapter mentions language policies in education as a means to support language maintenance. What is one example? A\) Offering bilingual education programs that teach subjects in both the minority and majority languages\ B) Eliminating the minority language from the curriculum\ C) Allowing only after-school clubs to use the minority language\ D) Focusing exclusively on teaching the majority language **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Bilingual education programs use both the minority and majority languages for instruction, enhancing proficiency and supporting maintenance of the minority language.\ *(Page 68)* **Question 15:** What is one way that language planning can inadvertently contribute to language shift? A\) By supporting the use of minority languages in official domains\ B) By mandating monolingual education exclusively in the majority language\ C) By providing resources for minority language media\ D) By recognizing multiple official languages in a country **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Mandating monolingual education in the majority language can limit the domains where the minority language is used and learned, thus contributing to language shift away from the minority language.\ *(Page 55, 61)* **Question 16:** In the context of language maintenance, what is one effect of a community\'s positive attitudes towards their language? A\) It leads to immediate language shift\ B) It can strengthen efforts to use the language in various domains, aiding maintenance\ C) It has no impact on language use\ D) It isolates the community from the majority society **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Positive attitudes toward the minority language encourage its use and maintenance, as community members value it and are motivated to preserve it across different settings.\ *(Page 63)* **Question 17:** Which of the following is an example of institutional support for a minority language in the media domain? A\) Prohibiting broadcasts in the minority language\ B) Establishing radio and television stations that air programs in the minority language\ C) Requiring all media content to be in the majority language\ D) Allowing only print media in the minority language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Providing media outlets that broadcast in the minority language increases its visibility and usage opportunities, supporting language maintenance through institutional support in the media domain.\ *(Page 65-66)* **Question 18:** The chapter suggests that achieving language maintenance requires more than wishing. Which of the following supports this statement? A\) Language maintenance happens naturally without effort\ B) Active and conscious efforts are necessary to create opportunities and domains for language use\ C) The majority language will adapt to include the minority language\ D) Government policies alone can maintain a language **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The chapter emphasizes that without deliberate actions to promote and use the minority language, it will likely be lost; proactive efforts are needed to maintain it.\ *(Page 70)* **Question 19:** Which of the following is a key component of language planning aimed at reviving a minority language? A\) Making the language mandatory in all public signage\ B) Isolating the language community from others\ C) Developing educational materials and curricula in the minority language\ D) Eliminating all foreign language influences **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Creating educational resources and curricula in the minority language is essential for teaching it effectively and integrating it into formal education, which is crucial for its revival.\ *(Page 68)* **Question 20:** According to the chapter, why might some language revival efforts not achieve their intended goals? A\) Lack of interest from linguists\ B) Insufficient desire or motivation within the community to revive the language\ C) The language has too few grammatical rules\ D) The majority language is prohibited **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Without strong community motivation and commitment, revival efforts may falter because the necessary support and participation to bring the language back into regular use are lacking. *(Page 67)*