Anabolism of Biomolecules (Part I) PDF

Topic 2 Anabolism of Biomolecules (Part I) BIOL 2036SEF/S236F Cellular and Molecular Biology 2 Topic Covered Readings: Chapter 15, Biology ▪ Metabolism of Carbohydrates ▪ Metabolism of Amino Acids ▪ Metabolism of Fatty Acids ▪ Metabolism of Nucleotides 1 What is Metabolism? 4 Metabolism is a network...

Topic 2 Anabolism of Biomolecules (Part I) BIOL 2036SEF/S236F Cellular and Molecular Biology 2 Topic Covered Readings: Chapter 15, Biology ▪ Metabolism of Carbohydrates ▪ Metabolism of Amino Acids ▪ Metabolism of Fatty Acids ▪ Metabolism of Nucleotides 1 What is Metabolism? 4 Metabolism is a network of metabolic /biochemical reactions. ▪ Carried out in living cells. ▪ In a well organized, integrated and regulated manner. ▪ Related to various biomolecules viz ▫ Carbohydrates ▫ Lipids ▫ Proteins ▫ Nucleoproteins ▪ 5 ▪ Metabolism involves interconversions of chemical compounds in the body. ▪ Metabolite precursors are transformed to end products via many specific intermediates. 6 ▪ Metabolism is the sum of the chemical changes that convert: ▫ Nutrients into energy. ▫ Chemically complex substances of cells into simpler forms. ▫ Chemically simple substances into functional complex biomolecules. CATABOLISM : ​The process that is breaking down of things : A series of degradative chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units, and does not require energy because it is releasing energy. ANABOLISM : ​The process to building up of things : Chemical reaction that synthesizes molecules from the smaller components and usually require energy in process 7 8 The Sun is Energy for Life  Phototrophs (Plants) use light to drive synthesis of organic molecules.  Heterotrophs (Animals) use these as building blocks.  CO2,O2 and H2O are recycled. 10 Importance Of Metabolism ▪ Normal Metabolism is vital for health, growth, reproduction and good survival of human beings. 11 https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/21-molecules-to-metabolism/anabolism-and-catabolism.html 2 Glucose Metabolism 13 What is Glucose Metabolism ? ▪ There are 4 main processes that involved in glucose metabolism : i) Gluconeogenesis ii) Glycogenolysis iii) Glycolysis iv) Glycogenesis 14 ▪ What is Glucose Metabolism ? i) Gluconeogenesis - Process to produce/provide from pyruvate into glucose. ▪ ii) Glycogenolysis - Process to stimulate the conversion of glycogen into glucose. - Catabolism process 15 ▪ What is Glucose Metabolism ? iii) Glycolysis - The process to break down the glucose (sugar) to form energy. - Catabolism process. - The end product are pyruvic acid and ATP. iv) Glycogenesis - The process to store the break down of glucose (sugar) when changed into glycogen. - Anabolism process. The pathway in the carbohydrate metabolism : ▪ Carbohydrate metabolism involved the small intestine where the monosaccharides are observed into the capillary blood. Concentration of glucose in blood are controlled by insulin, glucagon and epinephrine. ▪ - When the concentration of glucose in blood is increase, insulin is secreted by the pancreas. ▪ - When the concentration of glucose in blood is decrease, glucagon and epinephrine are secreted to stimulate the conversion of glucagon into the glucose through glycogenolysis. 16 17 18 ▪ - Because of little ATP that produced by glycolysis process, the reaction are then continue to pyruvic acids into acetyl-CoA, then to citric acid in the citric acid cycle. ▪ - Pyruvic also can be converted into lactic acid compared to acetyl CoA because of the strenuous muscle activities. When the muscle in the resting time, the lactic acids then will convert into pyruvic acid which then undergo the gluconeogenesis process. ▪ - The conversion of glucose into glycogen by glycogenesis also could occur and because glucose is not needed on that time. 19 Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis - As we know, the gluconeogenesis occur when the glucose level in blood are low. Then, these substrate are needed to genesis new glucose: ▪ 1) Amino acids 2) Lactate 3) Glycerol 4) Pyruvate. ▪ - Gluconeogenesis require anabolic pathway to synthesize the formation of glucose from amino acids, lactate and glycerol which then it also need energy to break down pyruvate. 20 21 ▪ Important events in Glycolysis - There are 4 important events that happen in glycolysis: ▪ i) Substrate level phosphorylation which is the phosphate group from ATP are transferred to glucose. ▪ ii) 6C molecules of glucose is broken down with two 3C molecules. ▪ iii)2 electrons are transferred to the coenzyme NAD ▪ iv)The energy is in ATP form. 22 3 Protein Metabolism 24 ▪ Protein Protein are the important tissue builders in body which it can help in the cell structure, functions, haemoglobin formation to carry oxygen, enzyme for metabolic reaction and other functions in the body. Also in supply the nitrogen for the DNA and RNA genetic materials and the energy production. This is because, protein contain long chain of amino acids. 25 ▪ Protein Metabolism Protein metabolism is the process to breakdown foods are used by the body to gain energy. During protein metabolism, some of the protein will converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis process. (Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources). 26 Amino Acid Metabolism 27 28 Krebs cycle 29 Amino acids degradation ▪ The general ways of amino acids degradation ▪ 1. Deamination - Elimination of amino group from amino acid with ammonia formation. - Types of deamination : i) Oxidative ii) Reductive iii)Hydrolytic iv)Intramolecular 2. Transamination 3. Decarboxylation 30 Deamination ▪ - Elimination of amino group from amino acid with ammonia formation. ▪ - Types of deamination : i) Oxidative ii) Reductive iii) Hydrolytic iv) Intramolecular 31 ▪ Oxidative Deamination L-Glutamate dehydrogenase present in both cytosol and mitochondria to the liver. ​L-Glutamate takes part in amino acids deamination. ▪ Removes the amino groups as an ammonium ion from glutamate ▪ Provides alpha-ketoglutarate for transamination. 32 ▪ transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new33 amino acids. ▪ responsible for the deamination of most amino acids ▪ This is one of the major degradation pathways which convert essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids ▪ The enzyme that involved is aminotransferase (transaminase) ▪ There are different reaction of transaminases between alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Transamination 34 Glutamate's amino group, in turn, is transferred to oxaloacetate in a second transamination reaction yielding aspartate. Glutamate + oxaloacetate ↔ α-ketoglutarate + aspartate 35 36 Transamination pathway 37 38 Decarboxylation ▪ The process to remove of carbon dioxide from the amino acid with formation of amines. ▪ The enzyme that involved is decarboxylases. The coenzyme is pyrpdoxalphosphate 39 ▪ Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is critical for cell survival. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides. ▪ 12 out of 22 amino acids are readily synthesized by the body. Because these 12 amino acids are not required in our diet, they are called nonessential amino acids. The other 10 are considered essential amino acids because they must be acquired through the diet. Anabolism of Amino Acids 40 41 Essential amino acids Number Amino acid’s Name 1 (essential in preterm infants) Arginine 2 Non-essential amino acids Number Name of Amino acid 1 Alanine 2 Aspargine Histidine 3 Aspartic Acid 3 Isoleucine 4 Cysteine 4 Leucine 5 Cystine 6 Glutamic acid 5 Lysine 7 Glutamine 6 Methionine 8 Glycine 7 Phenyalanine 9 Hydroxyproline 8 Threonine 10 Proline 9 Tryptophan 11 Serine 10 Valine 12 Tyrosine 13 (Non-essential in adults) Arginine 42 43 44 Thanks! Any questions? You can find me at [email protected] & Tel: 27685938