Introduction To Psychology PSY100 PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY: PSY100 AUA-CAS PRESENTER: NAVIDA EDWARDS INTRODUCTION If you could invite one person over for dinner, who would it be and why? If you could have an endless supply of anything in the world what would it be and why? If you could have a super power, what would it b...

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY: PSY100 AUA-CAS PRESENTER: NAVIDA EDWARDS INTRODUCTION If you could invite one person over for dinner, who would it be and why? If you could have an endless supply of anything in the world what would it be and why? If you could have a super power, what would it be and why? 2 OBJECTIVES STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Analyse lifespan development and the theories that support it Review stages in development and their importance to Psychology Discuss death and dying and the grief process 3 THE LIFESPAN AND PSYCHOLOGY What relevance does the study of your lifespan; from birth to death, has to do with psychological science? Why is it necessary to study the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development? These questions relate to the continuous act of development as surrounds what constitutes an individual from their genetics, interaction with their environment, what they learn through their culture and relationships to name a few. 4 THE LIFESPAN AND PSYCHOLOGY Are your childhood experiences key? 5 THE LIFESPAN AND PSYCHOLOGY Developmental Psychologist believe that development is continuous and can be studied scientifically across three developmental domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development Physical: exterior changes Cognitive: memory, thought, language Psychosocial development: interactions with others socially, personality and emotions 6 THE LIFESPAN AND PSYCHOLOGY We would have touched on research methods previously as it is noteworthy to mention that developmental psychologists use methods such as naturalistic observations, case studies, surveys, and experiments, to study lifespan development. 7 THE LIFESPAN AND PSYCHOLOGY Let us look at the example of how we arrive at a definitive criteria to compare development. Have you heard of developmental milestones before? How is it that we know what you should be doing at a particular age or time in our life? Developmental milestones addresses when a particular age group; peers, should crawl, speak with longer sentences, dress, begin puberty, or even where and how you can begin to communicate and learn. These important findings have implications in education and how information is disseminated and how they should be perceived. This point further highlights if someone exceeds or falls behind the expectation when compared to others in the same age group. Can you see the importance this has to how we develop along the three domains? Developmental milestones are attributed to normative approach where normative psychologist studied a large number of children of different age ranges to deem what was considered normal. 8  IS DEVELOPMENT CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS? Continuous development sees development as a gradual change where skills are improved. Therefore, as you grow and interact with the environment and learn, previous skills are improved. Where as, discontinuous development sees this process by specific moments. Rather, than a continuous event each change is characterized by a times or ages. 9 THE LIFESPAN AND PSYCHOLOGY Is it fair to say all children develop the same? How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development? Let us look at the study “Mental health and educational attainment: How developmental stage matters.” (Burger, K., Becker, M., & Schoon, I. (2024). Mental health and educational attainment: How developmental stage matters. Developmental Psychology, 60(1), 108– 123. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001634) 10 LIFESPAN THEORIES Psychosexual Theory of Development Freud’s stages of psychosexual development surrounds childhood experiences and the effect it has to shape who we are as adults. His position support discontinuous development where each aspect is necessary to move on to the next stage of development. Further, he posits that we become fixed at a stage if we are unable to move pass it. Therefore, we are stuck at a crucial developmental stage. According to Freud, children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital 11 LIFESPAN THEORIES Psychosexual Theory of Development 12  LIFESPAN THEORIES Psychosocial Theory of Development Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory emphasizes the social nature in comparison to Freud’s sexual nature. His focus was more on the social interactions which continues as we develop. This interaction with others is responsible for shaping our sense of self, or what he called the ego identity. His theory of development highlights the need to resolve conflicts through out the lifespan in order to become and have a feeling a being adequate. Failure to do so along the eight stages of development results in feeling inadequate. 13  LIFESPAN THEORIES Psychosocial Theory of Development Table 1. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development Stage Age (years) Developmental Task Description Trust (or mistrust) that basic 1 0–1 Trust vs. mistrust needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met Develop a sense of 2 1–3 Autonomy vs. shame/doubt independence in many tasks Take initiative on some activities—may develop guilt 3 3–6 Initiative vs. guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped Develop self-confidence in 4 7–11 Industry vs. inferiority abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not Experiment with and develop 5 12–18 Identity vs. confusion identity and roles Establish intimacy and 6 19–29 Intimacy vs. isolation relationships with others Contribute to society and be 14 7 30–64 Generativity vs. stagnation part of a family Assess and make sense of life 8 65– Integrity vs. despair and meaning of contributions LIFESPAN THEORIES Cognitive Theory of Development Jean Piaget focused on children’s cognitive growth and cognitive abilities develop through specific stages, which exemplifies the discontinuity approach to development. Criticism A major argument against this theory has to do with postformal thinking, with reference to how each stage of development handle emotionally charged issues. 15 LIFESPAN THEORIES Sociocultural Theory of Development Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of development suggests that human development is rooted in one’s culture. He addresses the importance of community and their influence on an individual and how they learn. Further, he notes how a more knowledgeable other (MKO) can ensure the learner receives proper information to complete a task. 16 LIFESPAN THEORIES Moral Theory Of Development Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) extended upon the foundation that Piaget built regarding cognitive development. Kohlberg believed that moral development, took a similar route like cognitive development, as it follows a series of stages. 17 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Prenatal Development There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Germinal Stage (Weeks 1–2)- Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3–8) Fetal Stage (Weeks 9–40) Germinal Stage Cell division of a Zygote; mitosis 18 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Prenatal Development Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3–8) After the zygote has implanted in the uterus; the embryo, develops a placenta which is the main source of nourishment from mother to child. At this stage you can hear the heart beat as well as he development of heart, chest and abdomen. 19 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Prenatal Development Fetal Stage (Weeks 9–40) Here is characterized by the disappearance of the tail. This time frame is crucial for the development of fingers, toes as well as the main organs necessary for birth. 20 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Prenatal Development Prenatal Influences Does the mother care for herself? What implications does this have to baby? 21 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Infancy Through Childhood Motor skills Fine motor skills Gross motor skills Cognitive Development- this point reiterates Piaget’s stance 22 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Attachment- connection with others. avoidant attachment resistant attachment disorganized attachment 23 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Self-Conceptauthoritative style authoritative style authoritarian style permissive style 24 ADOLESCENCE Physical Development Primary sexual characteristics Secondary sexual characteristics 25 ADOLESCENCE Cognitive Development Cognitive empathy 26 ADOLESCENCE Psychosocial Development Adolescents continue to refine their sense of self as they relate to others. Which theories are relevant here? Emerging Adulthood This period of lifespan development spanning from 18 years old to the mid-20s. This stage highlights where identity surrounds or is shaped by love and work. 27 ADULTHOOD Physical Development Peaks in mid twenties Cognitive Development Research has shown the importance in keeping active towards helping or minimizing dementia. As cognitive abilities can slow or diminish if not active. Psychosocial Development This is shaped by our culture and how we relate to others. 28 DEATH AND DYING living will or advance directive Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) health care proxy 29  Closure activity Based on the objectives given today, do you believe you have completed each task? Give reasons for your answers. 30 Thank you! 31