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What cognitive ability is demonstrated in the experiment involving toddlers observing liquids in different shaped containers?
What does the normative approach to development primarily seek to determine?
Which of the following developmental milestones is considered to be universal?
At what age do most children begin walking, according to the normative approach?
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Why might Louisa's daughter be 14 months old and still not walking?
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What is an example of a social milestone that varies across cultures?
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According to the normative psychologists mentioned, what is the focus of their studies?
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What is a limitation of some normative developmental milestones?
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What significantly reduces the likelihood of rubella in women in the United States?
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During which gestational days can limited alcohol exposure lead to significant facial abnormalities in offspring?
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What was the outcome of the Interagency Policy on Management of Substance Abuse During Pregnancy in Charleston?
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Why do some advocate for mandatory screenings for drug use during pregnancy?
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What specific group was primarily targeted by the Interagency Policy?
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Which part of fetal development is most affected by substance exposure?
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What is a potential consequence of policy enforcement for drug use during pregnancy?
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What is known about the brain's sensitivity to teratogenic effects?
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At what age do children typically begin to identify themselves in terms of group memberships?
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What is the significance of developing a positive self-concept in children?
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In which stage does Erikson suggest that children begin to compare themselves to others, influencing their self-concept?
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What did the Clark's study on children and doll choices demonstrate regarding self-concept?
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What is a common outcome for children with a favorable self-comparison during development?
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At what developmental stage does Erikson suggest that identity formation is re-evaluated?
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How did the findings from the Clark and Clark study impact societal views on segregation?
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Which statement best describes the process of self-concept development as influenced by peers?
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What do children begin to develop before birth?
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At what age do babies typically start cooing?
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What is the average vocabulary size of a 2-year-old toddler?
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Which sound pattern do babies engage in after cooing?
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What age range typically marks the vocabulary spurt in early childhood?
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Which of the following best describes the consistency of language structure learning among children?
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When do children typically begin to say their first meaningful words?
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What is a likely result of gesture usage in babies?
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What key aspect of Little Hans's case study informed Freud's theories?
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Which research method relies heavily on the honesty of participants for data collection?
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What distinguishes experimental research from other research methods in developmental psychology?
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What significant issue arises when collecting data through surveys?
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Which notable research was conducted by Ruth W. Howard in 1934?
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What was a significant outcome of Genie’s upbringing regarding language acquisition?
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What challenge does experimental research face when applied in a laboratory setting?
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What fundamental characteristic of case studies is highlighted in developmental psychology research?
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Freud’s theory states that personality develops during early ______.
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According to Freud, children’s pleasure-seeking urges focus on different areas called ______ zones.
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Erik Erikson modified Freud’s theory into his own psychosocial ______.
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Freud’s stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and ______.
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Freud believed that individuals might become ______ in a developmental stage without proper nurturance.
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Freud is viewed as a foundational figure in the field of ______.
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The major strength of developmental theories like Freud’s lies in understanding how ______ affects personality.
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Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the ______ nature of our development.
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According to Erikson, preschool children must resolve the task of initiative versus ______.
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During the elementary school stage, children face the task of industry versus ______.
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In adolescence, children confront the task of identity versus ______ confusion.
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Adolescents who do not make a conscious search for identity experience role ______.
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People in early adulthood are concerned with intimacy versus ______.
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During middle adulthood, individuals reflect on their life, which extends until the mid-______.
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Those who successfully navigate early childhood development gain a sense of ______ and purpose.
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Over-controlling parents may stifle a child's initiative, leading to feelings of ______.
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After 5 days of mitosis there are 100 cells, and after 9 months there are billions of ______.
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Upon implantation, this multi-cellular organism is called an ______.
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The placenta provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing ______ via the umbilical cord.
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When the organism is about nine weeks old, the embryo is called a ______.
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During the embryonic stage, the heart begins to beat and organs ______ and begin to function.
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By week 37, all of the fetus's organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the ______.
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The neural tube forms along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and ______.
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From 9–12 weeks, the sex organs begin to ______.
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Most women in the United States received childhood ______ to protect against diseases like rubella.
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The period during pregnancy when specific organs of the fetus develop is called the ______.
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Alcohol exposure during the sensitive periods of brain development can lead to ______ effects.
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The Interagency Policy on Management of Substance Abuse During Pregnancy was implemented in ______, South Carolina.
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The policy required patient education about the harmful effects of ______ during pregnancy.
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The implementation of the policy seemed to deter pregnant people from seeking ______ care.
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The policy primarily targeted people with ______ incomes, raising concerns of discrimination.
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Research suggests that exposure to alcohol on certain days of gestation can lead to significant ______ abnormalities.
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Toddlers begin to point to pictures in books and look in appropriate places when you ask them to find ______.
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Preschool-age children can make some decisions on their own, such as choosing an ______ to wear.
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An important cognitive change between ages 3 and 5 is known as ______-of-mind (TOM).
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When children recognize that others have ______ beliefs, they demonstrate a key aspect of social cognition.
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Cognitive skills continue to expand in middle and late childhood, particularly in processing ______ information.
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Children at this age begin to understand basic concepts of ______, present, and future.
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As children develop cognitively, they show a blossoming ______ for asking questions and seeking information.
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Thought processes become more logical and organized when children are around ______ years old.
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Which style of parenting is characterized by high demands and high responsiveness?
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In which stage of development does identity formation become particularly salient, especially regarding love and work?
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Which attachment style is characterized by a lack of a clear attachment behavior, often resulting from inconsistent caregiving?
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What is one potential consequence of decreased cognitive activity in older adults?
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During which stage is a child's self-concept most likely influenced by comparisons to peers?
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What are the three domains of development studied by developmental psychologists?
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What methods do developmental psychologists commonly use to study lifespan development?
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Why is it necessary to study physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development?
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What aspect of development focuses on interactions with others and emotional aspects?
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What does the term 'continuous development' imply in psychology?
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During which phase of development do significant emotional and social interactions happen according to developmental psychology?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a developmental domain in lifespan psychology?
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What is one of the primary reasons for analyzing lifespan development in psychology?
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What does the term 'more knowledgeable other' (MKO) refer to in Vygotsky's theory?
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Which stage of prenatal development is characterized by the formation of a placenta?
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At which stage of prenatal development does the major organ development occur?
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According to Kohlberg, how is moral development structured?
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What is one key factor influencing prenatal development according to the content?
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What happens during the Germinal Stage of prenatal development?
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Which of the following best describes the importance of attachment in early development?
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In which prenatal stage do the fingers and toes develop?
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What is the primary concern for individuals in the stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation?
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What stage of Erikson's theory is characterized by the challenge of developing self-confidence?
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What is a key aspect of Piaget's Cognitive Theory of Development?
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What criticism is commonly associated with Piaget's theory?
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Which developmental stage addresses the challenge of establishing intimacy with others?
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What emotional response is typically developed in the stage of Identity vs. Confusion?
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At which stage does Erikson suggest that one assesses and makes sense of life contributions?
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What outcome is indicated when children are successful in the stage of Industry vs. Inferiority?
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What does continuous development emphasize in the process of growth?
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Which statement best describes the normative approach in developmental psychology?
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According to Freud, what occurs if an individual becomes 'fixed' at a developmental stage?
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What is one criticism of developmental milestones established by normative psychologists?
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In Freud's psychosexual development theory, what is essential for moving on to the next stage?
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How does discontinuous development differ from continuous development?
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Which factor is considered influential in how children develop according to the content provided?
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What is a key characteristic of developmental milestones?
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Study Notes
Research Methods in Lifespan Development
- Case Studies: Involve in-depth analysis of a single individual, providing rich information about development. Famous examples include "Little Hans" (Freud) and "Genie" (language acquisition).
- Surveys: Gather information from large groups through self-reporting. While efficient, they rely on honesty and offer less in-depth data than case studies.
- Experiments: Allow controlled manipulation of variables, enabling causal conclusions about developmental processes. Caution is needed when applying experimental findings to natural settings.
- Normative Approach: Examines typical developmental milestones by studying large groups of children at different ages. Provides average ages for reaching developmental milestones, allowing comparison with same-age peers.
- Developmental Milestones: Specific skills or achievements attained within a particular developmental period.
- Universal vs. Cultural Milestones: Some developmental milestones, like puberty, are universal, while others, like starting school, are culturally specific.
Prenatal Development
- Critical or Sensitive Periods: Specific times during pregnancy when each organ system develops.
- Teratogens: Substances that can cause harm to the developing fetus.
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): A range of developmental disabilities caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy.
- Critical Periods for FASD: Research shows that exposure to alcohol on specific days of gestation (e.g., day 19 or 20) can result in facial abnormalities.
Cognitive Development
- Language Acquistion: Develops consistently across cultures and children.
- Biological Predisposition for Language: Babies show early signs of language recognition, such as recognizing their mother's voice and showing preferences for faces that move synchronously with language.
- Early Communication: Babies coo and babble, replicating sounds from their native languages.
- Vocabulary Spurt: Rapid increase in vocabulary during early childhood (around 3 years old).
Self-Concept Development
- Positive Self-Concept: Linked to confidence, academic success, independence, and willingness to explore.
- Formation of Self-Concept: Begins in toddlerhood with the development of autonomy and continues in elementary school through comparisons with peers.
- Adolescence: Identity formation involves internalizing messages about strengths and weaknesses, leading to a positive contribution to society.
Clark & Clark's Doll Study
- The first psychological study presented as evidence in a Supreme Court case.
- Examined the effects of segregation on African American children's self-concept.
- Found that African American children preferred White dolls over Black dolls, suggesting a negative self-perception.
Psychosexual Theory of Development
- Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) believed personality develops during early childhood
- Childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults
- Development is discontinuous: we pass through a series of stages during childhood
- Lack of proper nurturance and parenting during a stage can lead to being stuck in that stage
- Freud’s stages are called the stages of psychosexual development
- Children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body (erogenous zone) in each stage: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
- Many of Freud’s ideas have not found support in modern research
- We can take away that personality is shaped, in some part, by experiences we have in childhood
- These stages are discussed in detail in the chapter on personality
Psychosocial Theory of Development
- Erik Erikson (1902–1994) modified Freud's theory into psychosocial theory
- Erikson’s psychosocial development theory emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature
- Each stage involves a conflict that must be resolved
- Preschool children must resolve the task of initiative versus guilt
- By learning to plan and achieve goals while interacting with others, preschool children can master this task
- Those who succeed develop self-confidence and a sense of purpose
- Those who are unsuccessful may develop feelings of guilt
- During the elementary school stage (ages 7–11), children face the task of industry versus inferiority
- Children begin to compare themselves to their peers
- They either develop a sense of pride and accomplishment or they feel inferior and inadequate
- In adolescence (ages 12–18), children face the task of identity versus role confusion
- An adolescent's main task is developing a sense of self
- Adolescents struggle with questions such as “Who am I?” and “What do I want to do with my life?”
- Most adolescents try on many different selves to see which ones fit
- Adolescents who are successful at this stage have a strong sense of identity and are able to remain true to their beliefs and values
- Apathetic adolescents or those who are pressured to conform to their parents' ideas for the future will have a weak sense of self and experience role confusion
- People in early adulthood (i.e., 20s through early 40s) are concerned with intimacy versus isolation
- We must have a strong sense of self before developing intimate relationships with others
- Adults who do not develop a positive self-concept in adolescence may experience feelings of loneliness and emotional isolation
- When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s
Cognitive Development
- Piaget described 2-3 year olds as egocentric
- Children between 3 and 5 years old come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own
- This is known as theory-of-mind (TOM)
- Children can use this skill to tease others, persuade their parents to purchase a candy bar, or understand why a sibling might be angry
- Children who develop TOM can recognize that others have false beliefs
- Cognitive skills continue to expand in middle and late childhood (6–11 years old)
- Thought processes become more logical and organized when dealing with concrete information
- Children at this age understand concepts such as the past, present, and future, giving them the ability to plan and work toward goals
- They can process complex ideas such as addition and subtraction and cause-and-effect relationships
- Children’s attention spans tend to be very limited until they are around 11 years old
- It begins to improve through adulthood
- Children can name colors and tell you their name and age
- Preschool-age children understand basic time concepts and sequencing (e.g., before and after)
- They can predict what will happen next in a story and enjoy the use of humor
- They enjoy pretend play and inventing elaborate characters and scenarios
- Children are highly curious
Stages of Prenatal Development
- Mitosis is a fragile process, and fewer than one-half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks
- After 5 days of mitosis there are 100 cells, and after 9 months there are billions of cells
- As the cells divide, they become more specialized, forming different organs and body parts
- Germinal Stage: the mass of cells has yet to attach itself to the lining of the mother’s uterus; once it does, the next stage begins
- Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3-8): after the zygote divides for about 7–10 days and has 150 cells it travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the lining of the uterus; blood vessels grow, forming the placenta; the placenta provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord; basic structures of the embryo start to develop into areas that will become the head, chest, and abdomen; the heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function
- Fetal Stage (Weeks 9-40): when the organism is about nine weeks old, the embryo is called a fetus; at this stage, the fetus is about the size of a kidney bean and begins to take on the recognizable form of a human being as the “tail” begins to disappear; from 9–12 weeks, the sex organs begin to differentiate; at about 16 weeks, the fetus is approximately 4.5 inches long; fingers and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible; by the time the fetus reaches the sixth month of development (24 weeks), it weighs up to 1.4 pounds; hearing has developed, so the fetus can respond to sounds; the internal organs, such as the lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, have formed enough that a fetus born prematurely at this point has a chance to survive outside of the mother’s womb; throughout the fetal stage the brain continues to grow and develop, nearly doubling in size from weeks 16 to 28; by week 37 all of the fetus’s organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth
- Each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy, called the critical or sensitive period
- The time during which a developing fetus is exposed to alcohol can dramatically affect the appearance of facial characteristics associated with fetal alcohol syndrome
- Certain regions of the brain also show sensitive periods during which they are most susceptible to the teratogenic effects of alcohol
Other Key Points
- Most women received childhood immunizations or vaccinations that protect the body from rubella
- The Interagency Policy on Management of Substance Abuse During Pregnancy, which was tried in Charleston, South Carolina, had disastrous results
- The policy seemed to deter pregnant people from seeking prenatal care and other social services
- The policy was applied solely to people with low incomes, resulting in lawsuits
- Toddlers point to pictures in books and look in appropriate places when you ask them to find objects
Introduction to Psychology - PSY100
- Developmental Psychology explores the lifespan, from birth to death, examining physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development.
- Developmental Milestones are benchmarks used to track the progression of children at specific ages, comparing their development to normative expectations.
- Developmental milestones show the impact of nurture and nature on an individual, especially in the areas of cognitive and physical development.
Lifespan Theories
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Psychosexual Theory by Sigmund Freud, suggests that early childhood experiences shape our adult personalities.
- It emphasizes discontinuous development, where each stage must be successfully completed to move on to the next.
- Failure to complete a stage leads to fixations, leaving the individual stuck at a crucial developmental point.
-
Cognitive Theory by Jean Piaget focuses on the stages of cognitive development in children, highlighting the process of discontinuous development.
- This theory argues children actively construct their understanding of the world through interaction and experience.
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Sociocultural Theory by Lev Vygotsky emphasizes the role of culture and social interaction in human development.
- It posits that individuals learn through collaboration with more knowledgeable others (MKOs), who guide and support the learning process.
- Moral Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg expands on Piaget's cognitive development theory, suggesting that moral reasoning also follows a series of stages.
Stages of Development
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Prenatal Development:
- Germinal Stage: First two weeks after fertilization, marked by cell division and the creation of a zygote.
- Embryonic Stage: Weeks 3 to 8, the embryo develops the placenta, connects to the mother for nourishment, and begins organ system development.
- Fetal Stage: Weeks 9 to 40; the fetus develops fingers, toes, and internal organs.
Infancy Through Childhood
- Motor Skills: Development of both fine motor skills (using small muscles) and gross motor skills (large muscle groups).
- Cognitive Development: This stage builds upon Piaget's theories of cognitive development.
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Attachment: The establishment of emotional bonds between infants and caregivers.
- Types of attachment: avoidant, resistant, disorganized, and secure attachment.
- Self-Concept: The development of an individual's understanding of their own identity.
Adolescence
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Physical Development:
- Primary sexual characteristics: Development of reproductive organs (sex organs).
- Secondary sexual characteristics: Physical changes not directly related to reproduction, such as hair growth, voice changes, and body shape.
- Cognitive Development: Cognitive empathy develops as adolescents begin to understand the thoughts and feelings of others.
- Psychosocial Development: Adolescents refine their sense of self and identity through exploration and social interactions.
Emerging Adulthood
- This stage, from 18 to the mid-20s, is influenced by the search for love and career paths, while individuals continue to develop their identity.
Adulthood
- Physical Development: Peaks around the mid-twenties, and gradually declines with age.
- Cognitive Development: Sustaining cognitive activity, such as learning new skills, helps to minimize age-related cognitive decline.
- ** Psychosocial Development**: This stage is influenced by culture and social interactions, shaping an individual's relationships and experiences.
Death and Dying
- Prepare for end of life considerations:
- Living Will/Advance Directive: A legal document that outlines an individual's wishes regarding medical care in the event of incapacitation.
- Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order: Instructs medical professionals not to use CPR in the event of cardiac arrest.
- Health Care Proxy: Appoints another person to make medical decisions on the individual's behalf.
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Description
This quiz explores various research methods in lifespan development, focusing on case studies, surveys, experiments, and the normative approach. Engage with concepts of developmental milestones and differences between universal and cultural milestones. Test your understanding of how these methods shape our knowledge of human development.
