TCW - GROUP 2.pptx

GLOBAL INTERSTAT E SYSTEM What is a Global Interstate System? - The Global Interstate System refers to the network of political, economic, and social relationships that exist between nation-states in today’s interconnected world. Attributes of a Contemporary Global System The globa...

GLOBAL INTERSTAT E SYSTEM What is a Global Interstate System? - The Global Interstate System refers to the network of political, economic, and social relationships that exist between nation-states in today’s interconnected world. Attributes of a Contemporary Global System The global system is characterized by several key attributes which include the following: the growing interconnectedness and interdependence of nation-states rapid technological advancements increasing economic interdependence through trade and investment The emergence of non-state actors as significant players in global affairs. (Note) Nation-states is a political term for the word ‘country’.  WORLD SYSTEMS - The concept of world systems, developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, is based on the idea that the global Interstate System is structured in a hierarchical manner, with core countries exploiting the resources and labor of peripheral countries. Three distinct categories of countries based on their level of economic development and integration into the global 1. Core Nations economy: - Appears to be powerful in terms of resources, military, technological progress, and mainly intellectually. 2. Semi-peripheral Nations - Is a less developed than core nations but more developed than peripheral nations. Not powerful to dictate economic and political policies but are sources of raw 3. materials. Peripheral Nations - Are nations that are least economically developed due to the high percentage of uneducated people that delivers cheap unskilled labor and very high of social inequality.  Institutions That Govern International Relations Institutions play a crucial role in governing international relations and facilitating cooperation between nations. These institutions include the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). International Financial Institutions World Bank International Monetary Fund Asian Development Bank African Development Bank Internationalism and Nationalism VS Globalism Internationalism refers to the cooperation and collaboration between nation-states for the greater good of all.  NATIONALISM GLOBALISM - advocates for increased - the belief in the cooperation and superiority and interconnectedness sovereignty of one’s own between nations, focusing on nation, often at the expense collective interests and of others. addressing global challenges. CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE What is Global - Global governance is a movement towards political Governance? cooperation among transnational acts.  Core Countries Semi-Periphery Periphery Countries Countries Core countries are the Semi-periphery countries Periphery countries are dominant players in the occupy a middle ground. often less developed, global economy. They are They are more developed dependent on core highly industrialized, than periphery countries countries for capital and urbanized, and have but less developed than technology, and have advanced technology. core countries. limited access to resources. Examples: United States, Examples: South Korea, Examples: Many African Japan, Germany Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, countries, low-income India, Nigeria, South countries in South Africa America  The Relationship Between Core, Semi- periphery, and Periphery The relationship between these three types of countries is complex and often characterized by exploitation. Core countries extract raw materials and labor from periphery countries at low costs, while semi-periphery countries often act as intermediaries, exploiting periphery countries while being exploited by core countries. International Organizations International organizations (IOs) are intergovernmental organizations that are primarily made up of member-states. However, they are not merely amalgamations of various state interests, they are influential and independent organizations. (Abinales & Claudio, 2018) International relations scholars Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore identified the following powers of IOS: 1. They have the power of classification meaning they can invent and apply categories and create powerful global standards. 2. They have the power to fix meanings and become legitimate sources of information 3. They have the power to spread ideas across the world thereby establishing global standards.  Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st Century According to Irina Bokova, former UNESCO Director General, while new technologies have created new pathways to prosperity, trade and inter-cultural dialogue, the increasing fragmentation of the international community is cause for concern. Climate change, poverty, violent conflict, intolerance and extremism present direct threats to the unity and well- being of the international community. Bokova suggested three points to address these challenges: out-of-the-box thinking, building resilient societies and new thinking about peacebuilding. UNITED NATIONS - The main function of the UN is to maintain peace and security for all its member-states. The UN is divided into 5 organs: 1. General Assembly (GA) 2. Security Council (SC) 3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 4. International Court of Justice 5. Secretariat 1. General Assembly -(GA) The main deliberative policy making and representative organ - It decides on matters of peace and security, admission of new members and budget by two-thirds majority vote - It elects a GA President to serve a one-year term of office 2. Security Council (SC) - This body is composed of 15 member states: Elected by the GA for a two-year term: 10 Occupied by the P5 (Permanent 5) – China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States: 5  It calls upon parties to settle dispute by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlements. In some cases, it can impose sanctions or authorize the use of force to maintain and restore international peace and security. 3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on social and environmental issues, as well as the implementation of internationally agreed development goals. It is the UN’s central platform for discussion on sustainable development It is composed of 54 members elected for three-year terms. 4. International Court of Justice Its task is to settle, in accordance to international law, legal disputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. The major cases of the court consist of disputes between states that voluntarily submit themselves to the court for arbitration Its decision is only binding when states have explicitly agreed and placed themselves before the 5. Secretariat It is composed of the Secretary General and international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and other principal organs. GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH "Why do the wealthiest regions thrive while much of the world struggles?" GLOBAL NORTH - Comprises advanced economies like the US, Europe, and Japan. Characterized by industrialization, higher income, and technological advancement. GLOBAL SOUTH - Includes less developed regions in Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia. These areas often face challenges such as economic dependence, poverty, and slower development. DIFFERENCE FROM THIRD WORLD - "Third World" was a Cold War term for nations not aligned with NATO or the Communist bloc. - "Global South" reflects broader economic and social disparities, not just political alignment.  GLOBAL SOUTH -CHARACTERISTICS Economic reliance on exports like cotton, which can lead to vulnerability. Challenges include poverty, weak infrastructure, and limited industrial growth. - Impact of Cotton Production: Historically significant but has created economic instability due to market dependence and labor exploitation, making economies fragile. GLOBAL NORTH CHARACTERISTICS - Economically advanced, with industrialization, diversified economies, and higher standards of living. Examples: US, Canada, most of Europe, Japan. DEVELOPMENT GAP - The North continues to dominate economically due to historical advantages in industrialization and globalization, creating a persistent gap with the Global South. NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE NORTH-SOUTH GAP It is a term used to describe the economic gap between the rich northern countries of the world and the south poorer countries of the world. NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE - started after the Cold War. DURING COLD WAR: - Primary Global Division Was Between East and West, and Predicated Upon Security and Power Balance. COLD WAR image from: Political Science WORLD DIVISION DURING THE COLD WAR - The Cold War between the US and USSR created the division between the Capitalist/ Democratic states and the communist states. FIRST WORLD AND SECOND WORLD the capitalist economist were considered First World and the communist economist were referred to as Second World. FIRST WORLD - encompassed all industrialized, democratic countries, which were assumed to be allied with the United States in its struggle against the soviet union. SECOND WORLD - was anchored on the industrialized, communist realm of the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites, yet it often included poor communist states located elsewhere. THIRD WORLD - refers to countries that did not belong to either type of formal economies. This world also was defined as the global realm of poverty and under-developed. AFTER COLD WAR Many See Primary Global Division as Being Between North and South, and Predicated Upon Economic Inequality. GLOBAL NORTH - refers to developed societies of Europe and North America, which are characterized by established wealth, technological advancement, political stability, zero population growth and dominance of world trade and politics. GLOBAL SOUTH - refers to the developing countries which represents mainly agrarian economies in Africa, India, Latin America and others that are not economically sound and politically stable. NORTH VS SOUTH 1. Standard of living 2. Distribution of income around the world 3. Economic competition worldwide  WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT GAP? 1.Environmental - Environmental issues such as extreme flooding or desertification can prevent countries from developing. 2. Political - Over the course of history, colonial powers used the resources of their colonies to grow their own economies. 3. Socio-Economic - Includes income, education, employment, community safety, and social support. NORTH VS SOUTH 1. MDCs (Most Developed Countries) 2. LDCs (Less Developed Countries)  THE THREE WORLD MODEL Mao Zedong (1893- 1976) 1. Capitalist (First World) 2. Communist (Second World) 3. Developed (Third World)  COMPARISON BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH 1. Political South - Internal Affairs of the North - External Threat https://www.britannica.com/event/September-11-att government https://www.brookings.edu/articles/ahead-of-elections-in-the-de acks mocratic-republic-of-the-congo-experts-explain-whats-at-stake/ 2. Economy North - Manufacturing South - Agriculture https://stock.adobe.com/ph/images/manufacturing-process-flat-v ector-illustration/295638847 https://unblast.com/farming-vector-illustration-ai/ 3. Social North - Determined by life in the South - Determined by the upper-class cities plantation owners. https://unsplash.com/wallpapers/travel/city https://unblast.com/farming-vector-illustration-ai/ Why is the world so unequal There are three main reasons why: today? 1. Colonialism - Through colonization, there is control by one power over a dependent area or group of people. 2. Trade - What you are spending to bring goods into your country is a greater sum than what you are making by selling products in the global economy. 3. Debt - To increase production, some southern countries borrow money from the rich northern countries which puts them in debt. CLOSING THE GAP  ASIAN REGIONALIS M WHAT IS ASIAN REGIONALISM? - Refers to the increasing cooperation and integration among countries on the Asian continent. It involves various forms of collaboration, including economic partnerships, political alliances, and cultural exchanges, with the aim of achieving shared goals and addressing common challenges. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Global Impact: Asia is home to some of the world's largest economies and most populous nations, making its regional dynamics significantly influential on the Shared Challenges: global stage. Asian countries face common challenges, such as economic development, environmental protection, and security threats, requiring collective efforts for effective solutions. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Potential for Growth: Regional cooperation holds immense potential for economic growth, technological advancement, and improved living standards for the people of Asia.  THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION  GLOBALIZATION REGIONALIZATION Promotes integration of Divides an area into Nature economies across smaller segments state borders around the world.  Allows many corporations to Monopolies are trade on an Market more likely to international level; develop. it follows a free market. Acceleration to multiculturalism Cultural through free and Does not support and Social inexpensive multiculturalism Relations movement of people  Globalized A regionalized area international does not get communities are Aid involved in the more willing to aid affairs of other countries stricken areas by disasters Globalization has Advanced Technologic driven great technology is rarely al Advances advances in available in one technology country or region WHY DO COUNTRIES FORM REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS? - They form regional organizations as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization. Countries form regional organizations for several reasons: Reason 1: Military Defense - Countries form military alliances to protect each other Example: North Atlantic Treaty from threats. Organization Countries form regional organizations for several reasons: Reason 2: Economic Crisis - Countries support each other during financial difficulties. Example: Asian Financial Crisis (1997- 1998) source: Investopedia Countries form regional organizations for several reasons: Reason 3: Resource Management - Countries work together to manage and share important resources. Example: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) source: Investopedia Countries form regional organizations for several reasons: Reason 4: Protection of Independence - Countries unite to protect their independence from bigger Example: Association of Southeast Asian Nations powers. (ASEAN) source: Investopedia  REGIONAL INTEGRATION - the process by which two or more nation-states agree to cooperate and work closely together to achieve peace, stability, and wealth. The entire world is moving towards integration, it is inevitable. In Asia, the Southeast Asian countries have already formed ASEAN (ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS. This regional power block appears to work fine, the member states fit very well together There are many factors that are leading the Asian Region into greater Integration. First, integration has been market-driven. Within Asia, there are a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations, and infrastructures that are put in a place for countries to engage in exchange. Second, formal institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) were established. Conceived in 1960s, ADB promotes social and economic development in Asia. Third, economic grants and overseas development assistance are made available by better Asian economies. For example, the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) aims to work on human Fourth, production networks have expanded. Economies are mainly on comparative advantage through regional division of labor. Fifth, cooperation among the ASEAN and East Asian countries ensued the ASEAN + 3 Financial Minister's Process that established two economic structures - the Chiang Mai Initiative and the Asian Bond Markets Initiative. The process aims to strengthen policy dialogue, coordination, and collaboration on common financial, monetary, and fiscal issues. CHALLENGES TO REGIONALISM Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism- this involves the conflict between the NATO, the United States, and Vladimir Putin's Anti-NATO movement. Continuing financial crisis. The continuing crisis in the European Region continues to lead the United Kingdom into exiting the European Union. Conflict between sovereignty and regional stability. The Philippines had a difficulty in letting some countries support its condemnation of China's occupation of the West Philippine Sea because China had given great investments and economic aid to these Differing visions of regionalism. Developed countries like the US may only see regionalism as a tool for political democratization, but developing countries see regionalism as an obstacle to economic globalization because public inquiry slows - END -