Soc101 Study Guide Chapters 9-12 PDF

Summary

This study guide provides an overview of key concepts from chapters 9-12 in a sociology course. It covers themes including different feminist perspectives on gender inequality, the evolution of family structures, and concepts like the "second shift."

Full Transcript

Compare and contrast liberal feminism with radical feminism Liberal Feminism - Gender inequality is produced by the unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources, such as education and employment, based on sex, seeking to change legislation to ensure protections of rights. Legal advanc...

Compare and contrast liberal feminism with radical feminism Liberal Feminism - Gender inequality is produced by the unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources, such as education and employment, based on sex, seeking to change legislation to ensure protections of rights. Legal advances made such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Sex Discrimination Act of 1984. Radical Feminism - Gender inequality is the result of male domination in aspects of social and economic life. Similarities in liberal and radical feminism are that they both work to encourage gender equality in the private and public spheres. They have both also achieved legislative change for women's rights and aim to end domestic violence obstacles that stop women from achieving an equal level to men. Gender, marital status, and parental status and effects on housework Second Shift - Excessive work hours borne by women relative to men; these hours are typically spent on domestic chores following the end of the day of work outside the home. Housework - Unpaid work carried on in the home typically done by women, domestic chores such as cleaning, cooking, shopping, childcare; also called “domestic labor.” For a while it was determined for men to be the breadwinners and take care of the family financially while the women take care of the children and do the housework even if they have a job reinforcing the second shift of women. As society changes and grows, in western societies it has become more normalized for the gender role to switch for women to become the financial breadwinners and men take care of chores, however men may use their toxic masculinity to get out of doing housework. Divorce rates are getting higher due premarital cohabitation. Though before it was frowned upon for sexual partners to have sexual relations and cohabitate with each other, it is becoming more common for people to get an idea of what it would be like if they were to be together in a household. Women are becoming more independent from men and due to this they have realized that they may not even want to be married or have children and to be financially independent. It used to be that men would get a job and women take care of the children, however women are in more “men” fields and going into schooling to be able to be independent from men and that lifestyle. Parental divorce, premarital child bearing, marriage at an early age, and low income. Margaret Mead predicted that living together would allow people to make better decisions about marriage, yet some studies suggest that those who live with their partner before marrying them are slightly more likely to divorce. Cohabitation - Two people living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence without being married to each other. Roughly 50% today cohabit in a relationship compared to 11% in the early 1970s. Marriage used to be for economic and financial reasons, however over time especially in America that is not the case. People have been marrying for love rather than economic status. Nearly 90% of Americans are or have been married. In 2017 the median age for marriage was 27 for women and 29 for men while in 1960 the median age for marriage was 20 for women and 23 for men. An increase of cohabitation of younger adults create a decrease/delay in marriage, before the current tradition it was believed that they were “living in sin” for having sexual relations without marriage. Another having a second school enrollment such as college, most couples have agreed to marry after completion of formal schooling. Finally, independence of women joining the labor forces and getting jobs; it was not common for both the man and woman to work; however now in the United States it is much more common so women do not feel the “need” of a man to bring home finances. This change is increasing the idea of independence and individualism. Women roughly outearn their husbands in one of four households. Nature vs. Nurture and formation of gender identity Nature - Nature refers largely to our genetics and whether you are determined to be a male or female at birth. It includes the genes we are born with and other hereditary factors that can impact how our personality is formed and influence the way that we develop from childhood through adulthood. Nurture - Nurture encompasses the environmental factors that impact who we are. Who and where people are surrounded by determines factors of how a person develops. If a person is treated like a man/woman it will determine how they act about themself and how they act about situations around them. Babies are immediately dressed in the gender they are and how they style their hair. Until they are able to do things on their own, they are treated with gender socialization and learning gender roles through socialization factors. Overt racism vs Colorblind racism Overt racism - Racism directed and intentional that is blatant, obvious, and almost always meant to harm. Examples include not hiring someone or sexually assaulting someone solely because of their race. Colorblind racism - A means of maintaining racial inequality without appearing racist. The belief that one is above the ability to partake in discriminatory actions and unaware of their insensitivity to minorities. When a person says they 'don't see race', they are ignoring racism, not helping to solve it History of the census & Racial categories In 2000 they allowed the option of selecting multiple races on the census’. Racialization - Process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people. Believing to be the Mexican Americans are stagnating and becoming a racialized minority; living in communities with high poverty rates and in segregated communities. Globalization interconnects with the changing of racial and ethnic compositions of societies worldwide. The United States has shifted patterns of immigration since the end of World War II. More than ¾ of immigrants admitted since 1965 have been Asian and Hispanic. Many of which were pardoned under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. In 1780 about 4 million Africans were enslaved in the South; feelings of hostility toward people of color on the part of white populations strongly developed in states where slavery had never been known than the South itself. “The Black Codes” limited the rights of Africans placing restrictions on the behavior of the former slaves and punished them for their transgressions. Today less than half of the Black population remains in the South, mostly in rural areas, ¾ living in northern urban areas. The first census in 1790 had only three racial categories: free whites, all other free persons and slaves. Institutional racism vs Individual racism Institutional racism - Patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into social institutions. Examples include police brutality, reduced funding for predominantly Black schools, as well as racial gerrymandering Individual racism - Take form of blatant bigotry, and has subtle less obvious forms of color-blind racism and microaggressions enacted by individuals and on institute levels. Telling racist jokes, bullying, verbal harassment and negative personal thoughts about race. Trends about later marriage in the U.S. today Marriage used to be for economic and financial reasons, however over time especially in America that is not the case. People have been marrying for love rather than economic status. Nearly 90% of Americans are or have been married. In 2017 the median age for marriage was 27 for women and 29 for men while in 1960 the median age for marriage was 20 for women and 23 for men. An increase of cohabitation of younger adults create a decrease/delay in marriage, before the current tradition it was believed that they were “living in sin” for having sexual relations without marriage. Another having a second school enrollment such as college, most couples have agreed to marry after completion of formal schooling. Finally, independence of women joining the labor forces and getting jobs; it was not common for both the man and woman to work; however now in the United States it is much more common so women do not feel the “need” of a man to bring home finances. This change is increasing the idea of independence and individualism. Women roughly outearn their husbands in one of four households. Feminist critique of the “conventional” family Challenged the vision of family as harmonious and egalitarian. Betty Friedan described in her landmark book “The Feminine Mystique” the isolation and boredom that gripped many suburban American housewives who felt neglected to an endless cycle of childcare and housework. Emphasize a broad spectrum of three main topics: Domestic division of labor - the ways in which tasks such as childcare and housework are allocated among members of the household; it is shown that homsexual couples allocate housework more evenly than heterosexual couples. Unequal power in families - in regards to intimate partner violence marital rape, incest, and the sexual victimization of children have received more public attention due to feminist assertions. Study of caring activities - interested in “emotional work” within relationships; women tend to shoulder concrete tasks such as childcare and housework, as well as large amounts of emotional labor in maintaining personal relationships that are grounded in love and deep emotion requiring the ability to listen, perceive, negotiate, and act creatively. Differences in family pattern between white and black families Black and white families have different family structures including economic resources facilitating marriage and marital stability. Black families are more likely to have children outside of marriage, less likely to marry, a consequence and reason to poverty. Married couples account for 51% of white families and just 28% of black families in 2017. In 1960, 21% of black families with children under 18 years of age were headed by females while only 8% of white families; in 2017 the families for black households led by women rose to 53% while white households went to 21%. The main social condition contributing to high rates of nonmarital childbearing are the amount of available black men called out by William Julius Wilson. A woman will be less inclined to marry a man that has no living wages and would rather raise the child on her own. Black families have more complex family networks tying to support and strain, the grandmother typically raising the grandchildren especially if the mother is heading a one-parent household causing them to depend on their family and networks. Tracking in education and social reproduction Dividing students into groups to receive different instruction on the basis of their abilities is common in American schools. Tracking is believed to have little effect on existing social inequalities because the placements of students create different labels to their abilities. Children who are higher in privilege tend to find themselves in higher tracks early and have encouragement in doing academic work and remain there. Jeannie Oakes studied 25 middle and high schools in urban and rural areas to concentrate on differences in the schools, finding that though many schools claimed to not track students, virtually they had mechanisms to sort students into groups to make teaching easier. Oakes found that tracking made both the students and teachers label students based on their track. The students in the “low” or “slow” group received poorer education, particularly to African AMerican and Hispanic students. Being assigned in the low group can cause negative psychological effects, the lower tracks tend to be poor and nonwhite, contributing to the cycle of poverty. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber theories on religion Karl Marx theories on religion - His thinking on religion derived from the writing of Ludwig Feuerbach believing in the process of alienation. Humans tend to assimilate their own culture values and norms to divine the forces of gods because they do not have an understanding of their own history. He accepted the view of religion representing self-alienation, “opium of the people” deferring to happiness and rewards to the afterlife. The promise of what comes after death diverts the injustice happening around them. Claiming that religion often has ideological implications to justify interests of ruling groups at the expense of others. Emile Durkheim theories on religion - Has a functionalist tradition to sociology analyzing the functions of social behavior and social institutions to study the contributions making a continuation of a group; functioning by the units of society ensuring people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values. Studied religion and concentrated on totemism which is the worship of objects including animals and plants, embodying a mystical spirit. Totemism is practiced by Australian societies which is an elementary form of practice. Concluding that the god of the clan is a totemic principle so nothing else than the clan itself personifying and representing the imagination under a visible form of animal or vegetable serving as a totem. Durheim defined religion in terms of a distinction of sacred and profane, sacred being objects and symbols and profane being in which it is used in the routine of daily existence. Sacred objects and ceremonies are essential for ritual purposes to unify members of groups. Paying little attention to the social change and connection of religion he emphasized the role of religion in promoting social cohesion Max Weber theories on religion - Made a worldwide study of religion concentrating on the connection between religion and social change. Arguing that religion is not a conservative force however religious movements helped encourage the production of dramatic social transformations. Protestantism was the source of the capitalist outlook found in the common West. The economic development was prompted by a desire to serve God. Most early entrepreneurs were Calvinsits, they were driven by a need to succeed to initiate Western economic development believing that one should not flaunt wealth and to reinvest their wealth in their enterprises rather than personal consumption, “worldly asceticism” Weber called it as it resulted in capital accumulation. Weber concluded that they provided barriers to the development of industrial capitalism taking place in the West. Eastern societies were oriented to different values such as escaping toils of the material world. Weber explained Christianity as a salvation religion, generating tension and an emotional dynamism absent from Eastern religions, creating a demand of constant struggle against sin to stimulate revolt against existing order. Salvation religions have a “revolutionary” aspect where Eastern religions cultivate an attitude of passivity or acceptance within the believer. Emphasized an unsettling and revolutionary impact of religious ideals on the established social order prompting social movements seeking to overthrow unjust systems of authority such as the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Religion and education as agents of socialization Religion and education encourages gender and social norms for ceremonial rights and fosters family power dynamics reinforcing those gender norms. Education reinforces a social self and transmitting culture in socialization. Early theorists defined religious organizations as falling along a continuum based on the degree to which they are well established and conventional, churches falling on a conventional and well established community while cults lie at another where they are neither and sects falling in the middle.

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