GEOL 104 Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

# Study checklist for exam 2 ## GEOL 104 ## Chapter 5 1. Hurricane Katrina, when did it occur and what were the causes of its severity (as discussed in notes) - AUGUST 29, 2005 - REGIONAL SUBSIDENCE - SEAL LEVEL RISE - GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION 2. What are the criteria for an event to b...

# Study checklist for exam 2 ## GEOL 104 ## Chapter 5 1. Hurricane Katrina, when did it occur and what were the causes of its severity (as discussed in notes) - AUGUST 29, 2005 - REGIONAL SUBSIDENCE - SEAL LEVEL RISE - GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION 2. What are the criteria for an event to be a natural disaster (three criteria in notes) - 10 OR MORE PEOPLE KILLED - 100 OR MORE PEOPLE AFFECTED - EMERGENCY DECLARATION ISSUED OR REQUEST FOR INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE 3. Why do natural processes become hazards? (3 reasons in notes) - PEOPLE LIVE THERE - URABINAZATION/DEFORISTATION - PEOPLE BUILD ON FLOODPLAINES/ EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS - ENERGY RESOURCES CONSUMPTION - CLIMATE CHANGE 4. Relationship between magnitude and frequency of natural hazards. - INVERSE RELATIONSHIP - LOW MAN AND HIGH FREQ- NOT ALWAYS DESTRUCTIVE - A HIGH MAG DESTRUCTIVE 5. Mixed blessings of natural hazards. What are some benefits of natural processes (hazards) - NEW LAND - SOIL GETS NUTRIENTS - FLUSH AWAY POLLUTANTS - CHANGING LOCAL LANDSCAPE - FAULT GOUGE FORM GROUND BARRIERS - NATURAL DAMS AND WATER RESOURCES 6. Damage of natural hazards in developed vs. developing countries. Which has more lives lost and which has more property lost. - DEVELOPING COUNTARIES: - MORE LIFE LOSS - DEVELOPED COUNTARIES: - PROPERTY LOST 7. Definition of a Catastrophe - DISASTOR REQUIRING LONG PROCESS TO RECOVER FORM DAMAGES 8. Definitions of disaster forecasting, prediction and warning - **FORECAST:** - PERCENT CHANCE OF HAPPENING - **PREDICTION:** - PREDICT WHEN, WHERE, TYPE, AND SIZE - **WARNING:** - BEEN PREDICTED OR FORECAST MADE, PUBLIC WARNED 9. Risk Assessment. What is risk threshold? - ACCEPTABLE RISKS: - PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES INTO PERSPECTIVE - SOCIETY PERCEPTION AND WILLINGNESS 10. What is involved in the different human responses to hazards: reactive and anticipatory - **REACTIVE:** - AFTER EVENT, RECOVERY PHASES, RECOVERY PERIOD - NEEDS, ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS, IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT - **ANTICIPATORY:** - PERCIEVEING, AVOIDING AND ADJUSTING TO MINIMIZE IMPACTS OF DISATERS - EVACUATION SAFTEY MEASURES DISATER AWAERNESS LAND USE PLANNING ## Chapter 6 1. Earthquakes: definition, instrument for measurement - VIOLENT GROUNDSHAKING PHENOMENON FROM SUDDEN REALEASE OF STRAIN - ENERGY STORED IN ROCKS - MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE 2. Human activities that could induce earthquakes - RESERVIOR - DEEPWASTE - NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS 3. Definition of: Focus, epicenter, moment magnitude and Richter magnitude - **FOCUS:** - POINT AT DEOTH WHERE ROCKS RUPTER TO PRODUCE EARTHQUAKES - **EPICENTER:** - LOCATION ON SURFACE OF EARTH ABOVE THE FOCUS 4. Earthquake magnitude scale-Learn info on table showing relationships between magnitude, displacement, and energy of earthquakes. | Displacement | Energy Change | | --- | --- | | 1 | 32 | | 10 | 5.5 | | 3.2 | 3.1 | | 2 | 1.4 | 5. Interplate and Intraplate earthquakes (e.g. New Madrid Seismic Zone): definition and examples from notes - **INTERPLATE:** - CONCENTRATED ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES - **INTRAPLATE:** - OCCUR WITHIN PLATE AWAY FROM BOUNDARIES - MADRID AND CHARLESTON 6. Types of Faults - NORMAL - REVERSE - THRUST - STRIKE-SLIP 7. Seismic waves: types, definitions, properties - **P WAVE:** - COMPRESSIONAL WAVE, TRAVEL FASTEST THROUGH ALL PHYSICAL STATES - **S WAVE:** - SHEAR WAVES, TRAVEL SLOWER THAN P, BUT FASTER THAN SURFACE WAVES, ONLY GOES THROUGH SOLID - **SURFACE WAVES (R WAVES):** - MOVING ALONG EARTHS SURFACE, TRAVELS SLOWEST, BUT CAUSING MOST DAMAGE 8. Definition and implication of material amplification, supershear and directivity - **AMPLIFICATION:** - INTENSITY OF GROUND SHAKING MORE SEVERE IN UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALS - **SUPERSHEAR:** - PROPAGATION OF RUPTURE IS FASTER THAN THE VELOCITY OF SHEAR WAVES OR SURFACE WAVES PRODUCED BY THE RUPTURE - **DIRECTIVITY:** - ANOTHER AMPLIFICATION EFFECT, THE INTENSITY OF SESMIC SHAKING INCREASES IN THE DIRECTION OF THE FAULT RUPTURE ## Chapter 7 1. Tsunami- definition and triggers - JAPANESE WORD FOR “LARGE HARBOR WAVES” PRODUCED BY SUDDEN VERICAL DISPLACEMENT OF OCEAN WATER - TRIGGER-RAPID UPLIFT OR SUBSIDENCE OF THE SEAFLOOR, SUBMARINE EARTHQUAKE- LANDSLIDE,VOLCANISM, AND IMPACT OF ASTEROID OR COMET 2. Megathrust events- definition - A LARGE AMOUNT OF DISPLACEMENT ALONG THE THRUST FAULTS IN THE SUBDUCTION ZONE, 3. Know the four stage process of tsunamis in order 1. EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE IN SEAFLOOR PUSHES WATER UPWORDS STARTING THE TSUNAMI 2. TSUNAMI MOVES RAPIDLY IN DEEP OCEAN REACHING SPEED'S GREATER THAN 500 KM/H 3. AS THE TSUNAMI NEARS LAND IS SLOWS TO ABOUT 45 KM/H BUT IS SEPERATED UPWORDS, INCREASING IN HEIGHT 4. TSUNAMI HEADS INLAND DESTROYING ALL IN ITS PATH 4. When a tsunami develops, it splits into a ___ and distant tsunamis - LOCAL 5. What regions are at risk of tsunamis - ALL OCEAN AND SOME LAKE SHORLINES ARE A RISK FOR TSUNAMIS - SOME COASTS MORE AT RISKS THAT OTHERS 6. Know the ways to minimize tsunami hazards (6 items discussed) - DETECTION AND WARNING - STRUCTURAL CONTROL - CONSTRUCTION OF TSUNAMI RUNUP MAPS - LAND USE PLANNING - PROBABILITY ANALYSIS - EDUCATION 7. Probability analysis: definition of risk - THE RISK OF A PARTICULAR EVENT MAY BE DEFINED AS THE PRODUCT OF THE PROBABILITY OF THAT EVENT OCCURRING AND THE CONSEQUENCES 8. Adjustment to tsunami hazards (7 items discussed) - IF YOU FEEL A STRONG EARTHQUAKE AND ARE AT THE BEACH, LEAVE THE BEACH AND LOW-LYING COASTAL AREA INNEDIATELY - IF THE TROUGH OF A TSUNAMI WAVE ARRIVES FIRST, THE OCEAN WILL RECEDE. THIS ONE OF NATURE'S WARNING SIGNS, RUN FROM THE BEACH - A TSUNAMI MAY BE RELATIVELY SMALL AT ONE LOCATION, IT MAY BE MUCH LARGER NEARBY - GENERALLY CONSITS OF A SERIES OF WAVES, AND THERE CAN BE UP TO AN HOUR BETWEEN WAVES, STAY OUT OF DANGEROUS AREAS UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE - COASTAL COMMUNITIES, AS THEY GAIN TSUNAMI READINESS STATUS, WILL HAVE WARNING SIRENS - MOVE AWAY FROM THE BEACH TO HIGHER GROUND, AT LEAST 20 M (60FT) - IF YOU ARE AWARE THAT A TSUNAMI WATCH OR WARNING HAS BEEN ISSUED, DO NOT GO DOWN TO THE BEACH TO WATCH THE TSUNAMI ## Chapter 8 1. Volcanism, pacific ring of fire - VOLCNIC ACTIVITY, DIRECTLY RELATED TO PLATE TECHTONICS AND MOST ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE LOCATED NEAR PLATE BOUNDARIES - APPROXIMATELY TWO-THIRDS OF THE ACTIVE VOLCANOES CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PACIFIC (RING OF FIRE) 2. How magma forms: what is the source of magma? - SOURCE: ASTHENOSPHERE - TEMPERATURE INCREASE WITH DEPTH MELTS THE ROCK - DECOMPRESSION MELTING- OVERLYING PRESSURE ON HOT ROCKS WITHING ASTHENOSPHERE DECREASED - ADDITION OF VOLATILES: LOWERS MELTING POINT OF ROCKS 3. What are the four types of volcanoes and what is the definition of viscosity? - SHIELD VOLCANO- GENTLE SLOPE, BALISTIC LAVA - COMPOSITE VOLCANOES- CONE SHAPE, EXPLOSIVE ACTIVITY AND LAVA FLOWS - VOLCANIC DOMES- VISCOUS MAGMA RELATIVELY HIGH SILICA, RHYOLITE COMMON ROCK PRODUCED - CINDER CONES- SMALL FORMED FROM TEPHRA, VOLCANIC ASH, VOLCANIC BOMBS - VISCOSITY- LUQUID'S RESISTANCE TO FLOW 4. Volcanic features and there descriptions listed in your notes. - CRATERS AND VENT - VOLCANIC CONES - CALDERA: COLLAPSED CRATERS TYPICALLY FROM EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS - HOT SPRINGS AND GEYSERS - FISSURE LINE: BALISTIC LAVA FLOW 5. Case studies – Mt. St. Helens. How did the blast begin? 1. EARTHQUAKE 4-5 MAGNITUDE, 2. TRIGGERED LANDSLIDE DISPLACING WATER IN SPIRIT LAKE 6. Forecasting volcanic activity-signs of impending volcanic activity discussed - SEISMIC ACTIVITES: EARTHQUAKE PRECURSORS - THERMAL, MAGNETICS, AND HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS - AMOUNT OF VOLCANIC GAS EMISSION, BOTH RATE AND COMPOSITION - TOPOGRAPHIC MONITORING: TILTING AND SPECIAL BULGING - REMOTE SENSING: RADAR 3-D INTERFEROMETRY - GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF A VOLCANO 7. Lava flows. Which is the most common? - BASALTIC LAVA LOW Note: Everything in your lecture slides is fair game. Study the slides on Blackboard. If you do not understand how a concept is summarized in the slides, refer to the notes you took while watching the lecture videos and your textbook.