Student Made Lecture Exam 2 - Bacterial Diseases PDF

Airborne Bacterial Diseases: -Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep Throat) (URT) o Sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes/tonsils o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Penicillin o Prevention: Hand hygiene S...

Airborne Bacterial Diseases: -Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep Throat) (URT) o Sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes/tonsils o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Penicillin o Prevention: Hand hygiene Scarlet Fever (complication of Streptococcus pharyngitis) o Pink/red rash on neck, chest arms (caused Erythrogenic exotoxins), Strawberry tongue. o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Penicillin, Clarithromycin o Prevention: Hand hygiene (Complications of Strep and Scarlet fever Rheumatic fever and Acute glomerulonephritis due to rxn to M proteins.) -Corynebacterium diptheria Diptheria (URT) o Sore throat, low grade fever o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Penicillin, Erythromycin, Exotoxins o Prevention: DTaP vaccine (Pseudomembrane due to exotoxin inhibiting translation) -Streptococcus pneumoniae Epiglottitis (URT) o Severe throat pain, fever, muffled voice, o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: IV antibiotics o Prevention: Hib vaccine (responsible for the decline of Epiglottitis in US) Acute Otitis Media (Airborne) o Early childhood illness o Ear pain, red, swollen ear drum o Transmission: Airborne contact  o Treatment: Wait and see, antibiotics o Prevention: Limiting time in childcare Pneumococcal Meningitis (UPR) o Stiff neck, fever, headache, nausea/vomiting, light sensitivity o Transmission: Resp. Drop. from prolonged contact o Treatment: Antibiotics o Prevention: Vaccine o 30% of meningitis cases in the US are caused by S. pneumoniae Infections Bronchitis (LRT) o Runny nose, sore throat, chills, general malaise, fever, dry cough o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Antibiotics o Prevention: Annual flu vaccine, hand hygiene Pneumococcal Pneumonia (LRT) o High fever, sharp chest pain, S.O.B (dyspnea), *Rust color sputum* o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Penicillin, Cefotaxime o Prevention: Vaccination, hand hygiene o 80% of “typical” pneumonia cases -Haemophilus influenzae Epiglottitis (URT) o Severe throat pain, fever, muffled voice o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: IV antibiotics o Prevention: Hib vaccine (Responsible for the decrease in cases in US) Acute Otitis Media (Airborne) o Ear pain, red, swollen ear drum o Transmission: Airborne contact o Treatment: Wait and see, antibiotics o Prevention: Limiting time in childcare o An early childhood illness  Acute Bacterial Meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae type b) (URT) o Stiff neck, fever, severe headache, nausea/vomiting, light sensitivity o Transmission: Resp. Drop. from prolonged contact o Treatment: Antibiotics o Prevention: Vaccination Bronchitis (LRT) o Runny nose, sore throat, fever, chills, cough, body ache o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Antibiotics o Prevention: Flu vaccine, hand hygiene “Typical” Pneumonia (LRT) o Chills, high fever, SOB (dyspnea), chest pain, cough with *green/yellow sputum* o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Antibiotics o Prevention: Hand hygiene -Indigenous microbiota Sinusitis (UPR) o Pain, tenderness, swelling of sinuses o Transmission: N/A o Treatment: Nasal sprays, antibiotics o Prevention: Minimize contact with people with colds -Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas sp. Otitis Externa (UPT) o “Swimmer’s ear) o Common early childhood disease o Itching, ear pain o Transmission: Contaminated water o Treatment: Lifestyle modifications, topical/oral medications o Prevention: Keep ears dry o -Nisseria meningitidis Meningococcal meningitis o Fever, stiff neck, nausea/vomiting, severe headache, rash, light sensitivity o Transmission: Resp. Drop  o Treatment: Antibiotics o Most common type of meningitis in Africa -Group B Strep, Escherichia coli, Listeria Rare neonatal meningitis in low weight newborns o Group B strep is a common microflora in 1 in 4 healthy women o Group B strep + → Streptococcus agalactiae ▪ mom and child receive antimicrobial postnatally to ensure child can combat potential meningitis. -Brodetella pertussis (URT) Pertussis o Whooping cough o Low grade fever, severe cough, “whoop”, paroxysm, malaise o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Erythromycin o Prevention: DTaP and Tdap vaccine ▪ DTaP: children under 7 years of age ▪ Tdap: Teens and adults o Toxin paralyzes the ciliated cells in resp. tract. o Rise in cases in the US -Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis (LRT) o Active TB: cough, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, breathing pain o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Antibiotics o Prevention: Preventing exposure to active TB pts, BCG vaccine ▪ 90% of TB pts are asymptomatic. ▪ Infectious dose can be one cell or miliary TB (active tubercles are throughout the body) ▪ Mantoux test for detection ▪ Primary TB infection, primary active TB disease, latent TB infection, secondary active TB Disease. -Mycoplasma pneumoniae “Atypical” pneumonia (LRT) → “Walking pneumonia” o Headache, fever, fatigue, dry hacking cough o Transmission: Resp. Drop., via water system, whirlpool spas, A/C systems o Treatment: Antibiotic o Prevention: Extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems -Legionella pneumophila “Atypical” pneumonia (LRT) → Legionnaries’ disease o Headache, fever, fatigue, dry hacking cough o Transmission: Resp. Drop., via water system, whirlpool spas, A/C systems o Treatment: Antibiotic o Prevention: Extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems Pontiac Fever o Influenza like infection - Coxiella burnetti Q fever (LRT, Zoonotic, “Atypical” pneumonia in humans) o Headache, fever, dry cough o Transmission: Dust particles, contact with infected animals o Treatment: Doxycycline o Prevention: Vaccine for high-risk occupations - Chlamydophila psittaci Psittacosis (LRT, Zoonotic, “Atypical” pneumonia in humans) o Headache, fever, dry cough o Transmission: Contact with infected psittacine birds o Treatment: Doxycycline o Prevention: Keeping susceptible birds away from the infecting agent - Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydial pneumonia (LRT, “Atypical” pneumonia) o Headache, fever, dry cough o Transmission: Resp. Drop. o Treatment: Doxycycline, Erythromycin  o Prevention: Hand hygiene o Common in college students and young adults Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial *Oral cavaties - Streptococcus mutans Dental caries o Toothache, sensitivity and pain when drinking and eating o Cause by: normal indigenous microbiota o Treatment: Fluoride treatment, fillings, extraction o Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene, regular dental exams -Streptococcus sobrinus Dental caries o Toothache, sensitivity and pain when drinking and eating o Cause by: normal indigenous microbiota o Treatment: Fluoride treatment, fillings, extraction o Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene, regular dental exams - Variety of species Gingivitis o Swollen, soft, red, and bleeding gums o Caused by: Normal indigenous microbiota o Treatment: Cleaning of teeth to remove plaque o Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene, regular dental exams o Plaque is a type of biofilm Periodontitis o Swollen, bright red, tender gums pulled away from teeth o Caused by: Normal indigenous microbiota o Treatment: Cleaning pockets of bacteria  o Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene, regular dental exams - Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcal food poisoning (Foodborne, Noninflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea o Transmission: Food improperly handled or stored o Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment o Prevention: Good hand hygiene, avoiding suspect foods o Enterotoxin, Food intoxication o Incubation 1-6 hours -Clostridium perfringens Clostridial food poisoning (FOODBORNE, Noninflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea o Transmission: protein-rich foods improperly handled or stored o Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment o Prevention: Practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding suspect foods o Enterotoxin, food intoxication o Incubation 8-24 hours Gas Gangrene (SOILBORNE disease) o Foul odor and intense pain and swelling at the wound site o Transmission: Soil, endogenous transfer (Spores enter body through sever open wound.) o Treatment: Antibiotics (Cephalosporin), amputation, hyperbaric oxygen chamber o Prevention: Tissue debridement, cleaning wounds o Alpha-toxin is the most important of the 12 EXOtoxins (damages and lyses blood cells) -Bacillus cereus Food poisoning (Foodborne, Noninflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Diarrhea, vomiting o Transmission: Contaminated meats, cream sauces, starchy foods o Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment o Prevention: Avoid suspect foods  o Enterotoxin, food intoxication -Clostridium botulinum Botulism (Foodborne and wound, Noninflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Difficulty breathing or swallowing, slurred speech, blurred vision, flaccid paralysis o Transmission: Contaminated canned food, wound o Treatment: Antitoxin, breathing assist o Prevention: Practicing good home canning, proper food storage, avoiding honey in infants o Neurotoxin, food intoxication, most powerful toxin known to science -Vibrio Cholerae Cholera (Waterborne, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, dehydration o Transmission: Waterborne o Treatment: Oral rehydration therapy, Antibiotics o Prevention: Hand hygiene, avoid untreated water o Enterotoxin, Food infection -Vibrio sp. Vibriosis (Foodborne, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever o Transmission: Contaminated seafood (Oysters) o Treatment: None or antibiotic therapy for prolonged illness o Prevention: Cooking seafood thoroughly, avoiding raw oysters and clams o No toxin involved, Food infection -Escherichia coli Escherichia coli serotypes o Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (Aka Traveler’s disease, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) ▪ Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, low grade fever ▪ Transmission: Foodborne or waterborne ▪ Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment ▪ Prevention: Avoid suspect foods and untreated water ▪ Enterotoxin, food infection  o Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (Foodborne/waterborne, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) ▪ Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, low grade fever ▪ Transmission: Foodborne or waterborne ▪ Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment ▪ Prevention: Avoid suspect foods and untreated water ▪ Mostly in infants ▪ Enterotoxin, Food infection Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (Foodborne, Invasive Gastroenteritis) o Most common form is O157:H7 o Hemorrhagic colitis, severe bloody diarrhea o Transmission: Undercooked ground beef, contaminated fruits/veggies (ie: Spinach) o Treatment: In uncomplicated cases, resolves in 5-10 days o Prevention: Good hand hygiene and food preparation o Food infection, Enterotoxin, Cytotoxin, older adults, young adults, and immunocompromised pts develop complications. -Clostridium difficile Clostridium Difficile (aka C.Diff) (Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Major cause of Pseudomembranous colitis (severe colon infection) o Watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, dehydration, abd pain o Transmission: Indirect from contaminated hands or fomites o Treatment: Stopping antibiotic therapy, Anticlostridial antibiotic therapy o Prevention: GOOD hand hygiene, keeping bathrooms and kitchens disinfected → Bleach, bleach, BLEACH!!!!!!!!! o Enterotoxin, Cytotoxin, Food infection o Anarobic, spore forming, gram +, bacillus -Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis (Foodborne, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of appetite, loss of balance, convulsions o Transmission: Fecal contaminated food, water, milk o Treatment: Ampicillin (semisynthetic) o Prevention: Hand hygiene, washing and preserving food properly  o Toxin not established, can cause Meningitis in immune compromised pts o Food infection -Brucella sp. Brucellosis (Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Flu-like symptoms, backache, joint pain, chills o Transmission: Skin abrasion, raw dairy foods o Treatment: Doxycycline with gentamicin o Prevention: Avoiding raw dairy foods, cooking meat thoroughly, wearing gloves o Toxin not established, pasteurization can prevent o Food infection -Salmonella Salmonella typhi o Typhoid Fever (Invasive Gastroenteritis, Foodborne/waterborne) ▪ Bloody stools, abd pain, fever, Lethargy, delirium ▪ Transmission: Person shedding cells or contaminated sewage ▪ Treatment: Antibiotics ▪ Prevention: Avoid risky foods and drinks, vaccination (Vaccine contains dead or attenuated S. typhi or polysaccharides from S. typhi capsule.) ▪ Toxin not established, food infection ▪ 5 Fs: Flies, food, fingers, feces, fomites -Salmonella serotypes Salmonellosis (Foodborne, Invasive Gastroenteritis) o Fever, diarrhea, vomiting, abd cramps o Transmission: Broad variety of foods. Fecal oral route or by live animals o Treatment: Fluid replacement (IV), antibiotic therapy o Prevention: Hand hygiene, good food preparation o Toxin not established -Shigella sonnei or Shigella dysenteria Shigellosis (Foodborne and waterborne, Invasive Gastroenteritis) o Diarrhea, dysentery (infection of the intestines resulting in blood and mucus in stool) o Transmission: Foodborne and waterborne o Treatment: Antibiotics, Fluid and salt replacement o Prevention: Good hand hygiene o Exotoxin, food infection o S. dystenteriae causes epidemics in developing countries  o Shiga toxin (endotoxin) production in the intestinal epithelium triggers the gastroenteritis. o Shigellosis is primarily caused by Shigella sonni in the US. - Campylobacter jejuni (Foodborne, Invasive Gastroenteritis) Campylobacteriosis o Diarrhea, fever o Transmission: Contaminated foods or water (Fecal-oral route- usually by poultry) o Treatment: None or antibiotic therapy for prolonged illnesses o Prevention: Hand hygiene and food preparation o Enterotoxin, Food infection o Most common in the summer o Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the US -Helicobacter pylori Gastric Ulcer Disease (Unknown source, Invasive Gastroenteritis) o Aching or burning pain in the abd, nausea, vomiting w/ or w/o blood, bloating, bloody stool o Transmission: Unknown, but may be person to person via direct or indirect saliva contact. o Treatment: Antibiotics, acid suppression medications o Prevention: Hand hygiene, no sharing utensils, or glasses o Cytotoxin, Food infection o The bacteria produce urease which splits urea into ammonia and CO2 (Hint: Pts with H. pylori can have ammonia breath) Soilborne and Arthropodborne Disease Soilborne -Bacillus anthracis Inhalation Anthrax (Woosorter’s disease) o Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing and shock can develop o Transmission: Airborne endospores o Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with infected livestock/animal products. Vaccine available for those who are at increased risk. o If not treated early, can be fatal. o Zoonotic disease  Intestinal Anthrax o Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing and shock can develop o Transmission: Consumption of contaminated, undercooked meat o Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with infected livestock/animal products. Vaccine available for those who are at increased risk. o Acute inflammation of the intestinal tract o Zoonotic disease Cutaneous Anthrax o Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing and shock can develop o Transmission: Contact of skin abrasions with spore contaminated animal products o Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with infected livestock/animal products. Vaccine available for those who are at increased risk. o Least dangerous of the three anthrax o Necrotic tissue form, surround lymph glands may swell o Zoonotic disease (In regards to anthrax: first bacterial species shown by Koch to be causative agent of an infectious disease. Can be used in bioterrorism and biological warfare.) -Clostridium tetani Tetanus (Soilborne) o Muscle stiffness in jaw and neck, trismus (lockjaw), opisthotonos, reduced ventilation o Transmission: Wounds contaminated with soil, dust, and animal feces o Treatment: Tetanus antitoxin, Penicillin, sedatives, muscle relaxants o Prevention: DTaP vaccine and Td boosters o C. tetani release the neurotoxin Tetanospasmin o Tetanospasmin causes the hyperactivity of muscle contractions o DTaP vaccine contains a toxoid (a toxin that has been modified or altered to no longer be poisonous but stimulates the immune system. -Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis (Zoonotic disease) o Acute headache, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, fever and chills o Transmission: Contaminated soil, food, water o Treatment: Doxycycline  o Prevention: Avoid contaminated water o L. interrogans colonize in the kidney of infected animals. Bacteria passed through urine of animal. Humans acquire by swimming in or drinking contaminated water Anthropodborne - Yersinia pestis Bubonic Plague o Bacterial localization of the lymph nodes o Sudden onset of fever and chills, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, buboes o Transmission: Bite of infected flea, inhaled infections droplets from person or animal o Treatment: IV or IM streptomycin and gentamicin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control o Vector: Flea o Vaccine available for those at high risk of infection Septicemic Plague o If bubonic plague is not treated, leads to Septicemic plague. (think of sepsis) o High fever, abd pain, diarrhea o Transmission: Bite of infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from person or animal o Treatment: IV or IM Streptomycin and gentamicin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control o If untreated, bacilli can spread to the bloodstream from the lymph nodes →Meningitis o Vector: flea o Can cause meningitis Pneumonic Plague o Septicemic cases can progress to the lungs allowing for human to human transmission → Resp. Drop. o Headache, malaise, extensive coughing o Transmission: Bite of infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from person or animal o Treatment: IV or IM Streptomycin and gentamicin o Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control o Vector: flea -Borrelia burgdorgeri  Lyme disease o Bull’s eye rash, flu like symptoms, join pain o Transmission: Bite of infected deer tick o Treatment: Amoxicillin o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites o Human vaccine is taken off the market due to poor sales o Early stage: can spread to skin, hear, nervous system, and joints o Last stage: develops chronic arthritis and swelling in joints -Rickettsia rickettsia Rocky Mountain spotted fever o High fever, severe headache, rash on extremities that spreads to the trunk o Transmission: Bite of Hard tick o Treatment: Doxycycline or Tetracycline o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites o Vector: tick -Rickettsia prowazekii EPIdemic typhus o Fever, rash on trunk that spreads to extremities o Transmission: scratching bites from BODY LICE o Treatment: Doxycycline o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing lice infestation o Vector: Body louse o Associated with war, famine, and poverty o Mainly in: Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas - Rickettsia typhi ENDemic typhus (Murine typhus) o Mild fever, persistent headache, rash on the trunk that spreads to extremities o Transmission: Bite of infected flea o Treatment: Doxycycline or spontaneous w/o the need of drug therapy o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing flea bites o Vector: Flea o Mainly in: Hawaii, California, Texas -Ehrlichia chaffeens Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)  o Heachace, malaise, fever o Transmission: Bite of infected tick o Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites o Vector: Tick o Affects the Monocytes -Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Formerly known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila ) Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) o Headache, malaise, fever o Transmission: Bite of infected fever o Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline o Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites o Vector: Tick o Affects the Neutrophils