Structure Research Seminar DSS PDF

Structure Research Seminar DSS Presentation Overview 1. Presentation 2. Types of Structures 3. Coherence 4. Cohesion 1. Presentation Impact of Presentation Chocolate Chip Cookies 1 Chocolate Chip Cookies 2 Image source: https://co...

Structure Research Seminar DSS Presentation Overview 1. Presentation 2. Types of Structures 3. Coherence 4. Cohesion 1. Presentation Impact of Presentation Chocolate Chip Cookies 1 Chocolate Chip Cookies 2 Image source: https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1015819-chocolate-chip-cookies Image source: https://www.bettycrocker.com/how-to/tipslibrary/baking-tips/cookie-troubleshooting-guide Impact of Presentation Chocolate Chip Cookies 1 Chocolate Chip Cookies 2 Which cookies would you rather eat? Image source: https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1015819-chocolate-chip-cookies Image source: https://www.bettycrocker.com/how-to/tipslibrary/baking-tips/cookie-troubleshooting-guide Impact of Presentation Chocolate Chip Cookies 1 Chocolate Chip Cookies 2 Which cookies taste better? Image source: https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1015819-chocolate-chip-cookies Image source: https://www.bettycrocker.com/how-to/tipslibrary/baking-tips/cookie-troubleshooting-guide Text Presentation How can you make a text presentable? Text Presentation Title Page Formatting choices ○ Font ○ Size ○ Spacing ○ Margins Images Free from errors Structure Text Presentations Automated writing feedback systems have emerged as valuable tools in the realm of Automated writing feedback systems have emerged as valuable tools in the realm of education, offering students timely and personalized assistance in improving their education, offering students timely and personalized assistance in improving their writing skills. writing skills. These systems utilize advanced algorithms and natural language These systems utilize advanced algorithms and natural language processing techniques to analyze processing techniques to analyze students' writing and provide feedback on various students' writing and provide feedback on various aspects, including grammar, punctuation, style, aspects, including grammar, punctuation, style, and coherence. By leveraging machine and coherence. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, automated writing feedback systems learning algorithms, automated writing feedback systems can identify patterns and can identify patterns and errors in students' writing, offering targeted suggestions for improvement. errors in students' writing, offering targeted suggestions for improvement. Automated One of the key benefits of automated writing feedback is its scalability and efficiency, writing feedback is scalable and efficient. Educators can use it to provide feedback to a allowing educators to provide feedback to a large number of students in a relatively short amount of large number of students in a relatively short amount of time. This is particularly time. This is particularly advantageous in educational settings where instructors are faced with advantageous in educational settings where instructors are faced with limited time and limited time and resources but still strive to support students' writing development. Automated resources but still strive to support students' writing development. Automated feedback can supplement traditional instructor feedback, offering additional insights and guidance feedback can supplement traditional instructor feedback, offering additional insights and guidance Which text would you rather read? to students as they work on their writing assignments. Automated writing feedback systems offer students immediate feedback, enabling them to address errors and revise to students as they work on their writing assignments. Moreover, automated writing feedback systems offer students immediate feedback, their writing in real-time. This instantaneous feedback loop promotes active learning enabling them to address errors and revise their writing in real-time. This instantaneous feedback and helps students develop a deeper understanding of writing conventions and best loop promotes active learning and helps students develop a deeper understanding of writing practices. By receiving immediate feedback on their writing, students can iteratively conventions and best practices. By receiving immediate feedback on their writing, students can improve their skills and enhance the quality of their written work over time. Automated iteratively improve their skills and enhance the quality of their written work over time. writing feedback systems can be customized to align with specific learning objectives Additionally, automated writing feedback systems can be customized to align with and criteria, ensuring that students receive feedback tailored to their individual needs specific learning objectives and criteria, ensuring that students receive feedback tailored to their and the requirements of the assignment. This personalized approach to feedback individual needs and the requirements of the assignment. This personalized approach to feedback promotes student engagement and motivation, as students receive guidance that is promotes student engagement and motivation, as students receive guidance that is relevant and relevant and meaningful to their writing goals. Automated writing feedback systems meaningful to their writing goals. have the potential to revolutionize writing instruction by offering scalable, efficient, and Overall, automated writing feedback systems have the potential to revolutionize writing personalized feedback to students. As technology continues to advance, automated instruction by offering scalable, efficient, and personalized feedback to students. As technology writing feedback systems are likely to become even more sophisticated, providing continues to advance, automated writing feedback systems are likely to become even more students with increasingly valuable insights and support in their writing endeavors. sophisticated, providing students with increasingly valuable insights and support in their writing endeavors. 2. Types of Structures Large → Small Structures Whole Text Sections Subsections Paragraphs Between Sentences Within Sentences Large → Small Structures Whole Text Sections Coherence Subsections Paragraphs Between Paragraphs Between Cohesion Sentences Within Sentences 3. Coherence What is Coherence? Definition: Quality of being logical, consistent, and forming a unified whole Location: Macro structures ○ Whole text ○ Sections & Subsections ○ Paragraphs Key Question: Does the organization help the reader find and understand the content? Buzz words: ○ Coherent texts are easy to skim and scan. ○ Coherent texts are logical and clear. Whole Text – Research Paper Whole Text – Other Academic Texts Introduction Body Conclusion Sections & Subsections Or not to To use? use? Image source: http://ziontomballtx.org/sheepdog/to-be-or-not-to-be/ Compare with and without subsections Introduction Food consumption practices are currently under scrutiny over the negative impacts they may have.…Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects, is one such practice that has the potential to reduce negative impacts of Western diets despite consumer’s current resistance. Benefits of Entomophagy The primary benefit of incorporating entomophagy into Western diets is its potential to lessen negative environmental impacts….Thus, entomophagy can both lessen environmental harm and shift food consumption practices towards more sustainable systems. Compare with and without subsections Food consumption practices are currently under scrutiny over the negative impacts they may have.…Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects, is one such practice that has the potential to reduce negative impacts of Western diets despite consumer’s current resistance. The primary benefit of incorporating entomophagy into Western diets is its potential to lessen negative environmental impacts….Thus, entomophagy can both lessen environmental harm and shift food consumption practices towards more sustainable systems. Sections & Subsections: Verdict? To use? Or not to Longer use? texts/sections Short (500+ words) texts/sections Typical for genre Only 1 (e.g., research paragraph per papers) (sub)section Improves Harms structure Image source: http://ziontomballtx.org/sheepdog/to-be-or-not-to-be/ structure  Paragraphs Image source: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-origin-of-the-pilcrow-aka-the-strange-paragraph-symbol-8610683/ What is a paragraph? Which of the following should be true of a paragraph? Select all that apply. A paragraph should: A. Have one topic that is distinct from other paragraphs B. Be a series of sentences C. Include a summary of the main ideas at the end D. Contribute content to a broader topic E. Be at least five sentences Paragraph Structure 3 parts of a What are the paragraph… 3 parts of a paragraph? Hamburger Paragraph Structure 1. Topic sentence 2. Supporting sentences 3. Concluding (or final) sentence 24  Topic Sentences When writing topic sentences, BLUF! Topic sentences immediately tell readers the paragraph’s main idea B = Bottom i.e., L = Line the paragraph’s Bottom Line Up U = Up Front. F = Front Each Bottom Line should support your paper’s main ideas. Put main ideas up front! Source: https://www.cmu.edu/gcc/handouts-and-resources/handouts/bluf-topic-sentence.pdf  Concluding Sentences Restate topic sentence’s main idea without repeating it Answer the question, “So what”? ○ Topic sentence vs concluding sentence – what has changed? ○ Lead the reader to future topic Image source: https://www.artfulhome.com/product/Giclee-Print/Big-Deal-So-What-Who-Cares/128572  Paragraph Structure and Coherence I should put main ideas in topic and concluding Readers focus on the sentences! beginning and end of a paragraph…so?? Image source: https://unbate.com/article/i-have-an-idea-for-an-app-here-is-where-to-start Image source: https://unbate.com/article/i-have-an-idea-for-an-app-here-is-where-to-start Compare Topic and Concluding Sentences First Draft: Revised Draft: Proponents of the AI winter argument often cite reckless funding as the reason for an AI The second factor that may contribute to another AI winter is the ambiguity of AI; winter (Yasnitsky, 2020) - yet data indicates that many businesses have reaped dividends from their people are unsure what it actually is. This lack of understanding results in the public being easily investments in AI. The World Economic Forum (2018) estimates revenue from AI to be at 59.8 billion swayed to believe news reports about AI’s capability to destroy humanity (George, 2020). The US dollars in 2025, a major increase from the 1.4 billion US dollars in 2016. PwC (2017) reports that lack of understanding also means that most people do not realize that AI is already integrated into 54% of the global executives in its survey registered substantial returns from their investments in AI. their lives. Most people do not think that they use AI and are unaware of how advanced the These factors are all indicative of a healthy industry. technology is (Samuel et al., 2021). If people do not believe that AI is important to them, it is more likely that the AI industry will face another AI winter. The Lighthill report (Lighthill, 1973) is widely considered to be the key factor towards the first AI winter. It provided a pessimistic prognosis citing combinatorial explosion and lack of In contrast, educating the public about AI and being more transparent about its versatility from intelligent systems. The greatest counter to this should be the creation of machine strengths and weaknesses could prevent an AI winter. Several universities have been successful at presenting the advancements of AI while remaining realistic about its abilities and limitations learning. Deep learning networks (a type of machine learning) rely on a general-purpose learning (Hendler, 2008). By doing so, they avoided the creation of “hype,” which was responsible for the procedure, requiring little to no initial input from human engineers (LeCun et al., 2015) – effectively first AI winter (Muthukrishnan et al., 2020). However, universities are not a reflection of society allowing it to be used in many versatile cases. When combined with intuitive algorithms and and are generally unable to communicate with the public to the extent that powerful companies probabilistic inferences, deep learning has also been able to diffuse the problem of combinatorial (e.g., Facebook) can. As many of these companies stand to gain from AI hype, they are unlikely explosion to some extent, as seen in the case of Deep Blue and Alpha Go. Such networks have only to reduce their messaging. Therefore, even though some communities were able to successfully been possible due to rapid technological advancements. Data from Open AI (2018) showed a educate their members about the strengths and weaknesses of AI, it is doubtful the vast majority staggering 300,000x growth in computing power since 2012; defying Moore’s law that predicted a 7x of people will hear messages trying to prevent another AI winter. growth increase in the same time frame. Practice: Evaluate Coherence Instructions: Guiding Questions: 1. Groups of 2-4 ❏ What is each paragraph’s topic? 2. Part 1: ❏ Does each paragraph have a distinct topic? a. Compare: i. Paragraph A to B ❏ Does the topic sentence represent the paragraph’s ii. Paragraph C to D topic? b. Discuss which paragraph in each set has ❏ Do the supporting sentences match the topic? better coherence and why 3. Part 2: ❏ Does the concluding sentence conclude the topic? a. Evaluate coherence of: ❏ Do the topic and concluding sentences match? i. Paragraph E ii. Paragraph F ❏ Could readers easily skim for main ideas? b. Discuss whether coherence is (mostly) ❏ Could readers easily scan for specific info? good or (mostly) bad and why Evaluate Coherence: Part 1, Compare Text A: Text B: To test the hypothesis, a contrastive analysis To test the hypothesis, a contrastive was conducted. In total, a sample of 80 cooking analysis was conducted. In total, a sample of 80 videos was gathered from YouTube. In this analysis, 40 cooking videos with a cooking videos was gathered from YouTube: 40 second-person view were compared to 40 cooking cooking videos with a second-person view were videos with a first-person view. The view in cooking compared to 40 cooking videos with a videos was considered as a second-person view when first-person view. Videos with second-person the video displayed a chef preparing a recipe. Figure views were defined as those displaying a chef 1 is an example of a second-person view in a cooking video. preparing the recipe (see Figure 1). Videos with The view in cooking videos was considered as first-person views were defined as videos that a first-person view when the video visualized a pair displayed a pair of hands seen from above of hands from above preparing a recipe. Figure 2 preparing a recipe (see Figure 2). displays a first-person view. Evaluate Coherence: Part 1, Compare Text C: Text D: Searches for gentle whispering, tapping, and crinkling, Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) is a sensory brushing hair, and folding towels are now some of the most phenomenon characterized by a warm, tingling sensation. This response popular searches on the social media platform YouTube. These tends to be triggered by certain types of audio stimuli (e.g., gentle sounds can produce an autonomous sensory meridian response whispering, tapping, or crinkling sounds) or visual stimuli (e.g., slow and (ASMR). People who search for ASMR videos indicate that they expert hand movements like brushing hair or folding towels) People who find the audio and visual stimuli relaxing. In fact, ASMR was experience ASMR indicate that ASMR often begins on the scalp, moves to listed as the third most searched term on YouTube in a report from the back of the neck, and then sometimes down the spine. This is often 2021. accompanied by feelings of calm or relaxation. Although ASMR has only The ASMR videos on YouTube are viewed around the recently become mainstream, ASMR is already one of the most searched globe with over 14.5 million searches for “ASMR” in 2021 for topics on social media. making it an attractive platform for conducting research about YouTube is an example of such social media platforms and is a favored platform for spreading ASMR videos around the world. In a report ASMR. However, ASMR, characterized by a warm, tingling from 2021, on the top 100 most used YouTube search queries, the search sensation, has only recently become mainstream. People who query “ASMR” ended up third in line with over 14.5 million searches experience ASMR may say that the feeling begins on their scalp, globally. This large ASMR community on YouTube makes the platform moves to the back of the neck, and may go down the spine. attractive for conducting research about ASMR. Evaluate Coherence: Part 2, Evaluate Text E: Stereotypical gender roles are still prevalent on the YouTube platform: beauty and fashion target women, whereas technology, games and sports target men (Duffy, 2020). Existing research into the gender stereotypes in the army shows that even if men and women perform the same in different tasks, the women received lower evaluations than the men (Boldry et al., 2001). Women are currently challenging the stereotypes society has created in the fitness industry (Thelwall & Foster, 2021). Comparing the different research done on this topic raises the question whether female fitness instructors are able to influence their audiences as much as male instructors. Evaluate Coherence: Part 2, Evaluate Text F: YouTube makeup tutorial titles usually indicate whether the tutorial uses drugstore or luxury makeup products. “Drugstore” means that products are for sale in shops where a large assortment of personal care items can be found (van Lin & Gijsbrechts, 2016). This product type is affordable and of reasonable quality. “Luxury” products, on the other hand, are expensive and mainly found in (online) specialty shops (Sanguanpiyapan & Jasper, 2010). Although the ingredients of drugstore makeup are comparable with those of luxury makeup, luxury products tend to have a higher symbolic and emotional value (Tynan et al., 2010). This makes consumers more likely to prefer buying luxury makeup over drugstore makeup because it provides a greater sense of self-satisfaction (Rajan et al., 2019). This purchasing preference may also take the form of a YouTube audience that prefers luxury makeup videos to drugstore makeup videos. 4. Cohesion Large → Small Structures Whole Text Sections Coherence Subsections Paragraphs Between Paragraphs Between Cohesion Sentences Within Sentences What is cohesion? Definition: The quality of being united Location: Micro structures ○ Paragraph to paragraph ○ Sentence to sentence ○ Within sentences Key question: Are there written connections to join ideas together? Buzz words: A text that is cohesive has flow.  Known-New Contract Strategy for improving text’s cohesion Two parts to the sentence: known and new Image source: https://www.cmu.edu/gcc/handouts/Old-New%20handout%20.pdf Known-New Contract and Flow How to connect 1. Repetition a. Key terms b. Key ideas 2. Reference, Substitution, and Shell Nouns a. b. Reference phrases (e.g., it, they, this, there) Substitution phrases (e.g., one, ones, doing so) Variety c. Shell Nouns (e.g., details, experiences, features, elements, phenomenon, methods, process) is i. often combined with reference phrases ii. These situations… key! 3. Signposting language a. AKA transition words, linkers, connectors b. Functional language added to guide reader (e.g., However, additionally, for instance, next)  Identify Known-New Contract Researchers investigating learning preferences have found that students’ desire to learn with or without others varies depending on what is to be learned, how, with whom, and other considerations (French et al., 2011; Kanevsky, 2011, 2015; Koutrouba et al., 2012; Samardzija & Peterson, 2015; Walker & Shore, 2015). For example, more students prefer to work with others when the conditions for working in a group include working with others they have chosen. Alternatively, most students prefer working alone when they feel collaborating may result in potential conflict, unfair workload, or a poor grade (Kanevsky, 2011, 2015; Samardzija & Peterson, 2015; Walker & Shore, 2015). These findings on learning preferences demonstrate that students cannot be categorized into those who always prefer group work and those who always prefer to work alone. Modified from: Kanevsky, L., Lo, C. O., & Marghelis, V. (2021). Individual or collaborative projects? Considerations influencing the preferences of students with high reasoning ability and others their age. High Ability Studies, 33(1), 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2021.1903842  Cohesion: Paragraph-to-Paragraph Students in grades 3-8 tend to prefer working in self-selected groups rather than working alone (Kanevsky, 2011). This is likely because self-selected group work provides opportunities to work with friends (Cowan, 2014; Fisher & Frey, 2012). Studies indicate that collaborating with other students was more attractive when students were able to choose their partner or members of their group (French & Shore, 2009; Kanevsky, 2011, 2015; Walker & Shore, 2015). Conversely, more than 50% of students expressed dissatisfaction at being assigned to pairs or groups by their teacher (Kanevsky, 2011). This preference for self-selection was true for both gifted and non-gifted students (Kanevsky, 2011; Willard-Holt et al., 2013). Allowing students to self-select their groups may offer other benefits as well. Students who self-select groups report higher levels of commitment, trust, relational satisfaction, affective learning, and cognitive learning (Myers, 2012). Therefore, allowing students in this age group to self-select their groups may enhance their overall learning experience and satisfaction. Interestingly, students in high school science classes do not show the same preference for self-selecting groups (Mitchell et al., 2004). High school students may feel obligated to choose friends in group tasks even though they are aware that working with friends may have detrimental consequences in terms of completing their tasks and for social relationships outside the science classroom (Mitchell et al., 2004). … Modified from: Kanevsky, L., Lo, C. O., & Marghelis, V. (2021). Individual or collaborative projects? Considerations influencing the preferences of students with high reasoning ability and others their age. High Ability Studies, 33(1), 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2021.1903842  Cohesion: Sentence-to-Sentence Consecutive Sentences 1. Students in grades 3-8 tend to prefer working in self-selected groups rather than working alone (Kanevsky, 2011). This is likely because self-selected group work provides opportunities to work with friends (Cowan, 2014; Fisher & Frey, 2012). 2. Studies indicate that collaborating with other students was more attractive when students were able to choose their partner or members of their group (French & Shore, 2009; Kanevsky, 2011, 2015; Walker & Shore, 2015). Conversely, more than 50% of students expressed dissatisfaction at being assigned to pairs or groups by their teacher (Kanevsky, 2011). Modified from: Kanevsky, L., Lo, C. O., & Marghelis, V. (2021). Individual or collaborative projects? Considerations influencing the preferences of students with high reasoning ability and others their age. High Ability Studies, 33(1), 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2021.1903842  Cohesion: Sentence-to-Sentence Non-consecutive sentences Students in grades 3-8 tend to prefer working in self-selected groups rather than working alone (Kanevsky, 2011). This is likely because self-selected group work provides opportunities to work with friends (Cowan, 2014; Fisher & Frey, 2012). Studies indicate that collaborating with other students was more attractive when students were able to choose their partner or members of their group (French & Shore, 2009; Kanevsky, 2011, 2015; Walker & Shore, 2015). Conversely, more than 50% of students expressed dissatisfaction at being assigned to pairs or groups by their teacher (Kanevsky, 2011). This preference for self-selection was true for both gifted and non-gifted students (Kanevsky, 2011; Willard-Holt et al., 2013). Allowing students to self-select their groups may offer other benefits as well. Students who self-select groups report higher levels of commitment, trust, relational satisfaction, affective learning, and cognitive learning (Myers, 2012). Therefore, allowing students in this age group to self-select their groups may enhance their overall learning experience and satisfaction. Modified from: Kanevsky, L., Lo, C. O., & Marghelis, V. (2021). Individual or collaborative projects? Considerations influencing the preferences of students with high reasoning ability and others their age. High Ability Studies, 33(1), 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2021.1903842  Cohesion: Within Sentences Some studies show that student preferences may change depending on different school subjects. For instance, gifted high school students seem to prefer to work alone in math classes, and boys prefer working alone in science classes while girls prefer individual work in English (Li & Adamson, 1992). Modified from: Kanevsky, L., Lo, C. O., & Marghelis, V. (2021). Individual or collaborative projects? Considerations influencing the preferences of students with high reasoning ability and others their age. High Ability Studies, 33(1), 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2021.1903842 Cohesion Practice: Identify Cohesive Devices Bilingualism offers a wide range of cognitive and social benefits, which are strongly supported by scientific research. One of the most notable advantages is enhanced cognitive flexibility, the brain's ability to switch between tasks and manage multiple concepts simultaneously. This skill is particularly well-developed in bilingual individuals, who regularly practice switching between languages, thereby strengthening their executive control system (Bialystok, 2011). Furthermore, research has shown that bilingualism is associated with a delayed onset of dementia and other age-related cognitive declines, likely due to the increased cognitive reserve built through lifelong use of multiple languages (Craik et al., 2010). In addition to cognitive benefits, bilingualism provides significant social advantages. Bilingual individuals often demonstrate superior communication skills and a deeper understanding of different cultures, enhancing their ability to navigate diverse social environments (Grosjean, 2010). This cultural sensitivity and adaptability are increasingly valuable in the globalized world, where the ability to communicate in more than one language not only broadens career opportunities but also fosters international collaboration (Marian & Shook, 2012). Together, these cognitive and social benefits underscore the profound impact that bilingualism can have on individuals and societies alike.  Struggling with Structure? Could I use a large language model to help with my Generative AI structure?  Compare Cohesion: Original vs. ChatGPT Original: ChatGPT: …Automated writing feedback (AWF) can …Automated writing feedback (AWF) can supplement supplement traditional teacher feedback, providing traditional teacher feedback, providing additional and immediate insights and guidance as students work on Generative AI additional and immediate insights and guidance as students work on writing assignments. writing assignments. However, many AWF systems tend to prioritize Many AWF systems tend to focus on superficial errors, such as grammar, punctuation, and superficial errors, such as grammar, punctuation, and syntax, potentially overshadowing the cultivation of a syntax. It is possible that students will fail to develop deeper understanding of textual coherence and a deeper and more critical understanding of textual argumentative development. This focus on surface-level coherence and argumentative development. edits may inadvertently lead students to neglect the Encouraging students to focus on surface-level edits development of essential communication skills. To may not teach them to effectively communicate their address this challenge, students must be encouraged to ideas. Students must address both surface-level and engage with both surface-level and deeper issues in their deeper issues in their texts. texts, ensuring a comprehensive approach to writing improvement.  Struggling with Structure? Could I use a large language model to help with my Generative AI structure? Yes, but…  LLMs and Structure Pros Can identify lack of cohesion Can add cohesion to text Generative AI  Same problematic topic LLMs and Structure sentences. Cons Generative AI Not good at modifying a text to improve coherence (e.g., won’t rearrange order of info or eliminate content automatically) Might need to ask “the right” question Doesn’t know assignment requirements More cohesion than coherence. Summary Readers prefer texts with structure Two main types of structure ○ Coherence ○ Cohesion Structure applied in various locations (whole text → within sentences) LLMs can help with structure, but help is limited