Social Change PDF

SOCIAL CHANGE Dr Saraswathy AZYLINA GUNGGU Lecturer  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the session, students will be able to: Define social change Describe theories of social change Discuss the influences on social change Explain the process of social change...

SOCIAL CHANGE Dr Saraswathy AZYLINA GUNGGU Lecturer  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the session, students will be able to: Define social change Describe theories of social change Discuss the influences on social change Explain the process of social change * Describe social conflict Relate between technology and social change Discuss social change and its relation to health issues What is… ?  Social Change… refers to the transformation of culture, behavior, social institutions, and social structure over time Or refers to an alteration in the social order of a society it may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviors or social relations basic types of society: hunting-and-gathering, horticultural and pastoral, agricultural, industrial, and postindustrial.↳ ridesh ↓ food human interactions and relationship that - oriented doing Sociologist -> changes in Service programs · cultural and social institutions transform White collar jobs. blue collar  Social Change… differ in such dimensions: size, technology, economy, inequality, and gender roles. societies change over time as they become more modern. What it means for a society to become more modern?  Modernization Modernization refers to the process and impact of becoming more modern. More specifically, it refers to the gradual shift from hunting-and- gathering societies to postmodern societies changes brought by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century.  Modernization The terms modern and modernization have positive connotations; it sounds good to modernize and to be modern. Modernization implies that progress has been made and is continuing to be made, and who would not want progress?  Modernization A related problem with the terms and concepts of modern and modernization…… …. is that many people think of Western nations - the most modern nations in the world today. implies that Western society - the ideal to which other societies should aspire. While there are many good things about Western societies - s important to avoid the ethnocentrism of assuming that Western societies are better because they are more modern. In fact, one reason that many people in the Middle East and elsewhere dislike the United States …… is that they resent the “Westernization” of their societies from the influence of the United States and other wealthy Western nations. When they see Coca-Cola and Pepsi logos and the McDonald’s golden arches in their nations, they fear Western influence and the loss of their own beliefs and traditions.  Social processes A process is a series of steps that gradually leads to a result. Sociologists have identified several important social processes. Three important social processes follow. Discovery is the process by which something is learned or interpreted. Invention is the creation of something new from previously existing items or processes. Diffusion is the process by which one culture borrows from another culture or society. Entities of Social change Scope of social change  > - Modes of social change -manmade cheg  S I warmeet -Nv agai nuta ↓ Factors of ~ t Q - social & - change enersecut ch · nud · I nell C. sa culture -. Values & Beliefs Ideologies propelled by social movements Social medias/ mass media Public figures Trends Technology Advancement in the technology influence they way we work and living our life. Includes knowledge and hardware that are used to achieve practical goals. Population Migrations Refuges ↑ Cosmopolitan / Global cities Diversity is both a cause and an effect of social change Diversity as a cause of change is exemplified in immigration effects. Diversity as an effect of change is exemplified by unequal outcomes of modernization on different ethnic groups Diffusion Spreading culture traits from one society to another Two ways: Other countries to UK UK to other countries Reformulation – process of adapting borrowed cultural traits Physical environment The rapid change of lifestyle Climate Advancement in human basic needs Modernization Physical environment – effects of - -modernization War and conquest Loss of life Destruction of property Changes in economy  Influences that could hinder social change [ individual's own state in an investment or project Theories of social change Cyclical Theory (Spangler’s) - >the idea that societies experience patterns of growth and decline , much life the life cycle of living organism Cyclical change is a variation on unilinear theory a developed by Oswald Spengler (1918) and Arnold J. Toynbee (1956). argued that societies and civilisations change according to cycles of rise, decline and fall just as individual persons are born, mature, grow old, and die. Spengler: every society has a predetermined life cycle—birth, growth, maturity and decline- Society, after passing through all these stages of life cycle, returns to the original stage and thus the cycle begins again.  a society can grow and survive if it can constructively respond to the challenges. Cyclical theory of change /called ‘rise and fair theory - presumes that social phenomena of whatever sort recur again and again, exactly as they were before in a cyclical fashion. saturated w/ too many changes eg in business, Saturation :., te rate to saturated of pushes ↑ market is for may many goods > - belower) dow curve ↓ over tihl market Cyclical Theory (Sorokin’s) sociologist P.A. Sorokin (1941), which is known as ‘pendular theory of social change’. considers the course of history to be continuous, though irregular, fluctuating between two basic kinds of cultures: the ‘sensate’ and the ‘ideational’ through the ‘idealistic’. culture oscil¬lates like the pendulum of a clock between two points (pendulum of a clock swings with the passage of time, but ultimately it comes to its original position and re-proceeds to its previous journey) like a cyclical process but oscillating in character. Economic (Mandan) Theory of Social Change Owing largely to the influence of Marx and Marxism, the economic theory of change is also known as the Marxian theory of change. rests on the fundamental assumption that changes in the economic ‘infra-structure’ of society are the prime movers of social change. society consists of two structures—’infra-structure’ and ‘super- structure’. ‘infra-structure’ : ‘forces of production’ and ‘relations of production’.  The ‘super-structure’ : consists of those features of the social system (e.g. legal, ideological, political and religious institutions), which serve to maintain the ‘infra-structure’, and which are moulded by it. E.g: productive forces constitute ‘means of production’ (natural resources, land, labour, raw material, machines, tools and other instruments of production) and ‘mode of production’ (techniques of production, mental and moral habits of human beings) both and the level of development determines the social relation of production, i.e., production relations. production relations (class relations) constitute the economic structure of society - socio-economic structure of society is basically determined by the state of productive forces. Conflict Theory Conflict theorists do not believe that societies smoothly evolve to higher level -believe that conflicting groups struggle to ensure progress (Coser, 1956). assert that conflict is a necessary condition for change-the cause of change. There is no society, changing or unchanging, which does not have conflict of some kind or another. - Thus, conflict is associated with all types of social change in some way or other. Global theories of social change Globalization involves increased interconnectedness that can erase or magnify cultural differences. Modernization theory – global development is worldwide process affecting all societies touched by technological change. World systems theory – nations are members of a worldwide system of unequal political and economic relationships Dependency theory – industrialized nations tend to imprison developing nations through trade and debt tendency. Social change and Nursing Male nurses Religious, beliefs and principles VS practice Infatuated needs/demands for nursing supply Global nurses Academic pathway VS Clinical pathway VS Management pathway Evolution in nursing education “Blaming culture” ‘Doctors and Nurses’ games Implications to today’s nurses Today’s nurses aren’t just caring for the sick; they’re changing our very notion of modern medicine and health care delivery. Nurses are giving TED talks, publishing scientific research, developing mobile medical applications, and actively addressing health care policy. They’re collaborating with their colleagues, from social workers and oncologists to hospital administrators and public safety personnel. The field is growing, and so are opportunities for nurse practitioners, DNP and PhD nurses, nurse educators and nurse researchers. Implications to today’s nurses- cont. It’s not just that nursing is becoming a broader field; it’s becoming deeper, too. The opportunity to pursue medical specializations — diabetes, obesity, pharmacology, and more — is blooming, but the real opportunity is in mastering complex, multifaceted issues that impact our health care system and our nation. It’s more than knowing how to perform tasks and procedures; It’s about being a more effective member of the health care team and navigating clinical systems Implications to today’s nurses- cont. New health care technology is also creating opportunities for nurses. More and more aspects of the profession are electronic: Test results, X-rays, blood work, and ordering medication. An array of new technologies — mobile devices, electronic medical records, cloud computing, and teleconferencing — invite nurses to be digitally ambitious. Implications to today’s nurses- cont. Nurses won’t just consider the symptoms of patients in front of them; they’ll look at the health of their communities and beyond. Even basic medical instruments are getting smarter: For example, new bandages for heart patients have built-in sensors to measure vital signs. It will be the nurse’s role to track and synthesize multiple sources of comprehensive patient information. In the emerging field of nursing informatics, nurses will connect with technology developers to make these systems more user-friendly. Implications to today’s nurses- cont. A major challenge is how to curb the large expenditures for chronic disease patients in hospitals. One proven way is to treat patients before they need a hospital visit. New at-home monitoring programmes, where nurses see patients on live webcasts, will soon play a larger role in patient care. Because these emerging tools are at the forefront of more cost- efficient care delivery, nurses who can adapt and implement technology will become sought-after leaders. Implications to today’s nurses- cont. Patient behaviours are also evolving in a digitalised world. Patients are using online resources to research and treat their symptoms. Health and wellness are consistently among the most searched-for topics on Google. Nurses will need to double as health technology librarians, directing patients to trustworthy websites and useful applications. New technology won’t preclude traditional care, but it will open up more creative options to teach patients about their health. Nurses will no longer be limited to one-size-fits-all safety pamphlets. Patient education can become more personalised, with hundreds of new medical apps, from glucose monitors to basal body temperaturetrackers. Implication to today’s nurses- cont. Nurses need to be culturally competent. Hospitals are increasingly diverse, cultural melting-pots where nurses work on the front lines of race, religion, and gender. Doctor time is limited, but nurses deliver hour-to-hour care and interact with the families of patients. It requires the ability to listen and understand people from all walks of life. Nursing has become more complex in ways that couldn’t have been imagined a generation ago. Now there’s an imperative to be not just a great caregiver but a great innovator too. The demands of health care are calling for a new generation of thinkers who want to be agents of care innovation. It’s a profession for the intellectually curious, lifelong learner.