Fundamentals of Information Systems Management PDF

Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 4H2MSI Information Systems in Organizations Course Objectives & Roadmap 1 Fundamentals of Information Systems, including their composition and functions in organizations 2 Integrated Mgt. Systems & Software (ERP, CRM, SCM, etc.) are applied in organizat...

Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 4H2MSI Information Systems in Organizations Course Objectives & Roadmap 1 Fundamentals of Information Systems, including their composition and functions in organizations 2 Integrated Mgt. Systems & Software (ERP, CRM, SCM, etc.) are applied in organizations Today we are here! 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 3 Foundations of Data Management including data Security, Ethics and Sustainability considerations 3 4 Analysis and evaluation of Information Systems Acquisition and Deployment in Organizations Course Evaluation Group Work 1 [25%]: Case Analysis Information Systems at EM Lyon Business School 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Today’s Plan PART 1: The structure of organizations PART 2: Information systems inside an organization PART 3: Integrated systems, Management Information Systems (MIS) & software PART 4: Digital transformation 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management PART 1: The Structure of Organizations What is an Organization? ▪ A system of individuals, resources, and people that functions to achieve goals. ▪ It is structured and coordinated by a group of individuals through a defined hierarchy of roles, responsibilities, and often operates within established rules and procedures. ▪ The structure of organizations can vary widely depending on strategy, size, purpose, and complexity, etc. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Pugh, D. S., ed. (1990).Organization Theory: Selected Readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 7 Generic Organizational Chart MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS FINANCE MARKETING/SALES R&D Production, Supply Chain Accounting, Procurement, HR, Legal Marketing, Sales, Customer Service New Product Development, Research 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 8 Management MANAGEMENT ▪ ▪ ▪ The primary role of managers in business is to supervise other people’s performance. Management is “the art of getting things done though others” - Mary Parker Follett Most management activities fall into the following categories: PLANNING Managers plan by setting long-term goals for the business, as well as short-term strategies needed to execute those goals LEADING They set the pace, tone, culture and direction of the organization ORGANIZING Managers are responsible for organizing the operations of a business in the most efficient way (resources, priority, time) CONTROLLING Controlling the activities within the business to ensure that it is on track to achieve its goals. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 9 Organizational Structures Organizations have different structures We will discuss these: ▪ Functional structure ▪ Divisional structure ▪ Matrix structure ▪ Platform Ecosystem structure 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 10 Organizations: Functional Structure Companies organize their operations by functional areas § Separating operations into functional areas enables specialization (experts on one area) § It's more efficient and effective to have staff with similar skills grouped together § Functional areas vary according to the nature of the business and its size Example: Nike and Apple have significant R&D departments to stay in the lead as they operate in niche markets requiring constant innovation and strong branding. Retail companies may have no R&D functional area, but will be heavily invested in Transaction Processing Systems and Supply Chain Management 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 11 Organizational Functional Areas Functional area information systems are a collection of information systems that support a single organizational function (usually a department) Research & Development § Innovation § Researches for new products § development of new products 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 12 Key People Within Functional Areas MANAGEMENT CEO/PRESIDENT OPERATIONS FINANCE MARKETING/SALES C.M.O. C.R.O. / C.T.O. Production VC Accounting VC Marketing VC Development VC Supply Chain Mgr. HR Manager Sales VC IS/IT Manager Procurement Legal Counsel Customer Service Client Services C.O.O. C.F.O. Example of key roles in functional areas of a large technology manufacturing or a big corporation 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management R&D Organizations: Divisional Structure ▪ Divisional structure organizes the activities of a business around geographical, market, or product and service groups. ▪ Divisional lines could have operating groups for the United States or Europe, or for product lines. ▪ Each division contains a complete set of functions to handle its own accounting activities, sales and marketing, engineering, production, and so forth. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 14 Organizations: Divisional Structure: Pros & Cons ▪ This approach is useful when decision-making should be clustered at the division level to react more quickly to local conditions. ▪ The divisional structure is especially useful when a company has many regions, markets, and/or products. ▪ It can cause higher total costs, and can result in a number of small, quarreling groupings (fiefdoms J) within a company that do not necessarily work together for the good of the entire entity. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 15 Organizations: Matrix Structure ▪ Matrix structures have each employee assigned with two reporting hierarchies. ▪ One hierarchy is "functional" and assures that each type of expert in the organization is well-trained. ▪ The other hierarchy is “specialization" and tries to get projects completed using the experts. ▪ Projects might be organized by products, regions, customer types, or some other schemes. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management The United States aerospace industries were the first to officially use this organizational structure after it emerged in the early 1960s 16 Organizations: Platform Ecosystem Structure A) Employees ABC Co. Consumers Traditional Business Model Supplier n… Consumers Developer n… B) Platform Ecosystem Model Producer n… ABC Platform 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 17 Organizations: Platform Ecosystem Structure Platform Infrastructure 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Zutshi, A., Nodehi, T., Grilo, A., & Rizvanović, B. (2019). The evolution of digital platforms. In Advances in Management Research (pp. 41-50). CRC Press. 18 PART 2: Information Systems Inside an Organisation Information Systems inside an Organization Positioning & composition of IT, IS, and BI inside an Organization Business Intelligence (BI) Systems Information Systems (IS) Management Marketing IS Supply Chain & Operations IS Production IS Accounting IS Finance IS Human Resources IS Business Intelligence Systems, Dashboards, Viz & Insights Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPs) Transaction Processing Systems IT Services IT Personnel IT Components: Hardware, Networks, Devices, Software 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Information Technology (IT) Management Functional Area: Operations | Production 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 21 Functional Area: Operations | Production ▪ Production and Operations is where inputs, or factors of production, are converted to outputs, which are goods and services ▪ Production and Operations are the heart of a business, providing goods and services in a quantity and of a quality that meets the needs of the customers 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 22 Functional Area: Operations | Production The main functional activities carried out by the operations department are: ▪ Production of goods or services ▪ Buying raw materials ▪ Control of quality ▪ Logistics Performed through: ▪ Production planning and control ▪ Bill of material processing ▪ Building and process planning ▪ Scheduling and monitoring systems 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 23 Functional Area: Operations | Supply Chain 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 24 Functional Area: Operations | Supply Chain ▪ Supply Chain management (SCM) refers to the management of operations that are involved in the procurement of raw materials, their transformation into finished goods, and their distribution to the end consumer. ▪ The simplest supply chain includes Suppliers, Organization, and Customers ▪ It carries out the following functions: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Purchasing organizes the acquiring of raw materials, technology, Logistics that coordinates inventory planning, warehousing, and transportation Resource management (resource planning) Information workflow Information sharing, and distribution is what keeps all the other functions of SCM on track 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 25 Functional Area: Finance ▪ The Finance function involves planning for, obtaining, and managing a company’s funds ▪ Finance managers plan for both short-term and long-term financial capital needs and analyze the impact that borrowing will have on the financial well-being of the business. ▪ A company’s Finance department answers questions about how funds should be raised (loans vs. stocks), the long-term cost of borrowing funds, and the implications of financing decisions for the long-term health of the business 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 26 Functional Area: Finance | Auditing & Control § Budgetary control § Auditing § Financial health analysis § Profitability analysis and cost control § Financial modelling § Management accounting § Expenses analysis, auditing and control § Ratio analysis § Cost analysis 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 27 Functional Area: Marketing | Sales Marketing consists of all that a company does to identify customers’ needs and design products and services that meet those needs § Marketing is mainly focusing on customer acquisition and satisfaction § The goal of Sales is to generate the revenue the company needs in order to operate profitably § Sales works to exploit the leads created by marketing and activities generated by the sales force itself 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 28 Functional Area: Research & Development (R&D) 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 29 Functional Area: Research & Development (R&D) ▪ The R&D is staffed with scientists, thought leaders, subject matter experts, and industry analysts ▪ Aimed at providing the organization with knowledge and ideas to keep up with or get ahead of, the competition ▪ There are certain organizations that are not involved in the ▪ R&D activities. While there are certain other organizations whose survival depends on the effective R&D activities 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 30 Inter-organizational IS Information Systems also function among multiple orgs 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 31 Classification of IS in Organizations The Pyramid Model The pyramid model classifies information based on the tasks and responsibilities that are found in a hierarchical organization Managers in these three levels have different information needs and consequently utilize information systems that satisfy their specific information needs 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 32 Operational Level Functions & Information Systems Operations Managers § They run the day-today operations and make routine decisions. § Users at this level use make structured decisions. § A structured decision is one that is made quite often, and one in which the decision is based directly on the inputs. Once you know the necessary information you also know the decision that needs to be made. For example, inventory reorder levels can be structured decisions. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): Support the “real time” monitoring, collection, storage, and processing of data from day-today operations. Examples: a point-of-sale system, or booking system Process Control Systems (PCS): PCS are used to monitor and control physical processes. An example would be to test the temperature of food as it’s being prepared. PCSs take their input data from sensors to generate reports that are analyzed by an operational managers to adjust the process 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 33 Operational Level Functions & Information Systems 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 34 Middle Level Functions Middle-level managers § They make tactical decisions that assist in implementing the strategy of the organization § Tactical decisions involve decisions related to developing divisional plans, structuring workflows, establishing distribution channels and acquisition of resources, such as personnel, materials and money § Tactical users make semi-structured decisions (partly based on set guidelines and judgmental calls) For example: A tactical manager can check the credit limit and payments history of a customer and decide to make an exception to raise the credit limit for a particular customer 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 35 Middle Level Functions Functional Area Information Systems (FAIS) § FAIS are built on data provided by transaction processing systems. The output from a transaction processing system(data) is used as input to a management information system § The FAIS analyzes the input with routine algorithms, compare and summarizes the results to produced reports that tactical managers use to monitor, control and predict future performance § For example, input from a POS system can be used to analyze trends of products that are performing well and those that are not performing well. This information can be used to make future inventory § FAIS include Finance management, Marketing management, Human resource management, Accounting, etc. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 36 Executive Level Functions Executive Information Systems (EIS / C-Suite IS) § C-suite level managers (CEOs, COOs, CIOs, CFOs, etc.) use an EIS to make decisions that affect the entire organization. Executives need high-level data with the ability to drill down as necessary § EIS help executives analyze the environment in which the organization operates to identify long-term trends and to plan appropriate courses of action § The information in such a system is often weakly structured and comes from both internal sources, such as its own databases or Big data, and external sources, such as data from customers, suppliers, or other governmental databases 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management 37 Business Intelligence (BI) Systems § Organizations use BIS to make business decisions based on the collection, integration, and analysis of data and information collected across multiple systems in functional areas § Similar to EIS, but it can be localized, both lower-level managers and executives use it 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management https://www.altexsoft.com/blog/business/complete-guide-to-businessintelligence-and-analytics-strategy-steps-processes-and-tools / 38 PART 3: Integrated Systems, Management Information Systems (MIS) & Software Integrating Software § Software integration links an organization’s software into one centralized access and user interface point, enabling related activities to function seamlessly. § Provides a holistic outlook to clients/users even though multiple software from different vendors are used to support different functions and operations. § Often, this is achieved by Application Programing Interface (APIs) ▪ APIs are software used to integrate software and/or data ▪ As any other software they function by executing set of rules and functions, which enable applications to communicate, exchange data and functionality (services) easily and securely through requests 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Integrating Software: APIs This example uses the OpenWeatherMap API to retrieve current weather information for a specific city, in this case "San Francisco". The response is in JSON format, which can be easily parsed in python. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management In this example, the API is used to retrieve information about employees from an internal database. The API is hosted on an internal server and is only accessible within the organization's network. The API requires an API key for authentication, which is passed as a parameter in the GET request. Integrating Software: Airport Management System Software Systems: § Airport Landing Dues Information System (ALDIS) § Airport Flight Information Display System (AFIDS) § Air Traffic Control Administration System (ATCAS) § ATC Overflight Billing System § Cash Invoicing § Fuel System § Handling Agent System § Ledger Accounting § Real Time Apron Management § Reports § Security Sentinel § Gate Guardian 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Integrating Data Client orders & purchasing history Data Warehouse Structured data model Production master file Accounts Payable Records Employee Performance Records 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Data Integration & ETL Tools API Metadata Integrated Software for MIS § Management Information Systems (MIS) integrates and coordinates different business processes and functions of an organization into a single, unified system. § They provide a hub/ single point of access to most functionalities that are needed to run the organization ▪ For example, MIS systems typically include different software modules for managing accounting, finance, human resources, inventory, supply chain, customer relationships and project management etc. ▪ They are therefore integrated software in that they provide modules (subsystems within the same application) to cover most functional areas ▪ Most often provided by vendors (i.e., they are sold as a pre-written software) 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Management Information Systems (MIS) Main Types of MIS ▪ Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ▪ Customer Relationship Management (CRM) ▪ Sales Force Applications (SFA) ▪ Business Intelligence (BI) Reporting Systems 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Information Systems inside an Organization Business Intelligence (BI) Systems Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERPs) Marketing IS Supply Chain & Operations IS Production IS Accounting IS Finance IS Human Resources IS Business Intelligence Systems, Dashboards, Viz & Insights Information Systems (IS) Management ERP System Transaction Processing Systems IT Services IT Personnel IT Components: Hardware, Networks, Devices, Software 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Information Technology (IT) Management Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP) § An ERP is an integrated software that companies use to manage their dayto-day activities of key functions such as finance, HR, compliance, manufacturing, supply chain, etc. § ERP systems make data duplication unnecessary and ensure data integrity with a “single source of truth” / system of record -> single warehouse § ERPs are often delivered via the cloud and use the latest technologies, such as artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning) to provide intelligent automation, greater efficiency, and instant insight across a business § ERP software can be bought using a cloud subscription model (PaaS/SaaS) or a licensing model (i.e., installed on premise) 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management ERP: Components Typical examples of components in an ERP system 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management ERP - Benefits § Improved Data Visibility: ERP systems centralize data from various departments and functions, providing employees with a single source of truth, real-time access, and accurate information. § Increased Efficiency: ERP systems can help organizations to reduce costs, improve productivity, and increase the speed and accuracy of business processes, which can result in significant time and cost savings. § Better Decision-making: ERP systems provide managers with real-time visibility into key business metrics and performance indicators, which can help them to make more informed and strategic decisions. § Compliance: An ERP system can help organizations comply with regulations and standards, by providing relevant data, reporting, and documentation tools to help them to meet their compliance obligations. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management ERP - Challenges § High cost: The initial cost of purchasing and implementing an ERP system can be high, and the ongoing maintenance and upgrade costs can also be significant. § Customization and Integration issues: Customizing an ERP system to meet the specific needs of an organization can be difficult - and integrating the system with existing systems can also be challenging. § Limited scalability: Some ERP systems are not flexible enough to adapt to changing business needs or to accommodate growth or expansion. § Dependence on vendors: Organizations become heavily dependent on vendors for the software and support, which can make it difficult to switch to a different system if needed. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management ERP - Market 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Customer Relationship Management is a comprehensive strategy and process of acquiring, retaining, and partnering with selective customers to create superior value for the company and the customer. § CRM system refers to systems companies use to manage their interactions with customers at all points during the customer lifecycle, from discovery to purchase, and post-purchase § Used for organizing and coordinating, sales and marketing, and providing better customer services along with technical support 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management ERPs vs. CRMs § The ERP is mainly intended for the Finance Accounting, Logistics, Human resource, Supply Chain departments and Work-flow § The CRM is mainly intended for the Marketing, Sales, Supply Chain, departments § Data and actions of each department serve the business challenges of the company on a global scale § Overall, the success of the company requires decompartmentalizing the functions: marketing, production, human resources… § But they must break the silos between the departments, for example, by exchanging information, resources, in real-time and in high quality ways to target the same over-all goals ERP and CRM must be considered in a complementary way 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Sales Force Automation (SFA) systems § SFA systems are software tools that automate and streamline sales processes such as lead management, contact management, opportunity tracking, and sales forecasting. § There are two types: (1) unattended (actions without human intervention) and (2) attended (actions executed by humans) § SFA Systems can be (and often are) incorporated into CRM Systems, but don’t get the two confused § Example: Automated emails send automatic emails to the prospects and customers, either following a schedule or after certain pre-defined triggers, such as welcome and onboarding emails as well as birthday wishes.. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Sales Force Automation Systems (SFAs) 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Sales Force Automation Systems (SFAs) BI & Reporting Systems BI Reports 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management BI Reports: Dashboards Sales Dashboard for a Retail Store operating in multiple states 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management PART 4: Digital Transformation Digital Transformation Digitization Digitalization Digital transformation The process of converting analog information into digital format. This could include scanning paper documents, converting old audio or video recordings into digital files, or creating digital versions (twins) of physical products The use of digital technologies to improve existing processes, products, and services. A more radical and comprehensive change in the way an organization operates driven by digital technologies. Digital transformation involves using technology to fundamentally rethink and reinvent business models, processes, and value propositions. It often involves a complete reimagining of an organization's strategy, culture, and operations. Digitization of data, information, and products Automating and streamlining processes taking advantage of digital data, systems, products and services 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Digital Transformation & Digital Ecosystems The digitization and digitalization have been the major enablers of transformation of businesses into digital platform-based ecosystems 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Zutshi, A., Nodehi, T., Grilo, A., & Rizvanović, B. (2019). The evolution of digital platforms. In Advances in Management Research (pp. 41-50). CRC Press. Digitization Digitization – summary of key points: ▪ Conversion from physical/analog to digital ▪ Can be used to replace or complement physical versions ▪ Not all products/processes can be replaced by digitization - parallel ▪ A digital version sometimes referred to as a digital twin can be created ▪ Digitization & Digitalization are often blended ▪ Organizations often embark on projects that do both at the same time ▪ Digitization is required for an organization to digitalize 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Digitalization Digitalization – summary of key points: ▪ Use of or leveraging digital technologies and data (IT and Information Systems) to improve processes (ways of working) and to deliver services or products ▪ Therefore, digitalization requires and relies on digitization. ▪ Digitalization increases productivity and efficiency while reducing costs. ▪ Digitalization improves an existing business processes i.e., it takes the same processes from human-driven activities or series of events to software-driven. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Digital Transformation Digitalization – summary of key points: ▪ … is really business transformation (i.e., change) enabled by digitalization. ▪ Therefore, digital transformation requires and relies on digitalization, which in turn relies on digitization. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Digitization – Digital Twin Digital twin ▪ Some organizations will never fully digitize their services because of the nature of their business – this does not stop them from digitizing their products, and digitalizing their processes to achieve transformation ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ e.g., transportation, accommodation, physical wear, etc. At times, a digital version will never fully replace the physical one A digital version sometimes referred to as a digital twin can be created Closely resembles the physical version Mostly center on the improving the following features of the physical version: ▪ accessibility, tracking of use, usage analytics, interactivity, customization 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Digital Transformation Case Examples: Digitization – Digital Twin Digital twin ▪ Some organizations will never fully digitize their services because of the nature of their business – this does not stop them from digitizing their products, and digitalizing their processes to achieve transformation ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ e.g., transportation, accommodation, physical wear, etc. At times, a digital version will never fully replace the physical one A digital version sometimes referred to as a digital twin can be created Closely resembles the physical version Mostly center on the improving the following features of the physical version: ▪ accessibility, tracking of use, usage analytics, interactivity, customization Digital Ecosystems Workshop Time! Workshop! – Coffee Mug Challenge! ▪ In your groups ▪ Consider how it could be digitized and pltformized ▪ Key components & architecture ▪ What could be the security concerns? Digital Ecosystems Workshop Time: The Grand Coffee Mug Challenge! J Digitalization & Transformation In your groups: ▪ Consider how the coffee mug could be digitally transformed (consider the concepts we covered, i.e., digitization, digitalization, and platformization) ▪ Think about the required components & business model Digital Ecosystems & Digital Twins Case Example: Nike Product Customization 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management https://www.nike.com/in/nike-by-you Case: The Digitization of Beauty at L’Oréal Digitization - summary ▪ Digital tools enable alternative distribution channels (such as direct to consumer sales via online stores) ▪ It enhances the shopping experience inside the physical stores. ▪ Some retailers have introduced digital kiosks in their physical stores that allow customers to order products online in case the item is sold out in that particular store. ▪ It enhances customization of products to fit unique preferences of consumers 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-rctom/submission/the-digitization-of-beauty-at-loreal/ Cases: Digitization at L’Oreal Digital Ecosystems Digital Transformation – Considerations ▪ Transformation should start at the level of IT infrastructure to support processes, data, and people ▪ i.e., Hardware, Software, Networks, etc. ▪ New digital systems should be able to leverage data (i.e., advanced data analytics, and AI tools that generate business insights) 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Digital Transformation – Considerations ▪ Importance should be given to the management of internal skills when big changes are planned i.e., by the time of implementing a big transformation - people in the organization should be capable of using the new technologies ▪ Change Management is important to manage potential resistance to change and misalignment of priorities and uses. Communicate with people internally to involve them in the digital transformation 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Digital Transformation – Case Example How could you respond to this scenario: Your retail chain organization is replacing hand-held barcode scanners used by 20 employees at your very large inventory warehouse. A new automated identification system is proposed, which uses of a combination of NFC powered tags, at the storage spaces, and RFID chips on all inventory containers to transmit data to a local network such that all inventory packages do not need to be scanned any more. Each of the packages can directly inform the system when it’s moved, replaced, or out of stock. 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Questions: ▪ What would be fate of the 20 inventory operations staff whose job was to scan the packages? ▪ Should they all be replaced by this new system? https://adynamics.com.my /inventory-management/ Barriers of digital transformation ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Resistance to change within organization. Lack of skilled workforce and expertise. Legacy systems and technical debt. Budget constraints and resource limitations. Inadequate data security measures. Strategic and leadership roadblocks. Regulatory and compliance challenges. Integration difficulties with existing systems. Slow decision-making processes. Unclear guidance on objectives and goals 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Digital transformation: challenges at each stage 2023 AI Generation: Digital technologies do the business? 2015s Platformization: Digital technology is the business 2010s Digital transformation: digital technologies contribute to the business, linking internal and external clients 1980s Digital technologies support the business Source: Clement Levallois, Associate Professor, EM-Lyon Business School 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Group Assignment 1 Please read the Case uploaded on Brightspace and address the five (5) questions at the end of it. Use a maximum of 6 PPTX slides ONLY as follows: Slide 1: Introduction + names of group members Slide 2: Question 1 Slide 3: Question 2 Slide 4: Question 3 Slide 5: Question 4 Slide 6: Question 5 You will submit your presentation before the deadline as a PPTX slide deck (if you want to preserve the style in your slides) or PDF. Deadline 04/Feb/2024 11:59pm The whole group is expected to present their slides to the class in the first part of Session 3. Be creative! 4H2MSI: Fundamentals of Information Systems Management Thank you for your attention!