Historical Development of Physical Education PDF

Historical Development of Physical Education (Philosophy) Philosophy derived from the Greek word *philo* "love" and *sophia* "wisdom" it is literally define as the love of wisdom. The father of western philosophy- Socrates The father of modern philosophy- Rene Descartes *"I think, therefore I am"...

Historical Development of Physical Education (Philosophy) Philosophy derived from the Greek word *philo* "love" and *sophia* "wisdom" it is literally define as the love of wisdom. The father of western philosophy- Socrates The father of modern philosophy- Rene Descartes *"I think, therefore I am"* - Refer to search for the real - It seeks real facts and values in life - The study of most basic profound matters of human existence **Branches of Philosophy can be applied to Physical Education** - **Metaphysics** - Is abstract in nature it tries to answer questions that cannot be answered scientifically, deals with supernatural, super sensible, transcendent matters. - Reality and Existence - Founder of metaphysics Aristotle **Branches of Metaphysics** - **Cosmology** - The study of universe. Deals with reality and nature of the world. - Cosmos "universe" logos "study" - **Theology** - Deals with the reality about divine entity that is matters related to God or supernatural matters. - Father of theology is Plato - **Ontology -** Deals with reality regarding human existence - Ontos "being" logos "study" - Founder of ontology Parmenides **Application of Metaphysics in P.E and Sports** - In terms of questions regarding the nature of P.E, what's the nature of P.E in sports? - Does P.E and sports exist: in what form does it exist? - **Epistemology -** It is the study of theories of knowledge, and factual. The methods of obtaining it and kind of knowledge that can be acquired. **Application of Epistemology in P.E and Sports** - Regulates the role of P.E and sports and its impact to the physical and social development of the learner. - **Logic-** Systematic and orderly reasoning and concerned with making thoughts and ideas **Application in PE and sports** - **Guide or aids** of teaching in physical education - In P.E it shows the importance of explaining, theory and benefits, the risks of any activity - Correct methods of reasoning in trying to solve challenges in P.E/Sports - **Axiology** -it involves the study of values and worthiness of something that is in physical education, it's divided into two branches - **Ethics** deals with code of human conduct (morality) - **Aesthetics** deals with human judgment related to beauty **Application in PE and Sports** The value of P.E in the society to the individual: **4 characters and virtues of ethics in sports** - Sportsmanship- Ability to accept set rules and regulations of social conducts as it applies to sports - Fair Play- A sense of justice and right of opponents, accept there is a winner and a loser. - No favoritism and shake hands after contest - Character Development- Process where traits/attributes accepted by the society are inculcate in an individual for total well-being - Honesty vs. Cheating- Honesty and loyalty in playing the game Aesthetics application in P.E, deals with the artistic and taste of P.E and sports. - Beautiful movements - Good attire/uniform - General Performance - Proper execution and appreciating the beauty of P.E Historical Development of Physical Education (Traditional Philosophy) **Idealism, Realism, Naturalism, Pragmatism and Existentialism** **Idealism** -A Philosophical theory advocating that **reality depends on the mind** for existence and truth is universal and absolute -A belief that knowledge comes from **within** and that **ideas** are the only true and reality -**Reasoning and mental process are important** in understanding the truth -Ideas are more important than object -It helps students to develop their **moral, mental, and spiritual** -It helps students being loyal, good, and thinks critically -Father of Idealism is **Plato** -Contributors of Idealism are Immanuel Kant, and George Berkley **Realism** -Things we **see and perceive** are real -Reality is **independent** on the mind -**Actualities** of life is what is real **-Aristotle** was the leading proponent of realism In education, most effective way to find out about reality is **to study it through organized, separate and systematically arranged matter** **Pragmatism** -Came from the Greek word "pragma" which means **to do, to make, to act, or to accomplish** -Knowledge should be experimentally verified and it should be **useful** to the learner -Only those theories which can work in **practical situations** are true -**Practical and Functional** are the things must learn by students in school -Proponents of pragmatism are **John Dewey, Charles Sanders Peirce, and William James** \- John Dewey ***"learning by doing"*** **Naturalism** -Denies everything that has supernatural -All reality and truth written in **science** -Truth can only be found in nature -Proponents of naturalism are **Jean- Jacques Rousseau and John Locke** In Education: -It focuses in **human growth and development** -Democratic/Universal way, everyone must be educated in the same manner -It emphasis **physical development** rather than academic subjects **Existentialism** **- *"Existence precedes essence"*** -People are free to choose what to make of their lives and their individual passions are what drive them -Proponents of existentialism are **Jean Paul Sartre and Soren Kierkegaard** In Education: -It helps students understand and appreciate themselves -to help students define their own essence by exposing them to various paths they take in life and by creating an environment in which they freely choose their own preferred way -Holistic development, make good decisions -Learner centered (Students interest and needs)