SCIENCE9-REVIEWER-1STQUARTER.pdf

Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer Topic 1 Nose and Mouth Respiratory System and Breathing Entrance and exit of air in our body...

Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer Topic 1 Nose and Mouth Respiratory System and Breathing Entrance and exit of air in our body Nostrils or external nares ○ Has Cilia Respiratory System Network of organs and tissues that Nasal Cavity (Nasal Passageways) help you breathe Uppermost part Provides the nasal passageways Respiration Sequence of events that results in the Pharynx (Throat) exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Deliver air from your mouth and nose to between the atmosphere and the body the trachea cells Breathing is a phase of respiration Larynx (Voice Box) Top of the neck involved in breathing Breathing Epiglottis: flap that covers the rhythmical process of moving air into trachea during swallowing food. and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange Trachea (Windpipe) Has Cilia TWO TYPES OF BREATHING Cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the Inhalation (Inspiration) bronchi of the lungs Passage of air breathing in air Cartilage-soft and flexible bones Exhalation (Expiration) Bronchi breathing out air Two tiny tubes Passage or airway that OTHER FUNCTIONS conducts air into the lungs Bronchioles Warms and add moisture to the air you breathe in Air passages inside the ○ Mucus: slippery aqueous lungs that branch off like secretion produced by, and tree limbs from the bronchi covering, mucous membranes Deliver air to the tiny air sacs Protects your body from particles you breathe in Alveoli (Air sacs) ○ Cilia: tiny hairs Exchanging of oxygen and Allows you to talk and helps you smell carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Size is equal to 1 cell Blood capillaries: blood vessels in the alveoli Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 1 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer FLOW OF AIR IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Lungs Main organ of the respiratory system Spongy texture and pinkish- 1. Nose and Mouth gray in color 2. Nasal Cavity (Nasal Rib cage: a bone that aids Passageways) in safeguarding the heart 3. Pharynx (Throat) and lungs 4. Larynx (Voice Box) Pleura membrane: folds back on 5. Trachea (Windpipe) itself to form a two-layered 6. Bronchi membranous pleural sac. 7. Bronchioles 8. Alveoli Diaphragm 9. Lungs ○ Dome-shaped muscle 10. Diaphragm (contracts) responsible for breathing ○ Contracts and relaxes to give WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE BREATHE IN space in the chest cavity Inhalation - the action of inhaling or breathing in. your diaphragm muscle contracts, moves downward expands the chest cavity your ribs move up and occupy more space less air pressure inside the lungs. your lungs expands and take in air WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE BREATHE OUT Exhalation - the process or action of exhaling Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 2 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer your diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original Blood place. River of life The chest cavity and the ribs Body fluid that delivers necessary substances such as oxygen, glucose, return to its original size proteins, amino acids to the cells of less space and the greater the body and carries hormones. air pressure inside the Protect our body from foreign substances lungs. and infections. Your lungs returns to its Homeostasis: state of balance among all original size body systems needed for the body to function correctly. Maintains certain ph, temperature, and osmotic pressure. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD 1. LIQUID PART ○ Plasma yellow pale liquid component 90% water and 10% salt, enzymes, proteins, and antibodies 2. CELLULAR COMPONENTS: ○ Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Deliver oxygen to your body tissues and cells Shape: biconcave and pinched in the center Hemoglobin: rich in iron (200 million molecules) Topic 2 Color: red Made in the bone marrow Circulatory System and Blood Circulation ○ White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Circulatory System Soldier of the body Protect your body against Body’s transport system foreign-invading Regulates the flow of water, nutritive substances fluids, and substances, and waste Has nothing to do with the materials in the body of organisms delivery of nutrients Cardiovascular system (cardio: heart; vascular: vessels) PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 3 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer Shape: true cell and has a ii. Inferior Vena Cava (Lower true nucleus part of the body) Made in the bone marrow ○ Venules: smallest veins in the Color: white body ○ Platelets (Thrombocytes) 3. Capillaries Help blood to clot to prevent excess bleeding ○ Smallest and most abundant form of a blood vessel in the body Thromboplastin - protein ○ Exchange of gasses happen used for blood clot ○ Capillus: meaning “hair”; Colorless and irregular shape capillaries are thinner than Blood is made up of 55% Plasma, 1% Leukocytes human hair and Platelets, 44% Erythrocytes ○ Very thin and delicate Blood Vessels Components of the circulatory system Heart that transport blood throughout the body Main pumping organ It is made up of endothelial cells Size of closed fist There are three types of blood vessels present Muscular organ which pumps blood through in the human body the blood vessels of the circulatory system TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS Pumps 10,000 Liters of blood daily Beats 100,000 times per day 1. Arteries The pumped blood carries oxygen and ○ Carry blood AWAY from the heart nutrients to the body while carrying to the different parts of the metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide body to the lungs ○ Has a strong muscular wall where blood passes through CHAMBERS OF THE HEART ○ Has more pressure and flow than veins ○ Aorta: largest artery in the body ○ Arterioles: smallest arteries in the body 2. Veins ○ Carry blood TOWARDS or BACK to the heart ○ Has a strong muscular wall where blood passes through ○ Has less pressure and slow flow than arteries 1. COLLECTING CHAMBERS: ○ Vena Cava: largest veins in the ○ Right Atrium: Deoxygenated blood body ○ Left Atrium: Oxygenated blood i. Superior Vena Cava (Upperpart of the body) 2. PUMPING CHAMBERS: ○ Right Ventricle: heart to the lungs Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 4 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer ○ Left Ventricle: heart to body parts TYPES OF CIRCULATION RELATED TERMINOLOGIES 1. Pulmonary Septum heart to lungs and vice versa (1-7) Divide the left and right side of the 2. Systemic heart heart to body and vice versa (8-14) 3. Coronary Valves flow of blood in the heart (1-6, 8-13) One way structure that help separate the chambers and prevent backflow of blood Topic 3 Respiratory and Circulatory Diseases Pulmonary Term related to “Lungs” Cigarette Smoking Harms nearly every organ of the body, CIRCULATION OF BLOOD causes many diseases, and reduces the health of smokers in general. 70% Carcinogens: toxins that can cause 1. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava cancer 1. Right Atrium 2. Tricuspid Valve ○ Tar - black sticky substance that 3. Right Ventricle may stick to our cilia and may 4. Pulmonary valve cause cancer. 5. Pulmonary Artery ○ Carbon monoxide - colorless and 6. Lungs odorless gas that can mix to our 7. Pulmonary Veins hemoglobin 8. Left Atrium ○ Nicotine - addictive substance 9. Bicuspid or Mitral Valve that narrows the arteries and 10. Left Ventricle veins 11. Aortic Valve 12. Aorta 13. Different parts of the body EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Irritation of the trachea and larynx Increased risk of lung infection Permanent damage to the air sacs of the lungs Diseases EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 5 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer Increased heart rate ➔ Symptoms: coughing, production of Blood pressure sputum (mixture of saliva and mucus), diseases fatigue, fever POSSIBLE RESPIRATORY DISEASES POSSIBLE CIRCULATORY DISEASES Lung Cancer Atherosclerosis ➔ Lead in death cases ➔ Waxy substance called plaque builds up ➔ Uncontrolled growth of malignant or in the arteries cancerous cells called tumors ➔ Symptoms: chest pain, lack of blood ➔ Symptoms: coughing, shortness of flow, leg pain, numbness breath, chest pain, coughing of blood, weight loss, headache, back pain Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) ➔ Blood flow decreases or stops to a part Emphysema of the heart ➔ Symptoms: tightness in the center of ➔ Smoker’s disease the chest, dizziness, weakness ➔ Long-term disease where air sacs of lungs are damaged Anemia ➔ Symptoms: shortness of breath, fast ➔ Don’t have enough healthy red blood heartbeat, tightness of chest, coughing cells ➔ Symptoms: fatigue, pale skin, Tuberculosis irregular heartbeat, headache ➔ Bacterium known as mycobacteriumtubercolosis Leukemia ➔ One of the world’s top infectious killer ➔ Cancer of the bone marrow that produces ➔ Symptoms: weight loss, fever, fatigue, white blood cells coughing blood, loss of appetite ➔ Symptoms: fever, weight loss, easy bleeding, weakness, bruises Asthma ➔ Chronic ailment caused by the Hypertension inflammation of the airways, bronchi, or ➔ High blood pressure bronchioles ➔ Symptoms: coughing, wheezing, tightness Hypotension of chest ➔ Low blood pressure Bronchitis ➔ Inflammation of the lining of the bronchi ➔ Two types of Bronchitis: Atrial Septal Defect ◆ Acute Bronchitis - caused by ➔ An opening in the septum which leads to viruses the mixing of deoxygenated blood and ◆ Chronic Bronchitis - medical oxygenated blood attention required ➔ Symptoms: shortness of breath, tiredness, swelling of the legs, irregular heartbeats. Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 6 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer ○ Prokaryotic - no nucleus (Nucleoid) HEALTH TIPS TO PREVENT SUCH DISEASES ○ Eukaryotic - with nucleus ★ Eat a balanced diet Nucleus ★ Regular exercise membrane-bound organelle that contains ★ Drink plenty of water genetic material of eukaryotic organisms ★ Get plenty of sleep controls and regulates all movements of ★ Avoid cigarette smoking and drinking the cell alcoholic beverages Genome ★ Get active and productive segment of DNA that contains genetic information Topic 4 Location of Genes Chromosome contains lengths of DNA and proteins VOCABULARY OF DNA the human body consists of 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent) Genetics Histones: protein that provides ★ study of genes and heredity structural support to the chromosome Trait ★ inherited characteristic determined by the presence and expression of dominant and/or recessive alleles. Physical characteristic Gene ★ segment of DNA that codes for a protein, which in turn codes for a trait (skin tone, eye color, etc.) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) LOCATION OF THE GENES stored genetic information type of Nucleic Acid contains the information needed for an individual to survive in the end of 1940’s, scientists discovered that DNA consists of long strands of nucleotides blueprint of life polymer - repeating nucleotides Friedrich Miescher - discovered DNA (Nuclein) Cell basic component of life Two Main Components: Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 7 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer STRUCTURE OF THE DNA James Watson and Francis Crick COMPLEMENTARY NITROGENOUS BASES double helix structure of DNA in 1953 Adenine - Thymine (or Uracil) Nucleotide Guanine - Cytosine ★ basic building blocks of nucleic acids Remember: A.T.G.C. (DNA and RNA) ★ basic component of chromosomes NUMBER OF HYDROGEN BONDS Hydrogen Bonds connects the complementary nitrogenous bases Adenine - Thymine (or Uracil) consists 2 bonds Guanine - Cytosine consists 3 bonds NUMBER OF BASES Pyrimidine Bases: only one ring Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil Purine Bases: two rings Adenine, Guanine PARTS OF THE NUCLEOTIDE Deoxyribose (Sugar molecule) ➔ consists of five carbon-sugar rings Phosphate group ➔ consists of Phosphorus atom and four Oxygen atoms Nitrogenous Bases: Gene-(Segment of DNA) ➔ Adenine piece of DNA molecule that is ➔ Thymine responsible for the transmission of ➔ Guanine trait from parents to offspring ➔ Cytosine gene creates the code and converts it to ➔ Uracil - replaces Thymine in RNA traits Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 8 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer functional unit of heredity results in a THIRD PHENOTYPE in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes Topic 5 Non-Mendelian Inheritance Non-Mendelian Inheritance any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel’s Law do not focus on dominant and recessive trait incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits Punnett Square 2. Codominance used to predict the genotypes and two versions (alleles) of the phenotypes of a particular cross or same genes are expressed breeding experiment. separately to yield different traits in an individual Genotype alleles of the gene pair are An organism’s genetic information fully expressed Phenotype Set of observable physical characteristic of an organism NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE 3. Multiple Alleles Three or more alleles for a 1. Incomplete Dominance particular gene Sometimes, even if only two intermediate inheritance in which alleles control a trait, there one allele for a specific trait may actually be more than two is not completely expressed over types of alleles available its paired allele Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 9 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer Lead to more than two phenotypes Examples: ABO Blood groups/types and rabbits coat color Blood Type Blood classified by the presence of antigen GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE BLOOD TYPES DIFFERENT BLOOD TYPES Type A Consists of type A antigens anti-B antibodies in the plasma Type B Consists of type B antigens anti-A antibodies in the plasma Type AB Consists of type A and B antigens Can receive from every blood type No antibodies Type O Has no antigens Topic 6 Can be given to any blood type Sex-Linked and Sex-Influenced Traits Can only receive from fellow type O anti-A and B antibodies in the plasma Chromosome Each chromosome is made of proteins and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) A human body has 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent) Histones protein that provides structural support to the chromosome Locus Specific physical location of a gene or other DNA sequences on a chromosome Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 10 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer SEX-LINKED TRAITS TYPES OF PAIRED CHROMOSOMES Sex-Linked Traits ➔ Genes located on the X chromosomes are called X-Linked genes ➔ Sex chromosomes ➔ This is more common in male than in female because of males only have one X chromosome ➔ Defined by Recessive traits/alleles ➔ Example: Hemophilia and colorblindness Color Blindness 1. Autosomes ➔ Poor or deficient color vision is an inability to see the difference between Make up twenty-two pairs certain colors Non-sex chromosomes ➔ Bill Clinton and Mark Zuckerberg 2. Sex Chromosomes KEY: Twenty-third pair FEMALE: Xc Xc - normal female X, Y chromosomes Xc Xc - carrier female Xc Xc - color-blind female MALE: Xc Y - normal male Xc Y - color-blind male Hemophilia ➔ Usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly ➔ Queen Victoria and Leopold KEY: FEMALE: XH XH - normal female XH Xh - carrier female Xh Xh - hemophiliac female Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 11 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer Species Richness Species Evenness The count or total no. A description of the of unique species distribution of SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS within a given abundance across the biological community, species in a ecosystem, or other community. MALE: defined area. XH Y - normal male Xh Y - hemophiliac male Sex-Influenced Traits ➔ Autosomal trait ➔ Expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than the other sex ➔ Dominant in male because of the amount of hormones produced. ➔ Defined by Dominant traits/alleles ➔ Example: pattern of baldness in humans Baldness ➔ Partial or complete lack of hair growth in the scalp KEY: INDEX OF DIVERSITY FEMALE: XB XB - bald female XB Xb - non-bald female Index of Diversity Xb Xb - non-bald female ★ A quantitative measure that reflects the MALE: number of different species and how XB YB - bald male evenly the individuals among the species XB Yb - bald male Xb Yb - non-bald male FORMULA FOR INDEX OF DIVERSITY: Topic 7 What is Biodiversity? Biodiversity ★ Originates from Greek Word BIOS and If the Index of Diversity is: DIVERTAS which means life and variety ➔ Closer to 0 - low ★ The different variety of organisms ➔ Closer to 1 - high present in ecosystems. Population POPULATION DENSITY ★ Refers to all members of a given species that live in a particular location. ★ Limiting Factors: things that can limit Population Density the pollution size of certain species (examples: food, climate, etc.) ★ It is a measurement of population per unit land area Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 12 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer ➔ When its population has become so little FORMULA FOR POPULATION DENSITY that only few remain ➔ Examples: Philippine Eagle, African Forest Elephant, Amur Leopard MAJOR CAUSES OF EXTINCTION 1. Natural Causes of Extinction A natural event can kill an entire species of animals or plants 2. Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction Extinction of species from the surface of earth that is due to human activities NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION Topic 7 1. Acid Precipitation Extinction and its Causes ➔ Form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or Extinction nitric acid that fall to the ➔ A state when the entire population of a ground from the atmosphere species no longer exist 2. Meteorite Impact ➔ Examples: Dodo Bird, Titanoboa, Woolly ➔ Occurs when a rocky, metallic Mammoth, Megalodon, Dinosaurs (typically iron) or icy body that had been orbiting the sun, passes Endangered Species through the atmosphere to hit the surface. Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 13 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga  Science 9 First Quarter Examination Reviewer 3. Climate Change ➔ Refers to a long-term shifts in temperature and weather 4. Cosmic Radiation ➔ Radiation or heat coming from outer space ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF EXTINCTION 1. Pollution ➔ The introduction of harmful materials into the environment 2. Destruction of Coastal Resources ➔ Resources depletion, low biological growth rates, and critically Marine pollution ➔ Muro Ami: an example and refers to the use of rocks on coral reefs for fishing 3. Deforestation ➔ Forest clearance is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. 4. Wildlife Depletion ➔ The loss of wildlife animals through overhunting Sample Problems Living Things and Biological Organisms You may use this for your practice in computations and punnett squares: SAMPLE PROBLEMS Created By: John Lie Exequiel M. Rivera SCI 9 | First Quarter Examination Reviewer | 14 Checked By: Jairich H. Arciaga