Grade 9 Science Test Reviewer PDF

SCIENCE REVIEWER --- Grade 9 Science Test Reviewer 1ST QUARTER Grade 9 Science Test Reviewer 1. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems - The Parts of the Circulatory System: Includes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. The heart pu...

SCIENCE REVIEWER --- Grade 9 Science Test Reviewer 1ST QUARTER Grade 9 Science Test Reviewer 1. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems - The Parts of the Circulatory System: Includes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps blood through these vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients. - The Parts of the Respiratory System: Includes the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It’s responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. 2. Biodiversity and Evolution - Saving Earth’s Vanishing Species: Focus on protecting endangered species by preserving habitats and reducing threats like pollution and poaching. - Conserving Biodiversity: Maintain ecosystems by protecting species and their environments, promoting sustainable practices. 3. Non-Mendelian Genetics - Genes: Making You the Person You Are: Non-Mendelian genetics includes inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles that go beyond simple dominant-recessive traits. - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology: Manipulating genes to improve or alter organisms. Includes cloning, gene therapy, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). 4. The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems** - Plants Having a "Light Meal": Plants use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into chemical energy, producing food and oxygen. - Cellular Respiration: Process where cells break down glucose with oxygen to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Good luck with your studies! 2ND GRADING 1. Bonding Time - The Chemical Connections: Atoms bond to form molecules, sharing or transferring electrons. - Types of Bonding: Includes ionic (transfer of electrons) and covalent (sharing of electrons) bonds. - Ions and Compounds: Ions are charged particles (cations and anions). Compounds are substances formed from ions or atoms bonded together. 2. The Carbon Chains - The Variety of Carbon Compounds: Carbon forms a variety of compounds, including hydrocarbons and other organic molecules. - Organic Compounds: Include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds, all containing carbon and hydrogen. 3. Counting Particles Around Us - The Mole Concept: A mole is 6.022 × 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules). It helps quantify substances. - Percentage Composition, Empirical Formula, and Molecular Formula: Percentage composition shows the mass percentage of each element in a compound. The empirical formula is the simplest ratio of elements, while the molecular formula shows the actual number of each atom in a molecule. Good luck with your review! 3RD QUARTER 1. The Dynamic Earth Volcanoe - Definition: A volcano is a geological formation where magma from the Earth's interior erupts through the surface. - Types of Volcanoes: - Shield Volcanoes: Broad, gentle slopes formed by fluid lava flows (e.g., Mauna Loa in Hawaii). - Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes): Steep, conical volcanoes with alternating layers of lava and ash (e.g., Mount St. Helens). - Cinder Cones: Small, steep-sided volcanoes formed from pyroclastic fragments (e.g., Paricutin in Mexico). - Volcanic Eruptions: - Explosive Eruptions: Characterized by violent explosions and ash clouds (e.g., Mount Vesuvius). - Effusive Eruptions: Characterized by the flow of lava rather than explosive activity (e.g., Kilauea). - Volcano Monitoring: Techniques include seismic activity monitoring, gas emission analysis, and ground deformation measurements. Geothermal Energy -Definition: Geothermal energy is heat derived from the Earth's internal heat sources. HOW IT WORKS - Geothermal Power Plants: Convert heat from the Earth’s core into electricity. Steam or hot water from underground reservoirs is used to drive turbines. - Direct Use Application:Heating buildings, growing plants in greenhouses, drying crops, etc. - Advantages: Renewable, low greenhouse gas emissions, reliable. - Disadvantages: High initial costs, limited to regions with volcanic or tectonic activity. 2. Climate Factors of Climate - Latitude: Affects the amount of solar energy received; equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight year-round. - Altitude: Higher altitudes have cooler temperatures. - Proximity to Oceans: Oceans moderate temperatures, leading to milder winters and cooler summers. - Ocean Currents: Influence coastal climates by transferring heat or cold to nearby land areas. - Prevailing Winds: Can transport air masses with different temperatures and moisture levels. - Topography: Mountain ranges can block air masses and create rain shadows (dry areas on the leeward side). The Global Climate Phenomenon - El Niño: A climate pattern characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It can lead to increased rainfall and warmer temperatures in some regions. - La Niña: The opposite of El Niño, characterized by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It can cause colder and drier conditions in some regions. - Global Warming: Long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to increased greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4) from human activities. 3. All About Stars and Constellations Stars - Lifecycle of a Star: - Nebula: Cloud of gas and dust where stars are born. - Main Sequence: The stable phase where stars spend most of their life (e.g., our Sun). - Red Giant/Supergiant: Expands and cools after the main sequence phase. - Supernova: Explosive death of a massive star. - Neutron Star/Black Hole: Remnants after a supernova, depending on the original star’s mass. - Star Classification: Stars are classified based on their spectral type (O, B, A, F, G, K, M) and temperature. Constellations - Definition: Groups of stars forming recognizable patterns in the sky. Common Constellations: - Orion: Known as "The Hunter," with notable stars like Betelgeuse and Rigel. - Ursa Major: Includes the Big Dipper, which is useful for finding the North Star (Polaris). - Cassiopeia: Recognizable by its W shape. - Importance: Historically used for navigation and telling time. Still used in modern astronomy for locating objects in the night sky. --- Good luck with your test! 4TH QUARTER Grade 9 Science Test Reviewer 1. Motion in Two Dimensions - Motion on a Plane: Objects moving in two dimensions can be analyzed using vectors. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration have both magnitude and direction. Use vector addition for combined motions. - Crashes and Collisions:In collisions, momentum is conserved. Analyze both before and after collisions to find changes in velocity or direction. 2. Force, Motion, and Energy - Learning about Energy: Energy is the ability to do work. Types include kinetic (movement) and potential (stored). - Applications of the Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. For example, in a roller coaster, potential energy converts to kinetic energy and vice versa. 3. Heat, Work, and Efficiency - Heat Transfer and Energy Transformation in a Geothermal Power Plant: Heat from Earth's core is used to create steam, which drives turbines to produce electricity. This involves conduction, convection, and sometimes radiation. 4. Electricity and Magnetism - Electric Power in the Philippines: Electric power is generated from various sources, including geothermal, hydro, and fossil fuels. It's transmitted through a network of power lines. - Electricity at Home and You: Household electricity typically comes from the grid, delivered through circuits. Be aware of voltage, current, and safety practices like grounding and proper insulation. Good luck with your review!