RPH Midterm PDF

## **Reading in the Philippine History** ### **01: Site of the First Mass** - March 16, 1521: They arrived at Zamar. - Zamar: Island which has three hundred leagues from the islands of Ladroni. - March 18, 1521: Boat with 9 men inside of it. - Zuluan: An island that is not large. - Homonhon Islan...

## **Reading in the Philippine History** ### **01: Site of the First Mass** - March 16, 1521: They arrived at Zamar. - Zamar: Island which has three hundred leagues from the islands of Ladroni. - March 18, 1521: Boat with 9 men inside of it. - Zuluan: An island that is not large. - Homonhon Island: Watering place of good signs. - Seignor (tattooed): Old man who was painted. - Caphri: Dark, fat, painted, and naked. - Have large earrings. - Have a long hair. - Uses daggers, knives, and spears. ### **4 Islands i the West Southeast** 1. Cenalo 2. Hinunangan 3. Ibusson 4. Abarien - March 28, 1521 - Boloto: Small boat with 8 men. - Sumatra/Taprobana: Slave. - Balanghai: Large boats. - 50 men was landed when the hour for the mass arrived. - Six pieces were discharged as a sign of peace before they reached the shore with their boat. - Cross: Set on the summit of the highest mountain. - Abba: The god they praise and they worship by raising their clasped hands and their face to the sky. - Calagahan: After the cross was erected in position, wach of them repeated Pater Noster and Ave Maria and adores the cross. - Ceylon: Best port to get food. - Zubu: The largest and one with the most trade. - Mazaua: They remained there in seven days after laid their course toward the northwest passing among five islands: - Ceylon - Bohol - Canighan - Baybai - Gatighan: There are bats as large as eagle. ### **02: Cavite Mutiny (1872)** - Mutiny: A rebellion against authority. - Comes from an old verb, "mutine," which means "revolt." - Cavite Mutiny: A major factor in the awakening of nationalism among Filipinos. - Spanish Accounts: 1. Jose Montero y Vidal account of the Cavite Mutiny. 2. Official Report of Governor Izquierdo on Cavite Mutiny of 1872. ### **Jose Montero y Vidal** - Spanish historian. - His account centered on how the event was an attempt in overthrowing Spanish government in the Philippines. - His account was criticized woefully biased "... the idea of attaining their independence. It was towards this goal that they started to work, with the powerful assistance of a certain section of the native clergy..." ### **Governor Rafael y Izquierdo** - Implicated the native clergy, who were active in the movement toward secularization of parishes. - In a biased report, he highlighted the attempt to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines to install a new "hari" in the persons of Father Burgos and Zamora. - "...whose head in Filipino would be called 'hari'; but it turns out that they would place at the head of the government priest... that the head selected would be D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zamora..." ### **Spanish Accounts** - Underscore the reason for the “revolution” abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such as exemption from payment of tribute and being employed in Polos y Servicios (foced labor). - Presence of the native clergy, against the Spanish friars, “conspired and supported" the rebels. - In the Spaniard's Accounts, 1872 was premeditated, a part of big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers and residents of Manila and Cavite. - January 20, 1872: The district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin Loreto, came with it were some fireworks display. The Cavitenos mistook this as the signal to commence with the attack. - 200 men was led by Sergeant La Madrid attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal. - Izquierdo, upon learning the attack, ordered reinforcement of the Spanish forces to Cavite to quell the revolt. - The revolution was easily crushed, when Manilenos who were expected to aid Cavitenos did not arrived. - In result, leaders of the plot were killed; Father Gomez, Burgos & Zamora were tried by a court-martial and sentenced to be executed. ### **Others who were implicated such as:** - Joaquin Pardo de Tavera - Antonio Ma. Regidor - Jose Basa - Pio Basa - And other Filipino lawyers were suspended from the practice of law, arrested, and sentenced to life imprisonment at the Marianas island. ### **Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera** - A Filipino scholar and researcher. - Wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. - According to de Tavera, the incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers against Governor Izquierdo's harsh policy. ### **Differing Accounts** - Friars used Cavite mutiny as a part of a larger conspiracy to cement their dominance. - They showcased the mutiny as part of a greater conspiracy in the Philippines by Filipinos to overthrow the Spanish government. - It paved way to the revolution culminating in 1898. ### **03: The Cry of Pugad Balintawak or Pugad Lawin** - Cry: Translated from the Spanish term, el grito de rebelion (cry of rebellion) - Does not necessarily connote shouting, unlike the Filipino "sigaw." - According to Teodoro Agoncillo from his 1956 book "The Revolt of the masses", he defined is as the tearing of cedulas. ### **Cry of Balintawak/ Pugad Lawin** - A historical event during the struggle for Philippine independence. - Andres Bonifacio and his comrades from the Katipunan tore their cedulas in the hills of Balintawak. - It was the starting signal of the Philippine Revolution. ### **Different versions to consider:** - Pio Valenzuela's Controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin”. - Santiago Alvarez' “The Cry of Bahay Toro”. - Gregoria de Jesus' version of the "First Cry". - Guillermo Masangkay's "The Cry of Balintawak." ### **Pio Valenzuela's Controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin”** - At September 1896, stated that Katipunan meetings took place from Sunday to Tuesday or August 23 to 25 at Balintawak. - At 1911, states that Katipunan began meeting on August 22 while the "Cry" took place on August 23 at Apolonio Samson's house in Balintawak. - Stated that “hindi sa Balintawak nangyari ang unang sigaw ng paghihimagsik na kinalalagian ngayon ng bantayog kung di sa pook na kilala sa tawag na Pugad Lawin.” - He claimed that the Cry took place in Pugad Lawin instead of Balintawak. - His version, through Agoncillo's influence became the basis of the current stance of the Philippine Government. ### **Cry of Pugad Lawin (August 23, 1896)** - August 19-20: Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Proopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario & Pio Valenuela, the frist to arrive at Balintawak. - August 21: Bonifacio changed the Katipunan code because the Spanish authorities has already deciphered it. - August 22: 500 members of the Katipunan met at the house of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo are also there. - Views were only exchanged, and no resolution was debated or adopted. - August 23: Over 1,000 Katipuneros met and carried out considerable debate and discussion in the house, store-house and yard of Juan Ramos at Pugad Lawin. - Only one man protested and fought against the wasr, and that was Teodoro Plata (Bonifacio's brother-in-law). - After the meeting, many of those present tore their cedula certificates and shouted "Mabuhay and Pilipinas! Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!" ### **Santiago Alvarez’“The Cry of Bahay Toro” (August 24, 1896)** - Santiago Alvarez: Katipunero from Cavite. - Son of Mariano Alvarez. - Relative of Gregoria de Jesus, wife of Andres Bonifacio. - Not an eye witness of this event. - Sunday, August 23, 1896: As early as 10 o'clock in the morning, at the barn of Kabesang Melchora (Melchora Aquino-Z.), at a place called Sampalukan, Barrio of Bahay Toro, Katipuneros met together, about 500 of those arrived, ready and eager to join the "Supremo" Andres Bonifacio and his men... - Monday, August 24, 1896: There were about 1,000 Katipuneros... The "Supremo” decided to hold a meeting inside the big barn. Under his leadership, the meeting began at 10 o'clock in the morning... It was 12 o'clock noon when the meeting adjourned amidst loud cries of “Long live the Sons of the Country” (Mabuhay ang mga anak ng Bayan!) ### **Gregoria de Jesus' version of the "First Cry"** - "Lakambini of Katipunan", wife of Andres Bonifacio. - Keeper of the secret documents of the Katipunan. - Lived in Caloocan then fled to Manila when she was told that Spanish authorities want to arrest her. - First "Cry" happened near Caloocan on August 25, 1896. ### **Guillermo Masangkay's “The Cry of Balintawak” (August 26, 1896)** - He is an eyewitness of the historic event and childhood friend of Bonifacio. - A big meeting was held in Balintawak at the house of Apolonio Samson. ### **Leaders of Katipunan and Board of Directors of the Organization** - Andres Bonifacio - Emilio Jacinto - Aguedo del Rosario - Tomas Remigio - Briccio Pantas - Teodoro Plata - Pio Valenzuela - Enrique Pacheco - Francisco Carreon ### **Katipunan** - Revolutionary movement armed to fight for freedom against Spain. - Revolution which would free the Philippines from shackles of Spanish oppression had to be national in scope. ### **Triangle Method** - They called the Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or simply "katipunan." ### **Objective of Katipunan** 1. Unite the Filipinos under one flag. 2. Achieve independence by mean of revolution. 3. Depend the oppressed and helped member who are in need. ### **The Katipunan** - Bonifacio and the Katipunan: July 07, 1892, Katipunan was founded. - Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), - Supreme and Most Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation. - Founded by: - Andres Bonifacio - Valentin Diaz - Teodoro Plata - Ladislao Diwa - Deodato Arellano - Founded in Azcarraga (Claro M. Recto Avenue). - Used "blood compact" to form the Katipunan. ### **The Aims of Katipunan** - Political: Separation of the Philippines from Spain. - Moral: Good morals and good hygiene. - Civic: Self-help and defense of the poor and the oppressed. - To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation. - To fight for Philippine independence from Spain. The Katipunan prepared the country for an armed revolution to regain the country's lost freedom. ### **Three Governing Bodies** - Kataas-taasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) - For the whole country. - Consisted of a president, as fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller. - Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) - For every province. - Sangguniang Balangay (Municipal Council) - For every town. - Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council) - It decided cases involving treachery among the members and quarrels between them. ### **Secret initiation of the Katipunan** - A candidate for membership was first blindfolded and entered a secret room. In the room there was a table with a lamp, a skull, and a bolo. The blindfold was removed from his eyes. He was given a test on the history of the Philippines to show that he knew the Spaniards had oppressed the Filipinos. He had to pass other tests on his patriotism, courage and sincerity. ### **Katipunan Membership** - Originally the KKK recruited new members by means of TRIANGLE SYSTEM. - An original member would recruit two new members who did not know each other. - They also agreed that they would pay a membership fee amounting to one real fuerte (twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of media real (twelve centavos). ### **Kinds of Membership** - **Katipon (Member)** - Outfit: Black hood, with a triangle of white ribbons, inside of which were the letters Z, Li, B - Password: Anak ng Bayan - Monthly Dues: One real fuerte (old money), or 12.5 centimos, or 20 cuartos. - **Kawal (Soldier)** - Outfit: Green hood, with triangle of white lines, at the three angles were the letters Z, Li, B suspended from the neck was a green ribbon with a medal, with the letter K in the ancient Tagalog script inscribed in the middle. - Password: Gom-Bur-Za - Mothly Dues: Twenty centavos. - **Bayani (Patriot)** - Outfit: Red mask, with white triangle, inside of which was the KKK, Z, Li, B red sash with green borders. - Password: Rizal - Monthly Dues: Two real Fuertes (old money), or 25 centimos, or 40 cuartos. ### **The Katipunan Women** - Bonifacio wanted women be involved in Katipunan without putting them in danger discovery. - When a secret meeting was being held, the female Katipuneros pretended it was a party by singing and dancing. - Only wife, sisters, and daughter of the Katipunero. ### **Katipuneras** - President: Josefa Rizal - Vice President: Gregoria de Jesus - Secretary: Marina Dizon - Fiscal: Angelica – Rizal Lopez ### **Officers (first election) August 1892** - President: Deodato Arellano - Honorary President: Jose Rizal - Comptroller/Auditor: Andres Bonifacio - Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa - Secretary: Teodoro Plata - Treasurer: Valentin Diaz ### **Officers (second election) February 1893** - President: Roman Basa - Comptroller/Auditor: Andres Bonifacio - Fiscal: Andres Bonifacio - Secretary: Jose Turiano Santiago - Treasurer: Vicento Molina ### **Officers (third election) December 1895** - Supremo: Andres Bonifacio - Secretary of State: Emilio Jacinto - Secretary of War: Teodoro Plata - Secretary of Justice: Briccio Pantas - Secretary of Interior: Aguedo del Rosario - Secretary of Finance: Enrique Pacheco - Every member of the Katipunan adopted a symbolic name: - Andres Bonifacio – May Pagasa - Emilio Jacinto – Pingkian - Artemino Ricarte – Vibora - Emilio Aguinaldo - Magdalo ### **Kalayaan** - Newspaper of Katipunan. - Pseudonyms: - Emilio Jacinto a.k.a “Dimas Ilaw” - Andres Bonifacio a.k.a "Agapito Bagumbayan" - Pio Valenzuela a.k.a “Madlang Awa” - March 1896: First issue of kalayaan. 2000 copies. - It included articles written by Emilio Jacinto, Andres Bonifacio and Pio Valenzuela.