ROTC Midterms Final PDF

ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) SEC. 15(4) OF BATAS PAMBANSA BILANG LEGAL BASIS 323...

ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) SEC. 15(4) OF BATAS PAMBANSA BILANG LEGAL BASIS 323 - likewise provides that it is the duty and SPECIFIC PROVISIONS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL responsibility of students to participate LAW PERTINENT TO R.A. 9163 actively in civic affairs and be involved in Sec. 4 R.A. 9163 the promotion of the general welfare of the - There is hereby established a National people particularly in the social, economic Training Service Program (NSTP), which and cultural development of the community shall form part of the curricula of all and in the attainment of a just, baccalaureate degree courses and at of at compassionate and orderly society. least two (2) year technical-vocational courses and is a requisite for graduation, Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Guiding consisting of the following service Principle). components. - While the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its citizens, in turn, it shall The Reserve Officer’s Training Corps be the responsibility of all citizens to defend (ROTC), which is hereby made optional and the security of the state, and in the voluntary upon the effectivity of this act. fulfillment thereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal The Literacy Training Services (LTS); And military or civil service. The Civic Welfare Training Services (CWTS) Sec 2. Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Role of the Youth) Sec. 2 R.A 9163 1. In recognition of the vital role of the youth - Hereby affirms the prime duty of the in nation building the state shall promote government to serve and protect its citizen. civic consciousness among them and shall In turn, it shall be the responsibility of all develop their physical, moral, spiritual, citizens to defend security of the state and intellectual and social being. It shall in the fulfillment thereof, the government inculcate the ideals of patriotism, may require each to render personal, nationalism, and advance their involvement military, or civil services. in public and civic affairs. Pursuant to Section 12 Republic Act No. 2. As the most valuable resources of the 9163 nation, they shall be motivated, trained, - otherwise known as the National Service organized and involved in military literacy, Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001, civic welfare programs and other similar CHED, TESDA, and DND in consultation endeavors in the service of the nation. with concerned government agencies, the Philippine Association of State Universities Sec. 4, Rule III, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Coverage) and Colleges (PASUC), Coordinating Council of Private Educational Association 1. All incoming freshmen students, male and of the Philippines (COCOPEA), NGOs, female, starting School Year (SY) 2002 promulgate the following IRR to implement 2003, enrolled in any baccalaureate and in the provisions of this Act. at least two (2) year Technical - Vocational or associate courses, are required to Page 1 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) complete one (1) NSTP component of their 2. The CHED, TESDA and DND, in choice as a graduation requirement. consultation with other concerned government agencies, shall issue the a. The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), necessary guidelines for the establishment, Philippine Merchant Marine Academy organization, maintenance and utilization of (PMMA), Philippine national Police the National Reserve Corps. Academy (PNPA), and other SUCs of similar nature, in view of the special 3. Graduates of the ROTC program shall form character of these institutions, are part of the Citizen Armed Force, pursuant exempted from the NSTP. to R. A. 7077, subject to the requirements of DND b. Private higher and technical-vocational education institutions with at least 350 Sec. 13, Rule VI, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Transitory students’ cadets, may offer the ROTC Provisions): Program and consequently 1. Students who are currently enrolled but establish/maintain a Department of Military have not taken any of the Military Service Science and Tactics (DMST), subject to the (MS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS) or Law existing rules and regulations of the Armed Enforcement Service (LES) programs shall Forces of the Philippines (AFP). be covered by the NSTP law. 2. All higher and technical-vocational 2. Students who are not covered by Section education institutions must offer at least one (1) 13 of this Rule and have taken only one (1) of the NSTP components. semester or Basic ROTC or E-ROTC/ NSP, shall be take one more semester of any a. State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) NSTP components to qualify for graduation shall offer the ROTC Program and at purposes. least one (1) other NSTP component. 3. Students who have completed two (2) 3. A one (1) summer program in lieu of the semesters of the Expanded ROTC (EROTC) two (2) semester program may be designed, National Service Program) are deemed to formulated and adopted by the DND, CHED have complied with the NSTP law. and TESDA, subject to the capability of the school and the AFP to handle the same. Sec. 11, Rule V, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Organization of NSTP Graduates): 1. Graduates of the ROTC components of the NSTP shall belong to the National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) and could be tapped by the state for literacy and civic welfare activities, through the joint efforts of DND, CHED and TESDA, in coordination with DILG, DSWD and other concerned agencies/ associations. Page 2 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) ARMED FORCES OF THE campaign on peace and order, the Philippine Military Academy was organized on 25 PHILIPPINES ORGANIZATION October 1898. By virtue of the National Defense Act enacted officially on 21 December BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ARMED FORCES OF 1935, The Armed Forces of the Philippines was THE PHILIPPINES created. The Dagohoy, Revolt in 1744, the Muslim The AFP, as the embodiment of the cherished resistance and other similar uprisings against martial values and traditions of the Filipino Spanish colonialism, the founding of the Katipunan people, traces its roots to certain historical on 07 July 1892 by Andres Bonifacio, considered events foremost of which is the Battle of as the father of the Philippine Army, the Tejeros convention on 22 March 1897 which proclaimed Mactan on 27 April 1521 where Lapu-Lapu, the officially our desire for complete independence acknowledge father of the AFP, first signaled and thereafter gave birth to the Philippine Army. our love for freedom. Subsequently, the Philippine Navy was created on 20 May 1898. MISSION OF THE AFP “To protect the people and secure the INTRODUCTION sovereignty of the state and integrity of the nation territory” The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) recognizes the constitution of the republic as CHAIN OF COMMAND the legitimate expression of the people's will it is mandated to serve and protect the people PRES. Rodrigo Duterte and secure the sovereignty of the state and HON. Delfin H. Lorenzana they integrity to its national territory from - The President is the Commander-In-Chief of internal and external threats, adheres to the the AFP. He/She exercises strategic direction principle of supremacy of civilian authority over over the personnel and the resources of the the military at all times and vows to uphold and military establishments through the Secretary defend the constitution. of the Department of National Defense, who also represents his/her in the executive The AFP identifies itself with the Filipino function and in the supervision of the Defense people's historical struggles for freedom and Program of the country. justice and their vigilance against any attempt to violate the country's integrity and Gen. Felimon T. Santos jr. PA sovereignty. - The Chief of Staff, AFP executes the command On 12 June 1898, the Philippine Independence functions of the President in relation to strategy, was declared at Kawit, Cavite, and for the first tactics and operations. He is also the time, the Philippine Flag was unfurled by immediate adviser of the Secretary of National General Emilio Aguinaldo and our National Defense Program as prescribed by the Hymn was played. The Filipino American Secretary of National Defense. The Chief of hostilities between 1898 and 1899 further Staff has command and control over all the demonstrated the Filipino soldier’s best in elements of the AFP. terms of honor, valor, loyalty, duty and solidarity despite the overwhelming superiority of the enemy forces. To hasten the Philippine Page 3 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) o ASPA 1. PRESIDENT (COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF) o TIG Exercises strategic direction o OSSS 2. SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE o PIO Executive supervision over the AFP o LOLA 3. CHIEF OF STAFF AFP o AFPSM Executes policies of C-in-C and commands 2. TDCS & SJS to the AFP JOC AFPBSO AFP ORGANIZATION - COORDINATING STAFF 1. MAJOR SERVICES o DCS PERS, J1 PHILIPPINE ARMY – conducts ground o DCS INTEL, J2 combat operations o DCS OPNS, J3 PHILIPPINE AIRFORCE – secures the o DCS LOG, J4 Philippine air space o DCS PLANS, J5 PHILIPPINE NAVY – secures the o DCS WCEIS, J6 Philippine territorial waters o DCS RRFD, J7 2. AREA COMMANDS SPECIAL STAFF NOLCOM o TAG SOLCOM o TJAG VISCOM o TPMG WESCOM o TCCS EMCOM o TCE SIMCOM o TCOCS o TQMG 3. AFP-WIDE SUPPORT & SEPARATE UNITS o TCN o TSG GHQ & HSC o TCDS AFPCES o OSPS PSG o AFPREO PMA o AFPEBSO CEISSAFP JCSJ AFP COMPOSITION RESCOM CRSAFP Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be LOGCTR composed of the Regular Force and Reserve ISAFP Force components. The Regular Force is the AFPFC permanent military organization which is AFPMC maintained in time of peace and war. The Reserve Force is the military organization that will GENERAL HEADQUARTERS AFP come up physical existence only upon mobilization as may be called upon by the 1. CSAFP & VCSAFP Commander-In-Chief due to state of national - PERSONAL STAFF o AFPMPMO emergency such as war or widespread disorder. Page 4 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) AFP MAJOR SERVICE calamity relief but also to assist in socio- Philippine Army economic development of the country. Philippine Air Force Philippine Navy EIGHT (8) NAVAL RESERVE CENTER PHILIPPINE ARMY MISSION "To organize, train, equip and provide Army Forces 1. NAVAL RESERVE CENTER NORTHERN for the conduct of prompt and sustained security LUZON (NAVAL DETACHMENT BONUAN, operation independently or jointly with other AFP DAGUPAN CITY) units in order to accomplish the AFP mission." 2. NAVAL RESERVE CENTER NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (FORT SANTIAGO, TAGUIG CITY) PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE MISSION 3. NAVAL RESERVE CENTER SOUTHERN "To conduct prompt and sustained air operations in LUZON (LEGASPI CITY) support of the AFP mission.” 4. NAVAL RESERVE CENTER WEST (PALAWAN) 5. NAVAL RESERVE CENTER EASTERN PHILIPPINE NAVY MISSION VISAYAS (CEBU CITY, ENTIRE VISAYAS, “To organize, train, equip, deploy and maintain LEYTE, SAMAR) forces for prompt and sustained naval and 6. NAVAL RESERVE CENTER WESTERN maritime operations in support of the AFP VISAYAS (ILO-ILO) mission." 7. NAVAL RESERVE CENTER WESTERN MINDANAO (ZAMBOANGA CITY, MINDANAO AFP SERVICE COMMAND AREAS) was organized as an AFP-wide support and 8. NAVAL RESERVE CENTER EASTERN separate unit on 01 April 1993 pur to General MINDANAO (DAVAO CITY, DAVAO UP TO Order No. 22 GHQ, AFP dated 02 March 1993 SARANGANI) and Republic Act No. 7077, otherwise known as the Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act as a base for the rapid expansion of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in times of emergency. is premised on a dedication to service, faced with the challenge of being in a constant state of readiness and responsiveness if it is to back up the regular army. is actively involved in the administration and utilization of the Air Force reservist. tasked to oversee and administer all Naval Reservists in our country, in order to provide the Navy not only a base for expansion in the event of war, invasion, rebellion, or disaster and Page 5 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE only to himself but to the other soldier in the organization. DEFINITION MILITARY COURTESY IN THE SERVICE Military Courtesy - the written, officially prescribed code of department (responsibility) Military Courtesy - the act of politeness, for members of the military establishments. civility, and respect that personnel in the military organization accord to one another. Morale - the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit. Salute – the most important and most common form of all military courtesies. NECESSITY FOR DISCIPLINE o Saluting - one of the most common and The ultimate objective of military discipline is basic forms of military courtesy. It is unit efficiency in battle – to ensure that a unit basically an exchange of greetings performs its role correctly; that it reaches its between military and/or uniformed objectives, accomplishes its assigned mission services personnel. and helps other units to accomplish their mission. ❖ HOW TO SALUTE: Salute is normally given with the right hand; Military discipline - is necessary to ensure when the right hand is encumbered, left orderly and effective group action, commonly hand could be used. known as teamwork. ❖ The salute is made whether a headgear is worn or not. Teamwork - is particularly important in military ❖ Rifle salutes are used in place of the hand operations where its presence or lack of it may salute when carrying a rifle. very well spell the difference between victory or defeat. ❖ WHO ARE ENTITLED TO THE SALUTE: The National Flag and National Anthem CREATING A CLIMATE OF DISCIPLINE Commissioned Officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines Judicious Use of Punishment and Reward - Civilian high officials or foreign the best kind of discipline is that which exacts dignitaries during military honors obedience by appealing to reason and which rendered for them. makes use of the so called “positive Officers of the Coast Guard and incentives” – reward. Geodetic Survey and the Public Service when they are serving with the Training - a soldier learns to work with other AFP. soldier; learn to unify their actions into a single When boarding a navy ship in which effort to accomplish the group mission and the national Flag is flying, all persons in develops the habit of prompt obedience to all the naval service upon reaching the orders. upper platform of the accommodation ladder or shipboard end of the prow, Instilling a Sense of Confidence and face the national flag, and salute, then Responsibility - a confident and responsible salute the Officer of the Deck (OOD). soldier realizes that he has an obligation not Page 6 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) When leaving the ship, salute first the pass on his left side, salute when you are OOD and then the national Flag. abreast and ask, “BY YOUR LEAVE SIR?” When the officer returns the salute, you can ❖ WHEN TO SALUTE: continue to pass him. When men seated in boats in which there is no officer, the petty officer in charge of When reporting on deck or outdoors the boat, rises and salute all officers ashore, covered and salute accordingly. If passing near or within the boat. reporting to an officer, salute and state your business. Officers seated in boats rise in rendering and returning salutes when a senior enters An enlisted man being seated and without or leaves the boat or when acknowledging particular occupation rises upon the a gun salute. approach of an officer, faces him and salutes. If both remain in the same Coxswain in charge of a boat rises and vicinity, the salute need not be repeated. salutes all officers entering or leaving the boat. All members of the crew when the If seniority is unknown, the safest way and boat is not underway and not carrying an the best rule is to salute mutually and officer aboard stand and salute when an without saying. officer comes alongside, leaves the side, or passes near them. Sentries at gangway salute all officers going or coming over the side and when When in company with a senior, you passing or being passed by officers close always walk on his left or put him on your aboard in boats. right. This also applies aboard in any vehicle. Officers and enlisted personnel both salute senior officers riding in a vehicle. A driver In Navy buildings, the same general rules of a vehicle is required to salute if the of saluting apply as on-board navy ship. vehicle is at halt. Salute all officer’s senior to you on all occasions, salute all other officers on first ❖ WHEN NOT TO RENDER SALUTE: meeting during the day. The salute is also When troops are at work. rendered indoors during ceremonies, Indoors, except when reporting to an honoring the flag and in court martial. officer. When carrying articles with both hands and If officers and enlisted men are standing being so occupied as to make saluting together not in formation and a senior impracticable. approach, the first to perceive him shouts When serving as a military prisoner. “ATTENTION” and all faces him and salute. TERMINOLOGIES When in formation, the officer in charge Rank – is the combined rate and rating of an cautions his unit to attention before individual. executing the appropriate salute. Unrated/Non-rated/Unclassified – a term Overtake and pass a senior officer only used to identify an individual who has not yet upon his permission. When it became been classified for a particular rating. His rank necessary to walk pass a senior officer, would carry an initial (UN). Ex: ASN (UN) Page 7 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) Striker – a term that applies to an individual in the paygrade E1 to E3 Petty Officer – a term that applies to an individual in the paygrade E4 to E7. Rating – is a term used in the Navy to identify an occupational specialty that is based on aptitude, training, experience, knowledge and skills of an individual. Rate – is the term used to identify the level of achievement and expertise within the individual’s rating. Rate may also be called paygrade within a rating. AFP ENLISTED RANKS AND INSIGNIA Page 8 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) INTERIOR GUARD DUTIES - SENTRY INTRODUCTION an enlisted man assigned to duty as member of the guard, to keep watch, maintain order, An interior guard duty system is installed to protect person or property, or warn of any preserve order, protect property, and enforce attack, a sentinel. military regulations. Security is part of the commander’s responsibility. - WATCH a period of time during which a member of a THE INTERIOR GUARD SYSTEM IS COMPOSED guard performs the prescribed duties, OF: beginning from when he is posted and the Field Officer of the Day (FOD) termination when he is relieved by proper Officers of the Day (OD) authority. Commanders of the Guard (COG) Sergeants of the Guard (SOG) - RELIEVE Relief commander for each relief to direct any member of the guard to cease Sentinels of the guards. performance duties. DEFINITION - POST the place or area where a sentry is stationed or - COUNTERSIGN the place where a member of the guard other consists of a secret challenge and reply to aid than the sentry is required to be when not the guards/sentinels in the scrutiny of people performing duties elsewhere. who apply to pass the lines or it may be defined as a secret challenge and the secret password. - PATROL POST A post within a sentry prescribed his own route, - CHALLENGE within specified limits, or has his route the command, “HALT, WHO IS THERE?” given prescribed for him. by a sentry is used to cause an unidentified person or party to halt and be identified. - FIXED POST A post within the limits of which a sentry is not - PASSWORD required to be more about appreciable for the Word or a distinctive sound used to answer a performance of this duty. challenge identifies the person or party desiring to enter or pass and is always a secret. - GUARDHOUSE a building, tent or other location designated as - INTERIOR GUARD the headquarters of the the guard detailed by a commander to - guard. preserve order, protect property and enforce regulations within the jurisdiction of the - DETAIN command. The action of any person authorized used to secure custody of an illegal offender until - RELIEF proper authority may be noticed. those members of the guard who, under the supervision of and including a corporal of the guard, have the same watch; the procedure whereby posted member of the guard. Page 9 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) - FIELD OFFICER OF THE DAY (FOD) A field grade officer detailed as FOD is the 4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant Commanding Officer’s personal from the guardhouse than my own. representative. His primary concern is the proper supervision in the performance of duty 5. To quit my post only when properly of the interior guards. relieved. - OFFICER OF THE DAY (OOD) 6. To receive obey and pass to the sentinel The OOD is responsible for the proper who relieves all orders from the performance of duty by the main guards. He is Commanding Officer, Officer of the Day, charged with executing all orders of the Commissioned and Non - Commissioned commanding officers relating to the interior Officers of the guard only. duty guard. 7. To talk to no one except in line of duty. - COMMANDER OF THE GUARD (COG) He is responsible for the instruction, discipline, 8. To give an alarm in case of fire and and performance of the guards. disorders. - SERGEANT OF THE GUARD (SOG) 9. To call the Commander of the Guard in any The SOG is the overall supervisor over the case not covered by instructions. other NCO and sentinels of the guards. He takes over as commander of the guards in case 10. To salute all officers, and all colors and no one else is detailed as such. standards not cased. - RELIEF COMMANDER 11. To be especially watchful at night during the instructs his relief as to their orders and duties time for challenge and to challenge all and makes certain that each sentinel people on or near my post and not to allow understands them. no one to pass without proper authority. - SENTINEL OF THE GUARDS They must memorize, understand, and comply with the general orders for sentinels and comply with the specific orders applicable to their particular posts, including the use of countersigns if they are in effect. 11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD 1. To take charge of my post and all government property in view. 2. To walk my post in a military manner, always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing. 3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce. Page 10 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) MILITARY JUSTICE - The type of evidence and degree of proof required are also different for these two INTRODUCTION categories. The military justice system was meant to - Punitive cases require guilt to be proven enable commanders to dispose of personnel beyond reasonable doubt while administrative problems in their units in the most expeditious cases require only preponderance manner. Speedy disposition of cases (occurrence) of evidence to gain positive a preserves discipline, promotes justice and judication. enhances the attainment of the Commander’s mission. SOURCES OF MILITARY LAW In concept the military justice system is designed to enforce discipline and administer Articles of War are set of laws, known as justice in the military service, and it is Commonwealth Act No. 408, was enacted by composed of four (4) components: the Philippine National Assembly on 14 September 1938. Among others, the Articles of 1. INVESTIGATION War defines the offenses punishable under the - is the process of looking into the circumstances law and prescribes the corresponding of a case for the purpose of verifying and punishment. establishing the facts. Rules governing the conduct of military personnel and providing for a method by which 2. PROSECUTION persons be punished are contained in the - the accusation of a crime before a legal Articles of War. tribunal. Military jurisdiction emanates from several sources, among which are the constitution of 3. TRIAL OR ADJUDICATION the Philippines and International Law. Military - a legal action before a judge and jury. jurisdictions are carried out by the following agencies: 4. JUDGMENT OR DECISION - punishment given to the accused who MILITARY JURISDICTION committed such crime. Court Martial - General, Special and Summary These same components permeate (fill) two Commanding Officers in exercising their distinct division of the system, namely: disciplinary powers under AW 105. Court of Inquiry a. ADMINISTRATIVE CASES Military Tribunals or Commission. - are those that result in decisions not involving penal sanctions and may take such mild As a general rule, courts-martial have the exclusive disciplinary or instructive forms as admonition, jurisdiction over-all persons subject to military law reprimand and the like. who commit an offense penalized by the punitive articles of war. To be more specific, the term b. PUNITIVE CASES “persons subject to military law” refers to the - Are those that result in judgments of fine, hard following: labor, deprivation of liberty or combination of these whenever guilt of those involved are proven. Page 11 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) PERSONS SUBJECT TO MILITARY LAW 7. Article 60 - Advising or Aiding Another to Desert 1. All officers and enlisted personnel in the 8. Article 61 - Entertaining a Deserter regular force of the AFP. 9. Article 62 - Absence Without Leave 10. Article 63 - Disrespect Toward the President, 2. All reservists from the date of their call to Vice President, Prime Minister, Chairman of the active duty and while on such active duty. National Assembly or Minister of National Defense 3. All cadets of the PMA and PAF Flying 11. Article 64 - Disrespect Toward Superior School, and Probationary Lieutenants on Officer actual training. 12. Article 65 - Assaulting or Willfully Disobeying 4. All trainees undergoing military Superior Officer instructions. 13. Article 66 - Insubordinate Conduct Toward Non-Commissioned Officer 5. Retainers to camp and all persons 14. Article 67 - Mutiny or Sedition accompanying or serving with the AFP in 15. Article 68 - Failure to Suppress Mutiny or the field in time of war or when martial law Sedition is declared. 16. Article 69 - Quarrels, Frays and Disorders 17. Article 70 - Arrest or Confinement 6. All persons under sentence adjudged by a 18. Article 71 - Charges, Action Upon court-martial or military tribunal. 19. Article 72 - Refusal or Receive and Keep Prisoners 20. Article 73 - Report of Prisoners Received PUNITIVE ARTICLES OF WAR 21. Article 74 - Releasing Prisoner Without Proper Authority Articles of war were promulgated effective 22. Article 75 - Delivery Offenders to Civil September 14, 1938, when the unicameral Authorities Philippine National Assembly Enacted 23. Article 76 - Misbehavior Before the Enemy Commonwealth Act No. 408 which became the 24. Article 77 - Subordinate Compelling basic law that gave the guidance and operations of Commander to Surrender the country’s Armed Forces, there are 120 Articles, 25. Article 78 - Improper Use of Countersign most of which are lifted from US Uniform Code of 26. Article 79 - Forcing A Safeguard Military Justice. 27. Article 80 - Captured Property to be Secured for Public Service It is for this reason that our articles of war had the 28. Article 81 - Dealing in Captured or Abandoned same substance as the American Military Code of Property 1928 which was found applicable to Philippine 29. Article 82 - Relieving, corresponding with or conditions. Aiding the Enemy 30. Article 83 - Spies 1. Article 54 - Fraudulent Enlistment 31. Article 84 - Military Property, Willful or 2. Article 55 - Officer making unlawful enlistment Negligent Loss 3. Article 56 - False Muster 32. Article 85 - Waste or Unlawful Disposition of 4. Article 57 - False Return or Omission to Military Property Issued to Soldiers Render Returns 33. Article 86 - Drunk on Duty 5. Article 58 - Acts to Constitute Desertion 34. Article 87 - Misbehavior of Sentinel 6. Article 59 - Punishment for Desertion Page 12 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) 35. Article 88 - Personal Interest in Sale of An entirely different case would be the trial by Provisions a summary court martial where its proceedings 36. Article 88A - Unlawfully Influencing Action of are much faster than those of the other types Court of courts martial. Since it has at least one 37. Article 89 - Intimidating of Persons Bringing member who sits as president, trial judge Provisions advocate (TJA), and defense council at the 38. Article 90 - Good Order to be Maintained and same time, and since its jurisdiction as to Wrong Redressed person, offense, and punishment is limited, a summary court martial can dispose of a certain case in the most expeditious manner. COURT MARTIAL Courts-martial and other military tribunals generally exist to assist commanders in the MILITARY COMMISION OR TRIBUNAL administration of military justice. Specifically, they are established to enforce discipline in the A valid example of this case is that of a Chinese military establishment and to serve as national who was accused of drug pushing and deterrents to military crimes and offenses distribution and was found guilty by a military commission and meted out the death penalty thru musketry. TYPES OF COURT MARTIAL A. General Court Martial Consist of any number of members not less than five (5) and by whom may be appointed by the following: the President, Chief of Staff of the AFP and when empowered by the President, the Commanding Officers of major commands or task forces, division regional commands, the Superintendent of the Philippine Military Academy, Commanding Officers of separate brigades or body of troops. B. Special Court Martial Consists of any number of members not less than three (3). The following may appoint special court martial: Commanding Officers of major commands, task forces, regional commands or divisions and when empowered by the President, Commanding Officer of a garrison, camp, brigade, regiment, detached battalion or other detached command or commissioned vessel. C. Summary Court Martial Page 13 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) BASIC SIGNAL COMMUNICATION 3. MORSE CODE - Morse Code is an internationally known INTRODUCTION communication code used as an alternate to voice-radio communication. Message Signals are used to transmit commands or transmission through the use of Morse Code is information when radio and other means of much slower than through voice-radio communication are not communication, but it is as reliable. available or during instances when silence must be maintained. - Morse code messages may be relayed through The use of signals is particularly useful during dots and dashes on the telephone or through conduct of patrols or during the thick of short and long flashes on signal lights. firefight where verbal commands are difficult to understand. 4. SPECIAL SIGNAL The use of signals is generally embodied in a - Special signals consist of all special methods unit's Standing, Operating and devices used to transmit commands or Procedures (SOP) and all members are information. These may take the form of taps expected to know them by heart. on the helmet or rifle stock to signal "halt", "danger", "move forward" or "assemble here". DEFINITION Necessity and common sense usually dictate the appropriate special signal to be used in A. FIVE (5) MEANS OF COMMUNICATION communicating with the men. Nevertheless, these signals must be clearly understood and 1. WHISTLE properly rehearsed by the unit before they are - Device used by small unit leaders. has, used. however, some disadvantages. The sound of whistles from adjacent units may confuse the - Various pyrotechnic and smoke signals may men and its affectivity as means of also be effective to signal the time to attack, to communication may be adversely affected by withdraw or to commence performing a normal noise that exists in the battlefield. specific task, such as to cease or shift supporting fires. - Nevertheless, the whistle may be an effective means of transmitting instant 5. ARM AND HAND SIGNAL messages to a large group of men. - Arm and hand signal are often made a part of a Remember when you intend to use a unit's SOP, and it may vary from one unit to whistle as a signal, be sure that it is pre- another. This silent means of relaying arranged and that all the men understand commands to the men are usually used during what every whistle sound means. patrols or infiltration missions when silence is extremely important. Following are the 2. SEMAPHORE standard arm and hand signals. However, you - Semaphore flag signaling is rarely used today may device your own for your unit but be sure except in the Navy where such method of your men understand their meanings before communication is still being used as a back-up you use them. communication means between ships at sea. Page 14 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) B. STANDARD ARM AND HAND SIGNAL 4. Enemy in Sight - Hold your rifle horizontally with the butt in 1. Decrease Speed your shoulder and the muzzle pointing in - Extend your arm horizontally sideward with the direction of the enemy. your palm to the front. Then wave your arm downward several times keeping your arm 2. Increase Speed or Double Time 5. Commence Firing. - Carry your hand to your shoulder with your fist - Extend your arm in front of your body, hip high closed. Rapidly thrust your fist upward with your palm down. Move it through a wide vertically to the full extent of your arm and back horizontal arc several times. to your shoulder for several times. 3. Change Direction or Column (Right or Left) 6. Fire Faster - Extend your left or right arm horizontally to the - Execute rapidly the signal "Commence side with palm facing to the front. Firing". For the machine gunner, this signal means change to a higher rate of fire. Page 15 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) 7. Fire Slower 10. Form into Echelon (Right or Left) - Execute slowly the signal "Commence Firing". - Face the unit being signaled and extend For the machine gunner, this signal means to one arm 45 degrees above and your other slowdown rate of fire. To slow the rate of fire, arm 45 degrees below the horizontal with move the arm slower. your palm facing to the front. Your lower arm shall indicate the direction of the VIN echelon. Supplementary commands may be given to ensure prompt and proper execution. 8. Cease Firing 11. Form into Column - Raise your hand in front of the forehead with - Raise either of your arm to the vertical position. your palm facing to the front. Then swing your Drop your arm to the rear, describing complete hand and forearm up and down several times circles in a vertical plane, parallel to your body. in front of your face. This signal may be used to form troop or vehicular columns. 12. Form into Skirmishers (Fire Team) 9. Assemble - Raise your both arms laterally until they are - Raise your hand vertically to the full extent of horizontal. Keep your arms and hands your arm with your fingers extended and joined extended with the palms down. If it is necessary with palm facing to the front. Then wave in large to indicate a direction, move in the desired horizontal circles with your arm and hand. direction at the same time you execute the signal. This signal is also used to command a squad to form into a line formation. Page 16 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) 13. Form into Wedge 16. Squad - Extend your both arms downward and to your - Extend your hand and arm with your palm side at an angle of 45 degrees below the down, towards the squad leader of the squad horizontal with your palms facing to the front. you are addressing. Then distinctly move your hand up and down several times from the wrist, keeping your arm steady. 14. Platoon - - Extend both arms forward with your palms down towards the leader or the unit whom your signal is intended. Then describe large vertical 17. Fire Team circles with your hands. - Bring your right arm diagonally across your chest. 18. Close Up - Start your signal with your both arms extended 15. Form into Vee sideward and palms forward. Then bring your - Extend your arms at an angle of 45 degrees palms together in front of your body above the horizontal and form the letter "V" with momentarily. When repetition of this signal is your arms and torso. necessary, bring your arms back to the starting position by a movement along the front of your body. Page 17 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) 19. Disperse 22. Halt - Extend either arm vertically overhead. - Carry your hand to your shoulder with your Wave the hand and arm to the front, left, palm facing to the front. Then thrust the hand right and rear with your palm facing upward vertically to the full extent of your arm towards the direction of each movement. and hold it in that position until the signal is understood. 20. Open Up or Extend - Start your signal with your arms extended in front of your body and palms together. Then bring arms to the horizontal position of your sides with palms facing forward. When 23. Freeze repetition of this signal is necessary, return - Make the signal for "halt" and clinch your hand your arms along the front of your body as in the into a fist. starting position. You may repeat the signal until you are understood. 24. Down and Take Cover 21. Forward, Advance to the Right (Left) - Extend your arm sideward at an angle of 45 - This signal is always used when starting from a degrees above the horizontal with your palm halt. Face and move in the desired direction of down. Then lower your hand to your side. You the march and at the same time extend your may use both arms in giving this signal. Repeat arm horizontally to the rear. Then swing it the signal until understood. overhead and forward in the direction of the movement until it is horizontal with your palms down. Page 18 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) 25. Hasty Ambush Right (Left) PATROLLING ARM-AND-HAND SIGNALS - Raise your fist to your shoulder level and - Patrolling is conducted by many type units. thrust it several times in the desired Infantry units patrol in order to conduct combat direction. operations. Other units patrol for reconnaissance and security. Successful patrols require clearly understood communication signals among members of a patrol. 26. Rally Point - Touch your belt with one hand and point to desired spot on the ground you want to designate as your unit's rally point. D. RADIO EQUIPMENT, CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS The radio is widely used in all the operating units of the Navy. It is flexible and quite transportable such that it can go where the individual soldier goes. It provides the fastest means of communication that is adaptable to the varying field conditions. C. SIGNALS FOR COMBAT FORMATIONS AND The major disadvantage of the use of radio, BATTLE DRILLS however, is that it is the least secured means of Leaders of dismounted units use arm-and- communication. Since the radio operates on hand signals to control the movement of the principle of transmitting electromagnetic individuals, teams, and squads. These signals waves, the enemy with his own radio set and a are used by infantry and also by combat little knowledge of the types of radio support and combat service support elements government forces use, could easily intercept organized for infantry missions. our transmissions. a. ASSEMBLE/RALLY b. FOLLOW ME, OR COME FORWARD It is on this regard that you should always c. FIX BAYONET observe radio discipline. You should, therefore, d. LINE always assume that the enemy is listening whenever you use the radio. 1. Guidelines For Radio Transmission: Always listen before starting to talk so as not to interrupt other conversations. When about to talk, press down the button on the side of the handset and do not talk until the hissing sound ceases. Page 19 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) Speak distinctly and enunciate each word in ✓ To prevent the radio operator from getting normal tone. If the receiving operator must confused when confronted with words write down your transmission, allow him time having similar sounds. for copying. ✓ To spell out words that are difficult to Follow the standard voice-radio procedures pronounce. when transmitting. CALL SIGNS Release the push-to-talk button immediately - are used to identify each station within a radio after the completion of your transmission. net. This is one security aspect of radio communication that prevents the entry of an Camouflage your radio set when carrying it on unauthorized entity into the net. The improper your back. Bend the whip antennae slightly use of call signs may signify that a violation is downward and to the rear to make it already committed. inconspicuous to the enemy. Several radio men became casualties because they failed to take - Procedure words or phrases that have been this measure. assigned meanings are used as substitutes for long sentences for the purpose of expediting 2. Radio Telephone Procedures message handling. Radio Telephone procedures refer to the system of transmission through the use of voice and formalized language to simplify radio - This is one way of keeping voice transmission communications. as short and clear as possible. Included in this system are a call signs - For instance, the prowords “out" means "This is authorized to be used by radio stations and the end of my transmission to you and no short procedure words (prowords) and phrases answer is required or expected". that a radio operator uses to establish communication with another station. PROWORDS OVER The rationale behind the use of prowords is to - My transmission is ended, and I expect a prevent misunderstanding between radio response from you operators and repetition of transmissions. OUT - My transmission is ended, and I expect no To preclude the possibility of committing errors response from you (I will turn off the radio set in the transmission of messages thereby giving ROGER rise to confusion between radio operators, the - I have received your last transmission phonetic alphabet, which is of universal satisfactorily applications is used. LIMA CHARLIE - I received your message loud (LIMA) and clear Since words have similar sounds, confusion (CHARLIE) may develop, and this can be eliminated using SAY AGAIN the phonetic alphabet. - I did not understand your transmission. Request repeat your transmission This brings us to the purposes behind the use I SAY AGAIN of phonetic alphabet which are as follows: - I am repeating the transmission or portion thereof as indicated Page 20 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) WILCO QUERRY / INTERROGATIVE NUMERAL PRONUNCIATION - I will comply to your instruction (These are 0 ZERO prowords used before a question) 1 WUN REPEAT ALL AFTER 2 TOO - Request repeat all your transmission after the 3 THU-REE word. 4 FOWER WAIT ONE 5 FIV-ER - Request that you wait for about one minute. 6 SIX BREAK..BREAK 7 SEVUN - Emergency, stop your conversation and allow 8 ATE me to use this net for a very urgent 9 NINER transmission 10 WUN-ZERO THE PHONETIC ALPHABET A ALPHA B BRAVO C CHARLIE D DELTA E ECHO F FOXTROT G GOLF H HOTEL I INDIA J JULIET K KILO L LIMA M MIKA N NOVEMBER O OSCAR P PAPA Q QUEBEC R ROMEO S SIERRA T TANGO U UNIFORM V VICTOR W WHISKEY X X-RAY Y YANKEE Z ZULU Page 21 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) BASIC INTELLIGENCE STEPS TO CONSIDER IN PLANNING: DEFINITION OF TERMS 1) DETERMINING THE INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS – INTELLIGENCE GUIDELINES/CONSIDERATION - Knowledge acquired by the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration, and a. ENEMY CAPABILITIES interpretation of all available information - These refer to enemy strengths which concerning an enemy, whether actual or would affect the accomplishment of the potential. mission. COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE - All active and passive measures taken to b. ENEMY VULNERABILITIES ensure the safeguarding of information, - These refer to enemy weaknesses or those personnel and materials from espionage, which render the enemy damage, subversion, and sabotage. deception, and defeat. INTELLIGENCE CYCLE - It is a continuous process. It is a repetition of c. WEATHER AND TERRAIN what has transpired or become known. - Weather information may be required to Therefore, there is no first nor last phase – determine its effect on the enemy and the hence a cycle. terrain. Terrain data includes cross- country traffic ability, obstacles, roads and 4 PHASES IN THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE rail conditions and susceptibility to flooding. 1. PLANNING OR DIRECTION OF THE COLLECTION EFFORT d. ORDER OF BATTLE 2. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION - When the enemy situation is vague, and for 3. PROCESSING OR PRODUCTION OF INTEL purposes of long-range planning, order of 4. DISSEMINATION & USE OF THE RESULTING battle factors the basis for intelligence INTELLIGENCE requirements. 1. PLANNING OR DIRECTION OF THE e. NEXT MAJOR DECISION COLLECTION EFFORT - Future operations are considered. If the - It is a crucial phase in the production of intelligence does not plan ahead, the intelligence for it is here that we determine the commander will find himself ready to intelligence requirements to support the continue the work /attack, but the commander’s mission. information of intelligence needed. - It is here also that we determine which collection agencies are to exploit which source. f.PREVENTING SURPRISE OF THE COMMAND - Required in order to avoid tactical surprise. g. INFORMATION NEEDS OF HIGHER OR ADJACENT UNITS - Each level of command will normally be assigned a collection mission by higher, lower & adjacent headquarters. Page 22 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) 2) TROOPS 2) DETERMINING THE INTELLIGENCE - Soldiers and their units PRIORITIES. THERE ARE TWO - EX. Battalion, Division Corps, Field Army REQUIREMENR PRIORITIES NAMELY: 3) SPECIAL UNITS a) ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF - Units dealing in the collection of INFORMATION (EEIS) information. 1. Commander’s highest priority requirements 2. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION 2. Obtained items of information and or - The systematic extraction of the information intelligence needed by the commander from source. in making a decision with an acceptable degree of confidence. PRIMARY CONSIDERATION 3. Information about the enemy and the AOO that the commander must have to a. SOURCE OF INFORMATION arrive at a reasonably sound decision - The actual origin of the information. (person, during a particular phase of an things, detectable enemy activity) operation. b. COLLECTION AGENCIES - This topic has been discussed under planning b) OTHER INTELLIGENCE collection effort. REQUIREMENTS (OIRS) - Information needed by the commander but are not his highest priority. 3. PROCESSING OR PRODUCTION OF INTEL - Information is recorded, evaluated, and 1. COLLECTION WORKSHEET interpreted, the result of which becomes - Either written or oral, whereby an intelligence. intelligence officer takes the intelligence requirements as announced by the THREE (3) PARTS OF PROCESSING: commander. 2. COLLECTION AGENCY 1) RECORDING - It is an individual or unit which - Mechanical process whereby all collected systematically exploits the source of information recognized in a ready usable information in order to gain the desired form. information. - Reduces all available info, making interpretation easier and more accurate. CATEGORIES OF COLLECTION AGENCIES: TOOLS USED IN RECORDING: 1) INTELLIGENCE SPECIALISTS A. INTELLIGENCE JOURNAL - Individuals trained in the specialized B. INTELLIGENCE WORKSHEET aspects of intelligence. Organic to the C. ENEMY SITUATION MAP military organization. D. INTELLIGENCE FILES - EX. OB Specialist, Interrogators, Photo Interpreters 2) EVALUATION Page 23 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) - The examination of information to - It is simply the formation of conclusion determine its pertinence or value in the concerning the effect of the evaluated production of intelligence, the reliability of information on the current situation. its source or agency and, its credibility or accuracy. 4. DISSEMINATION & USE OF THE RESULTING EVALUATION RATING INTELLIGENCE - The process of transmitting information and RELIABILITY OF SOURCE AND AGENCY intelligence to higher, lower, and adjacent units A - COMPLETELY RELIABLE for the possible use. B - USUALLY RELIABLE C - FAIRLY RELIABLE CRITERIA OR CONSIDERATION IN D - NOT USUALLY RELIABLE DISSEMINATION: E - UNRELIABLE F - JUDGE a. TIMELINESS - For dissemination to be timely PROBABLE ACCURACY b. PROPRIETY 1 - CONFIRMED - For information and intelligence to be 2 - PROBABLY TRUE disseminated properly, they must be: 3 - POSSIBLY TRUE 4 - DOUBTFULLY RELIABLE ✓ Sent to the correct ultimate users. 5 - IMPROBABLE 6 - TRUTH CANNOT BE JUDGE ✓ Presented in a form that lends itself to immediate use. 3) INTERPRETATION - Determining the significance of ✓ Distributed through the most effective information with respect to information and means of communications appropriate intelligence already at hand and the to both time and securing drawing of conclusions as to the probable requirements. meaning of the evaluated information. ✓ Adequate and accurate. THREE (3) COMPONENTS OF INTERPRETATION 1. ANALYSIS - The examination of information with selected emphasis in the light of what has been previously known. - Taking apart an information to critically examine each component 2. INTEGRATION - The combining of selected data to form a pattern which will have meaning and establish a basis for deduction or conclusion. 3. DEDUCTION Page 24 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) BASIC SURVIVAL TRAINING - Carefully plan all your movements so that you will not get lost. INTRODUCTION - Always remember where you are in relation to the enemy controlled areas and the location of SURVIVAL friendly units and controlled areas. - Is the action of staying alive in the field with - You should also know the location of local water limited resources. You must try to survive when sources. you become separated from your unit, are evading the enemy, or during the time you are 4. VANQUISH FEAR AND PANIC a prisoner. Survival requires a knowledge of - Take control of your fears and do not panic. how to live off the land & take care of yourself. - You can reduce the adverse effects of fear by hoping for the best but expecting and BASIC SURVIVAL preparing for the worst eventuality. - Maintain your optimistic attitude and learn to a) SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES accept the fact that the situation may further - Important pointers that you should remember turn to worst. when you find yourself and your men in a life- threatening situation. Best remembered by the 5. IMPROVISE acronym: - Be resourceful and try to make-do with available materials in the area to improve your S - Size up the situation living conditions. U - Undue haste makes waste - Learn to subsist and live with unpleasant R - Remember where you are conditions that you may encounter. V - Vanquish fear and panic - Improvise a shelter. I - Improvise V - Value living 6. VALUE LIVING A - Act like natives - Never lose hope and remain a true fighter. L - Live by your wits - Preserve your health and conserve your strength. - Think of your loved ones who are 1. SIZE UP THE SITUATION concerned and are praying for your safe return. - by considering your own capability as an - Never forget your goal to “get out alive” individual, your surroundings and the totality of the situation you are in, your equipment and 7. ACT LIKE THE NATIVES available supplies. - Learn the methods and techniques that are used to survive by the indigenous people living 2. UNDUE HASTE MAKES WASTE in the area. - Remember that if you will not deliberately plan - Befriend them that they may help you survive your moves you are bound to waste a lot of your in their natural environment. energies and resources. - Know when, where, and how they get their food - Keep yourself calm, take stock of the resources and where they get their water. available to you and plan how you are going to utilize them to survive. 8. LEARN BASIC SURVIVAL SKILLS - Do not be too eager to move. - Learn from the local residents in the area some basic survival skills on how to catch wild 3. REMEMBER WHERE YOU ARE animals for food. Page 25 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) - Build shelter from available materials for your wild game is a good way to obtain needed protection against the harsh elements. animal food. - Live by your wits to constantly improve your chances of survival. 4. MAKING TRAPS AND SNARE - A snare is a noose that will slip and strangle or b) JUNGLE SURVIVAL hold any animal caught. 1. JUNGLE SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES 5. PRESERVING ANIMAL FOOD - With training and your “will to survive’, you will - If the situation and time allow, you should find you can overcome the obstacles you may preserve the extra meat for later use. face. 6. LOCATING SOURCE OF WATER POINTERS ON HOW TO SURVIVE IN - Water is one of your most urgent needs in a TROPICAL JUNGLE: survival situation. a) Prepare for bed early while there is still A. Purify Contaminated Water light. B. Collect Rainwater b) Be ready for sudden drops of temperature C. Locate Sites for Wells c) Protect yourself against insects D. Look for Water-rich Plant d) Use your clothing to protect you against E. Construct Survival Water Still scratches e) Do not be bothered by the strange & 7. BUILDING SHELTERS unknown sounds - You need a shelter to protect you from the sun, f) Avoid making camp on depressions and insects, wind, rain, hot or cold temperatures, low areas and enemy observation. 2. OBTAINING FOOD SELECTING SHELTER LOCATION - Food is necessary for survival since the - First, you must decide where your shelter nutrients they provide keep the body organs site should be. The site should be: functions. Safe from flooding a) PLANT FOOD Erosion - There is a wide variety of edible plants, Provides pleasant atmosphere to live in however, you must be knowledgeable in Near your source of water. choosing which plants, or which of its parts are edible. 8. BUILDING FIRE b) ANIMAL FOOD - A fire can fulfill several needs: - Animal food contains the most food value keep you warm per unit weight. Generally anything that it can keep you dry swims, flies, crawls or creeps is a possible to cook food source of food. purify water signal 3. SETTING TRAPS AND SNARES - An unarmed survivor or an evader who would rather not use his rifle in order not to be discovered by the enemy, trapping or snaring Page 26 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) CLOSE ORDER DRILL COLUMN - A formation in which elements are placed one To people around the world, Marines and drills behind the other. are synonymous. It is a tradition that the Marine Corps excel in all types of drill. Excelling in drill FILE exhibits the intense discipline inherent in the - A single column of Marines or Vehicles one Marine Corps today. It is up to you as NCOs to behind the other. train your Marines in the intricacies of drills so that they are knowledgeable and can continue DISTANCE to uphold the Marine tradition. - The space between elements in the direction of depth. (Your chest to their back, “40”) DRILL TERMS FLANK FORMATION - The right or left extremity of a unit either on line - An arrangement of elements on line, in column, or in column. or in any prescribed manner. DEPTH ELEMENT - The space from head to rear of an element or - An individual, squad, section, platoon, formation. company, or other unit which is part of a larger - the depth of a man is considered to be 12” unit. FRONT LINE - The space occupied by a element or formation, - A formation in which elements are abreast. measured from one flank to the other. - The front of a man is considered to be 22” ALIGNMENT - The dressing of several elements on a straight CENTER line. - The middle element of a formation with an odd number of elements. RANK - The left center element of a formation with an - A line of Marines or Vehicles placed side by even number of elements. side. - Guide is included in count. INTERVAL BASE - The element on which a movement is NORMAL INTERVAL regulated. - Normal interval between individuals is one arm length. GUIDE - The individual (base) upon whom a formation, CLOSE INTERVAL or other elements, thereof, regulate its march - Horizontal distance between shoulder and elbow when the left hand is placed on the POINT OF DRESS left hip. - The point toward which all elements of a unit establish their dress or alignment. Page 27 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) HEAD - The leading element of a column. SNAP MASS FORMATION In commands or signals: - Elements in column at close interval and - the quality that inspires immediate abreast at close interval. response In drill: EXTENDED MASS FORMATION - immediate and smart execution of a - A formation of a company or larger unit which movement the major elements are in column at close or normal interval and abreast at specific intervals CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMAND VOICE greater than normal intervals. VOICE CONTROL: PARADE SLING - Loudness of voice is adjusted to the - A sling which is as tight as possible, running number of Marines in the unit. across the left side of the pistol grip. - Give commands at the position of attention. - Use of the diaphragm PIECE - Throat, nose, and mouth act as amplifiers - An individual firearm which help to give fullness and projection to - such as a rifle, carbine, or automatic rifle the voice. PACE DISTINCTNESS - The length of a full step at quick time. - All commands should be pronounced correctly - 30” heal to heal without loss of effect. - Practice giving commands. STEP - Quick time - 30” INFLECTION - Double time - 36” - The rise and fall in pitch and tone in the voice. - Sidestep - 12” - Back step - 15” TYPES OF COMMANDS CADENCE - Cadence when speaking in regard to PREPARATORY COMMAND commands means a uniform in rhythmic flow in - The command which indicated the words. The interval between commands is movement to be executed. generally of uniform and length for any given troop unit. This is necessary so that everyone COMMAND OF EXECUTION in the unit will be able to understand the - Indicates when a movement is to be preparatory command and will know when to executed. expect the command of execution. SUPPLEMENTARY COMMAND - SLOW TIME 60/min - Giving when an element of a large unit is - QUICK TIME 120/min acting separately. - DOUBLE TIME 180/min Page 28 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) COMBINED COMMAND TO FORM A SQUAD - When the preparatory command and the - “Fall in” or “At close interval, Fall in” command of execution are combined. DISMISSING COMMANDS TO SUBORDINATE LEADERS - If unarmed – “Dismissed” - A command given to the subordinate - If armed, you must give: leader and they in turn will give the - Inspection Arms command to be executed. - Port arms - Order Arms GENERAL GUIDELINES OF DRILLS - Dismissed AS YOU WERE - Cancel movement or order not completed. COUNTING ELEMENTS - Numbered from right to left and front to rear. POSTING - Made by the most direct route, except when other routes are prescribes. All facing and changing direction must be made as drilling. DRILLING WHEN ARMED - Rifle at right shoulder arms, sword at carry, and pistol in the holster. Facing movements by Commanders of armed troops may be executed at right shoulder arms. COMMAND OF EXECUTION - Whenever drill movements are executed while troops are marching, the command of execution is given as the left foot strikes the deck if the movement is to the left, and as the right foot strikes the deck if the movement is to the right. CALLING CADENCE - The cadence of commands should be at quick time even if marching is not involved. POSITION OF UNIT - The position of the unit commander while marching his unit is in the rear one-third of the unit. - three places from the unit Page 29 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) PROTECTIVE MEASURES 10. Exercise your muscles and joints regularly. Inactivity may do equal damage to your health PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION as extreme exertion or fatigue. 11. Avoid venereal diseases. Do not associate a. HEALTH MAINTENANCE AND SANITARY with infected person who may be carriers of PRACTICE this diseases. Any venereal diseases can be cured mush easier and quickly on its early Listed below are the basic health guidelines that stage. everyone mut follow to maintain a good strength 12. Set yourself as an example of personal and effective soldier in combat. cleanliness and sanitary discipline. If possible, bath, shave and wear clean clothes daily and 1. Always keep your body clean. Take a bath at observe all the precautions mentioned. least once a day. As a minimum, bathe your feet, hands and private parts. If possible, b. MEASURES TO PROTECT AND IMPROVE change your underwear and socks after HEALTH RESPONSIBILITY FOR MILITARY bathing. SANITATION 2. Change your underclothing daily if possible. If not, at least a week. Inspect them for lice, The rules of cleanliness and sanitation should be fleas or other bugs that may keep you itchy. followed in the upkeep and maintenance of both 3. Change clothing, shoes or socks immediately tactical and nontactical camps. after they get wet to avoid getting colds, athlete’s foot and other illnesses. 1. When pulling up camps, build them around 4. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, a sanitary plan. Make provision for preferably after waking up and before going sanitation requirements, such as the to bed. Brush your teeth on the inside and location of the galley the head and the outside. billeting areas of the men. 5. Always wash your hands with soap and water 2. Control your water supply. Purify drinking after doing fatigue duty, after engaging the water in a manner approved by the medical extraneous exercise, before eating and after officer. When water source is a stream or a coming out from the comfort room. river, mark separate water points for 6. Use only your own eating and drinking washing, cooking and human consumption. utensils if possible. You may contact diseases Washing and bathing points must always be from infected mess gear or personal articles downstream from points used for human of others. consumption. Of course, in the case of 7. When mosquitoes and other flying insects are tactical camps, these watering points must present in your area, be sure to use your be well secured against enemy mosquito net. harassment. 8. Never drink water from any untreated source 3. Locate and construct heads and urinals until it has been declared safe for drinking by away from the galley, mess hall and water a medical officer. Use purification tablets if supply but not too far from the living areas. possible or boil the water for at least 15 As much as possible, the heads and urinals minutes before drinking it. should be situated downwind of above- 9. Relieve yourself on an area which is mentioned areas. designated as the head area for your unit. 4. Maintain the sanitary conditions in the galley. Food must be stored in clean receptacles. Garbage, left over other refuse Page 30 of 36  ROTC001 MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) must be disposed of at designa