RJAV 2022 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry PDF

MODULE 1 CHEM 1 INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY A. ABUNDANCE 2. Sodium Na Def: Hyponatremia Tox: Hypernatremia 1. Element: 1st O2 (non-metal) 2nd Si (non-metal) 3rd Al (Most abundant metal) 2. Air Gas 3. Potassium K Def: Hypokalemia lead to muscle paralysis (common causes: severe burns, diarrhea...

MODULE 1 CHEM 1 INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY A. ABUNDANCE 2. Sodium Na Def: Hyponatremia Tox: Hypernatremia 1. Element: 1st O2 (non-metal) 2nd Si (non-metal) 3rd Al (Most abundant metal) 2. Air Gas 3. Potassium K Def: Hypokalemia lead to muscle paralysis (common causes: severe burns, diarrhea Tox: Hyperkalemia lead to Cardiac arrest (muscle contraction) KCl use in mercy killing Ax: Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate®) Cation exchange resin N2 (Air = N2 + O2 [71:29]) 3. Noble gas Ar (least abundant Kr, Xe) 4. Intra- & Extracellular ions Most abundant/ major/ principal/ 1° 2nd most abundant/ minor/ 2° PISO (K+ IN, Na+ OUT PICO (HPO4-2 IN, Cl- OUT MICO (Mg2+ IN, Ca2+ OUT BIO (HCO3- OUT) carbonic acid HCO3- : H2CO3 most important physiological buffer system Respiratory: CO2 (acidic) Acidosis Metabolic: HCO3- (basic) Alkalosis N2 NO2, N2O nitrous oxide Mg(OH)2 O2 Ar CO2 He H2 Acetylene Cl2 Li White/Yellow P blue vitriol (enhance Fe utilization) Black cylinder Blue cylinder Blue bottle Green cylinder Dark green Grey Brown Red Maroon Yellow Coated w/ petroleum or under oil (ra) Under water D. GLASS II III IV/NP *NP Highly Resistant Borosilicate (Pyrex, Borosil) Boron decrease coefficient of expansion Treated Soda Lime Glass Soda Lime Glass; Dry Powder Packaging General Soda Lime Glass bronze-like skin Ax: Penicillamine (Cuprimine®) 5. Silver Ag Tox: Argyria (darkened skinned due to chronic use) Ax: NaCl (NSS) isotonic (not painful when administered) 6. Gold Au Dermatitis, Glossitis Ax: BAL Leach tests (See QA/QC RMCQ) Water attack test for type II Powdered glass test for type I & III Brown/ amber, light resistant Red Masks blue-green color Fe usu. present in glass Decrease coefficient of expansion Increase refractive index Selectively absorb light of certain wavelengths Glass etching 7. Calcium Ca Def: Hypocalcemia Defective bone mineralization Rickets/ bowed legs in children; Osteomalacia in adults Defective bone resorption Osteoporosis brittle bone Tox: Hypercalcemia constipation: Ax: EDTA converted into Ca EDTA (chelating agent) 8. Barium Ba Tox: Baritosis Benign Pneumoconiosis (non-fibrotic) Ax: MgSO4 converted into BaSO4 -absorbable) 9. Zinc Module 1 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Zn Def: Parakeratosis (scaly, thickened, & inflamed skin), impaired immunity Metal fume fever due to inhalation of ZnO Ax: NaHCO3 12. Boric acid Tox: Boiled lobster appearance dermal absorption) 13. Aluminum hence do reddish-orange skin (PO/ Al (Neurotoxic), Constipation E. INORGANIC: DEFICIENCIES & TOXICITIES (See Toxicology) 1. Lithium Li Hypokalemia movement disorder (tremor) Hyponatremia Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus not restrict Na intake; (polyuria) Hypothyroidism Pregnancy problems (teratogenic) inflammation of the tongue (PO) 11. Mercury Hg (BEQ) Neurotoxic: Minamata disease, pink disease (Acrodynia in Erethism Ax: Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate best antidote; RA: Hg2+ 2+ (less soluble) 2 DMSA (Succimer) water soluble analog of BAL for all types of Hg poisoning Penicillamine (Cuprimine®) Elemental Hg BAL Inorg salts only Ca EDTA not for parenteral Glass modification K Se MnO2 B (as borate) Pb Rare earths HF Cu 10. Cadmium Cd Tox: Itai-itai disease or Ouch-ouch disease Ax: Ca EDTA Immediately given after exposure Mgt: Palliative therapy Silica + Na2CO3 Glass Types I 4. Copper 3) B. VITAMINS FOR MAXIMUM MINERAL ABSORPTION Fe Vit. C; CuSO4 Ca Vit. D Se Vit. E blood; low Na levels (fluid retention) high Na levels (Ala-Tae) 14. Silicon Si (Silicon dioxide SiO2) Tox: Silicosis TB-like (Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis) Resulting to Hemoptysis inhalation Ax: Alumina Page 1 of 12 blood in sputum & lung irritation due to chronic adsorbents; forms coat w/ Silica part. RJAV 2022 15. Lead Pb Tox: Plumbism/ Saturnism wrist drop/ foot drop Ax: Ca EDTA/ Ca versenate (BEQ) 16. Zirconium Zr Tox: Granuloma in skin & lungs Banned! 17. Phosphorus P (white/ yellow) General protoplasmic poison Acute: Garlic breath odor, luminous vomitus, severe GI irritation (bloody diarrhea, liver damage) Chronic: Bony necrosis, esp. in mandible (Phossy jaw) Ax: Cupric sulfate, Ceric sulfate 18. Arsenic As (lewisite metal) Acute: Aldrich(white lines in fingernails), Garlic breath odor, luminous vomitus, severe GI irritation (bloody diarrhea) Chronic: Arsenicosis, Cancer Ax: British anti-lewisite (BAL/Dimercaprol) 19. Bismuth Bi Blue-black gums Black stools (Bi2S3) BAL F. INORGANIC: ANTIDOTES (See Toxicology) 1. Activated charcoal + Tannic acid + MgO (2:1:1 Universal antidote (for weak acids & weak bases drugs) CI: Household and Industrial poisons e.g., CN & Kerosene poisoning Activated charcoal Destructive distillation residue of various org materials treated to increase adsorptive power Official USP: Fine form Adsorbent Antidiarrheal 2. Disodium EDTA/ Edetate disodium (C10H14N2Na2O8 2H2O) Ag proteinate stabilizer Emergency tx of hypercalcemia (IV) S/E: Hypocalcemia rapidly develops 3. Calcium disodium edetate/ Edetate calcium disodium (C10H12N2Na2CaO8) Ax: for heavy metal poisoning (especially Lead Pb) Adv: Does not precipitate Hypocalcemia 21. Sulfur S (Sulfites, Sulfur dioxide SO2) Hypersensitivity reactions Angioedema, Bronchospasms, Anaphylaxis 4. Amyl nitrite + Na nitrite + Na thiosulfate CN antidote kit component Supplemental: NaHCO3 Metabolic acidosis Hyperbaric/ 100% O2 (2-3 atm) Tx. Hypoxia/ Asphyxia. - Industrial Prep: Fractional distillation of liquid air 22. Selenium Se Def: Keshan disease Tox: Contact dermatitis Other agents used in CN poisoning: Methylene blue Hydroxocobalamin 20. Vanadium V Tox: Green tongue 23. Chromium Cr Hyperglycemia (DM-like) 24. Fluorine F Tox: Dental (enamel mottling) & Skeletal fluorosis HF, F- salts: Slow-healing burns 2 ppt (non-absorbable) 25. Bromine Br (depressant property) Tox: Bromism (Psychosis, skin eruption, headache, weakness) Ax: Na/ NH4 NaBr ppt 26. Iodine G. RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 1. Liver (BEQ) Tc99m IDA (Imino diacetic acid) Hepatobiliary studies Tc99m phytate Liver imaging for potency studies Au198 Liver scanning I131 Rose Bengal tracer of liver function Na iodohippurate Diagnosis of Liver function 2. Kidney Tc99m heptagluconate Kidney imaging for Renal function determination Hg197 chlormerodrin Kidney & Brain scintillation scanning I lead to congenital hypothyroidism Tox: Iodism (acute), hypothyroidism (chronic) negative feedback effect Ax: Starch solution (starch-iodo complex: dark blue), NaCl, Na thiosulfate (iodometry indirect method for Iodine determination) 27. Manganese Mn Parkinson-like (tremors) 28. Helium He Donald duck sound 29. Iron Fe Tox: GI irritation (black stools) Fe2S3, Hemochromatosis, Cardiac collapse Ax: Deferoxamine 3. Heart Tc99m sestamibi/ methoxy isobutyl isonitrile Myocardial perfusion agent I131 NaI Cardiac output determination blood plasma vol. 4. Thyroid Tc99m pertechnetate Thyroid scanning I125 NaI Diagnosis of Thyroid function 5. Others: Tc99m etidronate/ phosphonates Bone imaging Tc99m macro aggregated albumin Lung scanning Cr51 Spleen imaging, RBC mass P32 Na phosphate Treatment of Polycythemia vera Co57 cyanocobalamin Diagnosis of Pernicious anemia (high RBC) Se75 selenomethionine Diagnosis of Pancreatic tumors H. IMPORTANT ALLOYS: 30. Cobalt Co Def: Megaloblastic anemia/ Macrocytic anemia (B9 & B12) Ax: Hydroxocobalamin, Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12) 31. Nickel Ni Tox: Nickel itch Module 1 contact dermatitis Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Solder Pewter Babbitt Type metal Rose metal 67% Pb, 33% Sn 50 % Pb, 50% Sn 20% Pb, 80% Sn 20% Sb, 80% Sn 50% Pb, 25% Sn, 25% Sb 25% Pb, 25% Sn, 50% Bi Bronze Gun metal Anti-friction Metal Brass Copper + Sn Copper + Sn (90 : 10) Copper + Sn + Sb (12.5 : 75 : 12.5) Copper + Zn ↑ Page 2 of 12 RJAV 2022 Monel German Silver Sterling Silver Raney Nickel Steel Misch Metal Woods Metal* Copper + Ni Copper + Ni + Zn Copper + Ag (7.5 : 92.5) Aluminum + Ni Iron + 3% C Iron + 70% Ce Cd, Sn, Pb, Bi (12.5 : 12.5 : 25 : 50) I. COLORS OF TRANSITION METAL IONS IN Aq. SOLUTION Based on oxidation state Cu Cr +2 = Blue +2 = Blue +3 = Green +6 = Chromate: Cr2O4-2 (Yellow), Dichromate: Cr2O7-2 (Orange) +2 = Green +3 = Yellow/ Orange/ Brown +2 + Pink +2 = Green Fe Co Ni 1A: Alkali Metals H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, NH4+ Most reactive group (seldom free in nature). Soluble gr Valence: +1 Hydrogen (H2) Water forming when burned with O2 2O Inflammable air Lightest element (1g/mol) Prep: Lane & Messerschmidt Process (99% pure H2O) Isotopes: Protium most abundant, common and stable isotope Deuterium heavy isotope (D2O Deuterium oxide "heavy water" Deuterated solvent is used as solvent in NMR Spectroscopy) Tritium radioactive isotope Industrial uses: Haber Process (N2 + 3H2 3 @ high pressures) production of ammonia Oil hydrogenation - production of margarine Balloon inflation - not used anymore GC gas carrier (also He, N) Lithium (Li) Lithos (earth, rock lightest metal Use: Diuretic (S/E: hypovolemia, hyponatremia) Mood stabilizer (sedative); DOC for Mania (S/E: narrow TI) Lithium bromide additive sedative effects Lithium carbonate - Widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of bipolar disorders; last line of therapy for Mania - Li2CO3 capsules - Eskalith® - Li2CO3 tablets - Lithase® - Li2CO3 extended-release tablet - Quilonium-R® Non-pharmacological use: air-con heat exchanger Sodium (Na) Natrium (native) Cation of choice for organic medicinal Potassium (K) Kalium (Potash): soluble K+ salts Use: Diuretic, Muscle contractant Rubidium (Rb) Spectral line: red; 1861 Cesium (Cs) Spectral line: blue; 1860 Catalyst in resin polymerization 1st element discovered by use of spectroscope (Kirchoffbunsen spectroscope) Francium (Fr; France) Module 1 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Ammonium (NH4+) Weak base Hypothetical/ pseudo alkali metal Pharmacological use: Diuretic, expectorant, buffer component Compounds Ammonia, NH3 Household ammonia Dilute ammonia solution; ammonia water Strong ammonia solution/ water (Spirit of Hartshorn) Aromatic ammonia spirit (Spirit of Sal volatile) - Respiratory stimulant (pungent odor) - Basic (blue litmus) - 10% or 16° (degree Baume) NH3 - 9.5-10.5% NH3 - Neutralize insect/ jellyfish stings - 27-31% NH3 - Strong ammonia soln + ammonium carbonate (others: volatile oils of nutmeg & lemon, EtOH) 1B: Coinage Metals Occurrence: Free or in complexes/ chelates (easily recover from ore Metallurgy) Malleable, Conductor of heat and electricity: 3rd: Cu+1, +2 2nd: Ag+1 1st: Au +1,+3 Copper (Cu) Cuprum Cuprous (Cu+1) readily undergoes disproportionation (Cu+1 0 + Cu+2) Only reddish metal (+) Hemocyanin (respiratory pigment) and cytochrome oxidase (FeCu) Use: Protein precipitant (heavy metal) Silver (Ag) Argentum, Shining, Bright Fine silver (99.9% pure; too soft) Use: heavy metals to inhibit microorganism growth in small concentration Protein precipitant (heavy metal) Silver Proteinates Mild silver protein (Argyrol) Strong silver protein (Protargol) Colloidal silver protein (Collargol) * Colloidal AgCl/ Lunosol Medicinal Use Antiseptic for the eyes ENT germicide % Ag 19-23 7.5-8.5 General germicide 10-22 Gold (Au) Aurum, Shining dawn, King of all metals 24 karats (purest) Can be dissolved by: Aqua regia: HCl + HNO3 (3:1) Selenic acid: H2SeO4 only single acid that can dissolve gold Gold preparation DMARD (RA, Gout); before Aurothioglucose (Solganal®), IM Gold sodium thiomalate (Mypchrysin®), IM Auranofin (Ridaura®), PO Purple of Cassius Colloidal gold with Stannic hydroxide Sn(OH)4 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Valence: +2 Beryllium (Be) Most toxic metal (never employed in medicine) (+) Fluorescent lamp Magnesium (Mg) Lightest of structurally important metals (+) Chlorophyll (photosynthesis), flares (+) Grignard Reagent (RMgX Alkyl Mg Halide; Alcohol synthesis) Sources: they come in the form of double salts Page 3 of 12 RJAV 2022 Mg silicates: talc, asbestos Mg carbonates: magnesite, dolomite (Ca + Mg) Mg sulfate: Kieserite Use: MICO Natural Ca channel blocker (Ax: Ca gluconate) Laxative/ Cathartic Magtatae Depressant Calcium (Ca) (+) Bones, teeth (98Sources: Apatite: CaF2 3(PO4)2 Fluorite: CaF2 white ppt. Phosphate rock: Ca3(PO4)2 Dolomite: MgCO3 3 Gypsum: CaSO4 Use: Muscle contractant, Blood coagulation factor 1. Calcination CaCO3 Use: Astringent (protein precipitant), antiperspirant, deodorant (also: Zn, Zr banned due to granuloma ), Burns (Al foil) Gallium (Ga) Melts at near body temperature (30°C) Substitute for Hg in arc lamp manufacture Tx: CA-related hypercalcemia by binding with transferrin (transport form for Iron) Indium (In) Thallium (Tl) Green twigs (poison) Ant poison (insecticide) 3B: Scandium Subgroup Scandium (Sc) Yttrium (Y) Lanthanide series (La-Lu; 57-71) Actinides series (Ac-Ir; 89-103) 2 2. Slaking controlled by addition of water CaO + H2 2 (Slaked lime) Lime water Saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 in water 4A: Carbon Group Non-metallic C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb 3. Carbonation CaO + CO2 Strontium (Sr) (+) Flare manufacture (Crimson red) Radioactive Sr: bone scanner Barium (Ba) Heavy Radium (Ra) Discoverer: Marie Curie (1st discovery: Po) apy, diagnostic purposes 2B: Volatile Metals Metals have relatively low melting point Exhibits auto complexation Zn+2, Cd+2, Hg,+1, +2 -CadZinc (Zn) (+) Insulin (DM), battery & dry cell container Galvanized iron protective coating Use is similar to Aluminum (Al) Cadmium (Cd) (+) Stink bomb manufacture High affinity for metallothioproteins (stress proteins) Mercury (Hg) Hydrargyrum, Quicksilver, Messenger of Gods, Asoge 2 forms: Mercurous (Hg22+) less toxic (more difficult to absorb Mercuric (Hg2+) Toxic forms: Hg2+ > Hg22+ ; Org. Hg > Inorg. Hg Only liquid metal (+) Thermometers, amalgams (dental cement) s mineral), -HgS Use: protein precipitant (heavy metal), Antiseptic, antisyphilitic, parasiticide, fungicide, cathartic, diuretic (useful for cardiac edema) * To remove Hg that fells into cracks, cover with sulfur! 3A: Boron Group Boron (B) Industrial use: Vulcanizing rubber Module 1 Silicon (Si) Germanium (Ge) Eka silicon Immunostimulant, antitumor Tin (Sn+2, +4) Stannum (+) Tin cans Lead (Pb+2, +4) Plumbum (+) automobile exhaust, old pipes, canned food, batteries, paints Use: Protein precipitant (heavy metal) 4B: Titanium Subgroup Ti, Zr, Hf Titanium (Ti) Titan (son of the earth) Powerful Reducing Agent Zirconium (Zr) Use is similar to Al (but already banned) Hafnium (Hf) B, Al, ⑦ Ha, In, Tl Aluminum (Al) Source: Cryo Carbon (C) Catenation (only element that can form multiple bonds itself; chain-formation) 2 allotropes: Crystalline Diamond (tetrahedral) purest native form of uncombined carbon; formed under pressure. Hardest mineral known Graphite (planar) Amorphous Bituminous (soft coal) Anthracite (hard coal) Coke (impure carbon) 3) Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry 5A: Nitrogen Group N, P, As, Sb, Bi Nitrogen (N2) Azote (without life), Phlogisticated air, Mephitic air Provides inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable pharmaceuticals Page 4 of 12 RJAV 2022 Liquid Nitrogen (-196°C) Refrigerant (cryogenic preservation) Tantalum (Ta) Unaffected by body fluids (inert) Sheet- Phosphorus (P) (stored under water) (+) Essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissues & bones Phosphates: Of Physiologic & medicinal importance; antacid, cathartic 3 main allotropic forms: White/ - Waxy solid (organic solvents soluble) Yellow - + Light: darkens (impure) P - + Air (in the dark): emits greenish light and gives off white fumes with garlic odor - Toxic: rat poison Red/ Violet - Intermediate property of black and white P (organic P solvents insoluble) - Less chemical active compared to white P - Non-toxic (used in safety matches, pyrotechnics) Black P - Resembles graphite in texture - Produced from white P under high pressures - Air-stable; does not catch fire spontaneously Arsenic (As) Lewisite metal Agent of choice for professional killers As3+ - High affinity for SH compound; toxic to all types of cells (General protoplasmic poison) As5+ - Less toxic Arsenicals Arsphenamine, Salvarsan, Compound 606, Magic bullet Paris green Sch 1% Potassium arsenite solution (KAsO2 solution) Arsenic (III) iodide solution First anti-syphilis Discovered by Paul Ehrlich Father of Chemotherapy Cupric acetoarsenite: Cu(C2H3O2)2 3Cu(AsO2)2 Rodenticide, insecticide, pigment, blue colorant for fireworks Cupric hydrogen arsenite Former antileukemic For trypanosome infection, Malaria, TB, RA, Diabetes (before) Antimony (Sb+2, +4) Stibium Most important source: Antimony glance (Antimony sulfide Sb2S3) red-orange Use: astringent, antiperspirant Anthelminthic kills and expels intestinal worms (vs. 6A: Oxygen Group/ Chalcogens O, S, Se, Te, Po Oxygen (O2-2) Dephlogisticated air (Priestly), empyreal air (Scheele), acid former (Lavoisier), yne Oxides: Metallic, nonmetallic, amphoteric (Al2O3) of air, by weight (in free form) Chemically reactive (combines directly with elements except Hg, Ag, Au & Pt family members) 3 allotropes: Nascent (O) Atmospheric/ molecular (O2) Ozone (O3) disinfectant Sulfur (S) Brimstone, Shulbari (enemy of Cu), Asupre Occurs free state and in combination (Sulfides, sulfites, sulfates) Source: Crude furnace; Calcarone (Synthesize by Frasch process) Allotropes: Alpha/ Rhombic S at Room temperature Stable Beta/ Monoclinic S at equilibrium point (96°C) Use: Scabicide and keratolytic ointment/ lotion Antiseborrheic/ Anti-dandruff (SeS2) Stimulates hair growth; depilatory (as thioglycolate) Stimulant cathartic Sulfur varieties Amorphous S Liquid S Plastic S Precipitated S (milk of sulfur, lack sulfur) Sublimed S (flowers of sulfur) Heating S at 160-180°C Rubber-like - Boiling S with lime and precipitating filtered solution with HCl - Very fine pale-yellow powder, odorless, tasteless - CS2 solubility: readily dissolves Sulfur ointment (10% sulfur) Precipitated sulfur + mineral oil + white ointment - Fine yellow powder with faint odor and taste - CS2 solubility: slowly and usu. incompletely soluble Emetic, expectorant Bismuth (Bi) Beautiful meadow Use: astringent, antiseptic; internal protectant (antacid + inhibit Helicobacter pylori sed gastric ulcer) Helidac® MTB: Metronidazole (Flagyl) DOC: PTAG Pseudomembranous colitis (caused by Clostridium difficile), Trichiasis, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis Tetracycline DOC: CRIM Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma Bi subsalicylate Prevpac® LAC: Lansoprazole Amoxicillin Clarithromycin Bismuth ointment (30%) 5B: Vanadium Subgroup Washed S Sublimed sulfur + lime (boiled) - Treating sublimed S with NH3 (to dissolve impurities, particularly As and to remove traces of acid) - Characteristics similar to sublimed S Sulfurated postash/ Potassa sulfurata K2 2S2O3 (Lover of sulfur, Hepar sulfaris) Consists mainl of K polysulfide, K thiosulfate, K sulfate PTS Irregular, l Possess H2S odor White lotion (USP) Sulfurated potash + ZnSO4 Topical and antifungal: Astringent, protective, mild antimicrobial and antifungal (tx of skin parasitic diseases, psoriasis, scabicide) Selenium (Se) Selena (moon) V, Nb, Ta Industrial use: Rubber Vanadium (V) Insulin- Tellurium (Te) Niobium (Nb) Polonium (Po) First radioactive element discovered by Curie Module 1 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Page 5 of 12 RJAV 2022 6B: Chromium Subgroup 7B: Manganese Subgroup Cr, Mo, W, U Chromium (Cr) Cr2+ - Reducing agent Cr3+ - Trace element (glucose tolerance factor) Cr6+ - Toxic 2Cr2O7) Molybdenum (Mo) Trace element: cofactor for Flavin dependent enzymes, xanthine oxidase For bacterial fixation of atmospheric N2 Mn, Tc, Re, Bh Manganese (Mn) Trace element: Cofactor in phosphorylation and protein, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis (biomolecule) Technetium (Tc) Technetos (artificial), Eka manganese 1st element produced artificially (from decay Mo99) Use: radiopharmaceuticals Rhenium (Re), Bohrium (Bh) 8A: Inert/ Noble/ Stable gas Tungsten (W) Wolfram 2He, 10Ne, 18Ar, 36Kr, 54Xe, 86Rn Valence: 0 Uranium (U) Discoverer: Becquerel Helium (He) 2nd lightest gas Artificial air: 80% He + 20% O2 7A: Halogens Neon (Ne) Ads purposes (Neon lights) Sea-salt producers (Beilstein test F, Cl, Br, I, At Valence: -1 organic/ alkyl halides) Fluorine (F2) Super halogen (Linus Pauling) Strongest oxidizing agent Suppressive effect on thyroid (particularly when I2 is deficient) Anticarcinogenic (Also: Rodenticide, insecticide) Sodium fluoride (NaF) 2%, 4 applications Stannous fluoride (SnF2) 8%, 1 application Chlorine (Cl2) Dephlogisticated muriatic acid Chloros (greenish yellow) Water disinfectant (MOA: halogenation) oxidation Bromine (Br2) Dark, reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor Powerful caustic and germicide; sedative depressant (all bromides!) KBr for preparation of symptoms for FT-IR (pellets) Bromine TS (1% Br water)/ Bromine water 3 Bromide elixirs (Na, K, NH4) Na, K, NH4, Li,ca 3 bromide elixing Iodine (I2) Heaviest nonmetal; solid with metallic sheen Easily undergoes sublimation, giving off violet vapor - Triiodothyronine (T3): more active Thyroxine (T4): more abundant Use: Expectorant, Antifungal; Antibacterial (1:5000 or 0.02%) greater antibacterial activity vs. Cl and Br of same strength; same strength as KMnO4 Iodine preparations Iodine soln Iodine tincture Strong iodine tincture soln Iodophors 2% I2 in water + NaI 2% I2 soln + 50% alc. + NaI 5% I2 in water + KI 7.5% I2 soln + 88.5% alc + KI Antibacterial, irritant I2 complexed with organic complexing agent as solubilizer Povidone Iodine (Betadine®) Adv: slow release of I2, stability, reduced irritation, oral tox Disadv: staining, idiosyncratic reaction Astatine (As2) Only metallic, synthetic and radioactive halogen Argon (Ar) Nitrogen substitute as inert atmosphere for pharmaceuticals Krypton (Kr) Inhalational anesthesia Xenon (Xe) Inhalational anesthesia (investigational) Radon (Rn) Niton Synthetic noble gas Treatment:Cervical Cancer 8B: Iron Triad 1st Triad: Fe, Co, Ni Iron elements (Valence: +2, +3) 2nd/ Light Triad: Rh, Ru, Pd* 3rd/ Heavy Triad: Os, Ir, Pt* *Catalyst in finely divided steel Fe + 3% C Iron (Fe) Ferrum (Fe2+ - Physiologic) Most important element in engineering Common ores: Hematite (Fe2O3) 2) Iron stone (FeCO3) (+) Proteins: Hemoglobin: Fe in blood specifically in heme which provides reddish coloration Transferrin: transport forms of Fe in the body Ferritin: storage form of Fe in the body Cytochrome oxidase (Fe and Cu) Hematinic: Treatment: microcytic, hypochromic anemia (IDA) Mucosal block postulation by Hahn Best known hypothesis of Fe absorption (Duodenum) Iron forms: Cast/ pig iron Wrought iron Cementite/ white cast iron Gray cast iron/ graphite scales From black furnace (92-94% Fe) Removal of cast iron impurities (99.9% Fe) Solid solution of hart, brittle Fe carbide Liquid Fe is run into sand molds & allowed to cool Cobalt (Co) (+) Permanent magnets, Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin, as Co2+; Colt 45 Nickel (Ni) (+) Fancy jewelries, fossil fuel Module 1 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Page 6 of 12 RJAV 2022 Light Triad Hydrobromic acid Except: H2O and Be(OH)2 Nitric acid Amphoteric (can act as acid or Hydroiodoc acid base) Perchloric acid Sulfuric acid *Corrosive general term; it has the capability to destroy tissue. Rhodium (Rh) Ruthenium (Ru) Ru complexes: anti-cancer C. HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND SALTS Palladium (Pd) Heavy Triad Osmium (Os) Heaviest/ densest metal Osmium tetroxide, osmic acid Staining of specimens for electron microscopy Iridium (Ir) Platinum (Pt) Noble metal (low oxidation and reactivity) Cisplatin (cis-diaminedichloroplatinum) For prostate Cancer COMPOUNDS Hydrochloric acid, HCl Muriatic acid (+) gastric juice: Chief cells secretes pepsinogen pepsin *HCl secreted by Parietal cells Diluted HCl (10% w/v solution) Tx. Gastric achlorhydria low HCl in stomach Sodium chloride, NaCl + * + C;Dentritic/ rock/ table/ sea/ solar salt Na+ replenisher Tonicity-adjusting agent, condiment, preservative Isotonic solutions NSS (Normal Saline Solution) A. WATER Universal solvent High dielectric constant 0.9% NaCl in wayer NaCl + KCl + CaCl2 NaCl + KCl + CaCl2 + Na lactate solution NaCl + KCl + Na lactate ORS (Oral rehydration Salt) NaCl + KCl + Na citrate + glucose Diarrhea, Dehydrated Water vapour (BEQ) Best expectorant Natural/ Mineral/ Well water Unfit for drinking Contents: dissolved minerals, atmospheric gases, suspended organic matter Hard water (+) dissolved minerals (Ca and Mg) Water hardness Ca and Mg salt Water softening method Temporary Bicarbonate Boiling (CaCO3 ppt) + Ca(OH)2 Hard water Alkaline water Saline/ Purgative water Carbonated water Chalybeate water Lithia water Sulfur water Siliceous water Baryta water Permanent Sulfate & Chloride Ion exchange resins (+) NaHCO3, Na2SO4, MgSO4 (appreciable qqty) (+) NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4 (high qtty) (+) Ca and Mg carbonates 2 (effervescence) (+) Fe (soln/ susp; ferruginous state forms ferric oxide/ hydroxide (+) Li carbonate/ chloride (+) H2 tm exposure (+) Soluble alkali silicates (+) Ba(OH)2 salt solution Potable water USP: Methods: Distillation, Reverse osmosis, Ion exchange Treated water (Fit to drink) CSF Insoluble matter removal: coagulation, settling, filtration Microorganism (coliform) destruction: aeration, chlorination, etc. Palatability improvement: aeration, filtration with charcoal Water fluoridation (+) Na fluorosilicate billion) Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl Muriate of hartshorn Expectorant, diuretic, Systemic, and urinary acidifier Calcium chloride, CaCl2 Muriate of lime Calcium replenisher (hypocalcemic states) Systemic & urinary acidifier Aluminum chloride, AlCl3 Astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, deodorant Zinc chloride, ZnCl2 (+) Lucas reagent Antiseptic, dentin desensitizer (Astring-o-sol) Strontium chloride, SrCl2 Dentin desensitizer (Sensodyne®) Mercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2/ HgCl Calomel Cathartic Active ingredient of Ly-na Black lotion Calomel + lime water Anticariogenic property (parts per Purified water (NP) Ingredients of official preparations, tests, assays (unless specified) *Can be parenteral B. STRONG ACIDS AND BASES Strong Acids 2 (corrode of metal) Coagulative Necrosis (H-CBNIPS) Hydrochloric acid Module 1 Potassium chloride, KCl Kalium Durules® K+ replenisher (salt of choice) Cardiac & Skeletal muscle contractant (IV drip; slow push) Lethal injection (IVP) - Euthanasia Strong Bases/ Alkali Caustic Liquefaction necrosis (Group 1A/ 2A Hydroxides Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Mercuric chloride, HgCl2 Corrosive sublimates Disinfectant Mercuric ammonium chloride/ Ammoniated mercury, HgNH2Cl White precipitate Topical anti-infective Cobaltous chloride, CoCl2 Silica gel beads indicator Page 7 of 12 RJAV 2022 Cadmium chloride, CdCl2 Emetic Treatment: Tinea infection 0.5% wet dressing of 3° burns 1% ophthalmic solution: prophylaxis for gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum (can cause newborn blindness). (new: erythromycin drops kill gonorrhea and chlamydia Ferric chloride, FeCl3 Astringent, styptic (hemostatic agent) for small cuts Test for tannins Silver ammonium nitrate/ Ammoniacal silver nitrate Dental protective, desensitizing agent Sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl Dakin;s solution (5%) (+) reducing substance e.g. (non-living/ inanimate objects) Diluted NaOCl solution (450-500mg NaOCl/100mL solution Antiseptic (for living organism) Calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2 Chlorinated/ chloride of lime Bleaching agent, disinfectant Potassium chlorate, KClO3 Bismuth subnitrate, Bi(OH)2NO3 Antacid (H. pylori induced ulcer), astringent, antiseptic F. SULFURIC ACIDS AND SALTS Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Oil vitriol Sodium metabisulfite, Na2S2O5 H2 (crystallization on atmospheric SO2 fumigant will revert Na metabisulfite) Bisulfite of commerce (same properties as true bisulfite) Potassium perchlorate, KClO4 Oxidizing agent Cloking agent fo I131 Treatment: Hyperthyroidism Drugs with phenol/ catechol nucleus (phenylephrine HCl, epinephrine HCl) to prevent oxidation to quinones Antimicrobial property: Food fermentation, preservative D. HYDROIODIC ACIDS AND SALTS Sodium iodine, NaI I2 solubilizer (Iodine solution and tincture) Note: protect from moisture and light Potassium iodide, KI I2 solubilizer (Strong iodine solution and tincture) Iodine salt of choice DOC: cutaneous lymphatic sporotrichosis - fungi (SSKI Saturated solution of KI 1g/ml) Treatment: Hyperthyroidism As saturated solution: to prepare for thyroid surgery (with anti-thyroid meds) As tablet, oral solution: to protect the thyroid in cases of radiation emergency Potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O5 Antioxidant Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4 Saline laxative/ cathartic Magnesium sulfate, MgSO4 Epsom salt Cathartic (PO), anticonvulsant (IM) Pre-eclampsia triad = HPN/ HTN, proteinuria, edema (hypertension in pregnant women) Eclampsia = triad + SEIZURE Plaster of Paris Surgical cast Silver Iodide, AgI Germicide 2O (dehydrate) Gypsum, terra alba Dentifrice, rodenticide Mercuric iodide, HgI2 Treatment: syphilis Stimulant of indolent ulcers HgI2 2HgI4 Alkaloidal reagent (most sensitive): (+) white ppt Zinc sulfate, ZnSO4 White vitriol 0.25% solution: only FDA approved ophthalmic astringent (minor eye irritation relief) E. NITRIC ACID AND SALTS Nitric acid, HNO3 Aqua fortis Sodium nitrite, NaNO2 Vasodilator Meat/ fish curing (preservative, flavor production, color dev.) Carcinogenic (nitrosamines) Sodium nitrate, NaNO3 Chile salt peter* Meat preservative, explosive manufacture Potassium nitrate, KNO3 Salt peter*/ prunelle, salitre Meat preservative, dentin desensitizer Silver nitrate, AgNO3 Lapiz infernulariz (caustic pencil), lunar caustic, indelible ink Water soluble Ag salt Treatment: Warts Module 1 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry White lotion Sulfureted potash + ZnSO4 Cadmium sulfate, CdSO4 Ophthalmic antiseptic Cupric sulfate, CuSO4 Blue/ Roman/ Salzburg vitriol, blue stone Enhances Fe utilization test for reducing substance (+) brick red ppt Bordeaux mixture (CuSO4 + CaO) Algicide and fungicide in swimming pools Ferrous sulfate, FeSO4 Green vitriol Hematinic (most economical and most satisfactory form) S/E: constipation Ferrous ammonium sulfate Mohr salt Page 8 of 12 RJAV 2022 Ferric (sub) sulfate solution Dibasic potassium phosphate, Potassium biphosphate, K2HPO4 Monobasic + Dibasic potassium phosphate Reagent for various buffers and parenteral fluids Treatment: hypercalcemia Urinary acidifier (Tx nephrolithiasis or calcific kidney stones): Decrease formation Styptic (hemostatic agent) Barium sulfate, BaSO4 Barium meal S/E Nickel sulfate, NiSO4 Tonic, parasiticide stone dissolution, complex excreted in urine Diarrhea Aluminum potassium sulfate, AlK(SO4)2 2O Alum, Tawas Astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant, styptic (antihemorrhagic) Sodium thiosulfate/ Sodium hyposulfite (misnomer), Na2S2O3 Reducing agent VS in Iodometry (indirect method) Acids: decompose thiosulfate to sulfur Base: decompose thiosulfate to sulfate Cl- removal from aqueous solution Calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 Dibasic calcium phosphate Ca2+ electrolyte replenisher (recommended salt) Aluminum phosphate, AlPO4 Phosphagel® Antacid4 absorption unlike Al(OH)3 Demulcent (forms soothing, protective film on mucous membrane) Zinc sulfide, ZnS Only white sulfide Topical protectant, antiseptic, parasiticide Lithopone BaS + ZnS (70:30) H. BORIC ACIDS AND SALTS (ortho) boric acid/ boracic acid, H3BO3 Sal sedativum hombergi Magnesium sulfide, MnS Pink/ salmon suldide Tonicity adjusting agent, buffer (2%: ophthalmic solution) Cadmium sulfide, CdS Only yellow sulfide; Capsebon Antiseborrheic Boromycin 1st natural product with Boron From S. antibioticus Anti-HIV in vitro Selenium sulfide, SeS2 Selsun blue 2.5% suspension Treatment: seborrheic dermatitis Pharmaceutical buffer systems Borate buffer system: External buffer (NP) e.g., ophthalmic and nasal For metal containing preparation: -8.2) = Boric acid + Na borate + NaCl (isotonic) -7.8) = Boric acid + Na borate + KCl (hypotonic) -11) = Boric acid + Na2CO3 + NaCl Normal pH of blood/ body fluids: 7.35-7.45 Lead sulfide, PbS Black sulfide, Galena (most common ore) G. PHOSPHORIC ACIDS AND SALTS Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 Triprotic acid 3 stages of ionization (weak acid) Sodium hypophosphite, NaHPO2 Reducing agent (antioxidant) Monobasic sodium phosphate, Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH2PO4 P source (hypophosphatemia, TPN) 3 + formaldehyde (HCHO): urinary antiseptic (Tx of UTI: cystitis inflammation of urinary bladder) Dibasic sodium phosphate, Sodium biphosphate, Na2HPO4 Phosphate of soda Fleet enema Monobasic + Dibasic sodium phosphate Saline laxative not absorb from the intestine Phosphate buffer system: Physiologic buffer e.g., parenteral (contains mono and dihydrogen phosphate) Supports microbial growth and precipitant. Metal ions (Al, Ag, Zn) -9.8) Sodium (tetra) borate, Na2B4O7 Borax Pharmaceutical necessity: alkalinizing agent Externally: eyewash, buffer, water softener NA BORATE + Na bicarbonate + phenol + glycerol (aqueous solution) ENT antiseptic wash/ astringent, wet dressing for wounds Ca and PO4 in bone). Treatment: Hypercalcemia (Tribasic) sodium phosphate, Na3PO4 Very alkaline reaction with water (corrosive) glass apparatus No pharmaceutical use Sodium polymetaphosphate Detergent, water softener Monobasic potassium phosphate, KH2PO4 Module 1 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry cremation) Antacid cleaning Sodium perborate, NaBO3 Oxidant: mild disinfectant and deodorant I. OXIDES Calcium oxide, CaO (Quick/burnt) lime, Apog, Calx Component of Bordeaux mixture Magnesium oxide, MgO Calcined magnesia Antacid, laxative Page 9 of 12 RJAV 2022 Zinc oxide, ZnO Astringent, mild antiseptic, topical protectant Prepared calamine anti-pruritic Zno + Ferric oxide (pink colorant) Silicon dioxide, SiO2 Silica Inert solid Glidant Silica gel Hydrolysis of orthosilicates Zirconium oxide, ZrO Antiperspirant (Purified) siliceous/ fullers/ diatomaceous (Kielseguhr, Celite) Silica purified by calcining heat Adsorbent, filtering aid, clarifying agent *Granuloma formation Lead (II) (mon)oxide, PbO Litharge Astringent Aluminum oxide, Al2O3 Alumina Adsorbent Mercuric oxide, HgO Yellow precipitate Ophthalmic anti-infective Arsenous oxide, arsenic trioxide, As2O3 Arsenicum album (white arsenic) Amphoteric oxide Wood preservative, insecticide 1° standard in titrimetric analysis Trisenox Treatment: Leukemia Not responsive to 1st line drugs Nitrous oxide, dinitrogen monoxide, N2O Laughing gas Inhalatory MAC, no muscle relaxant effect S/E: diffusion hypoxia Nitric oxide, Nitrogen monoxide, NO Vasodilator, muscle relaxant Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 Smog (air pollutant) Nitrogen trioxide, NO3 Oxidizing agent Carbon monoxide. CO Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas Systemic poison: 210-220x higher affinity for Hemoglobin compared to O2 blood) Treatment: Hyperbaric O2 (100%, 2-3 atm) Artificial air (He + O2 [80:20]) CO2-O2 mixture Carbon dioxide, CO2 Carbonic acid gas Most potent respitatory stimulant DOC persistent hiccups, hyperventilation syndrome Dry ice Solid form Refrigerant Treatment: acne, warts, corns, eczema Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)/ dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2) Freon Refrigerant, aerosol propellant Implicated in ozone layer depletion (due to greenhouse gas) Titanium dioxide, TiO2 Solar ray protectant with high refractive index (sunblock; also, ZnO) Opacifying agent: Provides white background for easy visibility Pilocarpine ocusert system (for glaucoma) White capsules White pigment: high coverage area Module 1 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Acid anhydride of sulfurous acid (oxyacid) Fumigant, antioxidant, preservative Uranium dioxide, UO2 Uranite, pitchblende Hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen dioxide, H2O2 (where O2-1) Agua oxenada (oxygenated acid/ water) Oxidant stomatitis (severe form of gingivitis), as mouthwash 3% w/v = 10 volume solution 6% w/v = 20 volume solution 30 w/v Hydrogen peroxide topical solution (USP) antiseptic (oxidizing germicide) Stabilizer: 0.03% acetanilide, H3PO4 Hair bleach Hydrogen peroxide concertation (USP) Refrigerant, disinfectant Zinc peroxide, ZnO2 Release of nascent oxygen provides powerful oxidizing action (antiseptic) Stannous peroxide (SnO), Stannic oxide (SnO2) Germicide against staphylococcal Carbamide/ urea peroxide topical solution, (NH2)2 Most preferred for oral and ear infections 2O2 J. HYDROXIDES Sodium hydroxide, NaOH Caustic soda, (soda) lye, Sosa For HARD soap manufacture Pharmaceutical necessity: glycerin suppositories preparation Potassium hydroxide, KOH Caustic/ lye potash For SOFT soap manufacture *NaOH is more soluble in water than KOH Both are: Strong base (caustic) Very deliquescent (readily absorb water and liquefies) Readily attack glass (etching) Alkalinizing agent (to form Na/ K salts of various drugs) Saponifying agent (Soap manufacture) VS for Aqueous alkalimetry Calcium hydroxide/ hydrate, Ca(OH)2 Slaked lime, milk of lime Antacid (S/E: Constipation) Saponifying agent Ca(OH)2 + Na or K hydroxide Calx sodica, soda lime Good CO2 absorber for anesthesia machines, O2 therapy, and metabolic tests Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 Milk of magnesia, magnesia magma Antacid (S/E: Diarrhea) Page 10 of 12 RJAV 2022 Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3 Amphogel, Cremalin gel Antacid (S/E: Constipation) 4 absorption Maalox® Mg(OH)2 + Al(OH)3 Counteract S/E of one another Kremil S® Simethicone antifoaming agent (iwas kabag) Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 CO2 absorber (similar to soda lime) Bismuth hydroxide, Bi(OH)3 Internal protective for gastric ulcers + inhibits H. pylori growth. Milk of bismuth, bismuth cream Bi hydroxide + Bi sub-carbonate/ nitrate suspension in water K. ACETATES Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 Precipitated chalk, prepared chalk, limestone Antacid (also cause rebound hyperacidity) Dentifrice, ingredient of toothpaste 2 forms: Precipitated CaCO3 commercially produced by chemical means Prepared CaCO3 native, CaCO3 purified by elutriation Crystal forms: Aragonite Calcite natural birefrigerant by crystal Iceland spar very pure form of calcite Ferrous carbonate, FeCO3 Chalybeate pills, blaud pills, ferruginous pills Hematinic Aluminum carbonate, Al2(CO3)3 Diuretic, alkalizer (systemic and urinary), antacid Sodium acetate, NaCH3COO Zirconium carbonate, ZrCO3 Antiperspirant Pharmaceutical necessity: used in solution for hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis Potassium acetate, KCH3COO Alternative for NaCH3COO Ammonium acetate Spirit of Minderesus Buffer component Ammonium acetate + Fe; Astringent, styptic Aluminum acetate, Al(CH3COO)3 Aluminum sulfate + Lead acetate Lead acetate, Plumbous acetate, Pb(CH3COO)2 Sugar of lead Antiseptic, astringent Lead subacetate solution Lead acetate + Lead oxide Treatment: skin inflammation elimination via fecal route formation) Nickel carbonate, NiCO3 Tonic M. BICARBONATES Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3 Baking soda Solvay process Carbonating agent (effervescent preparations) CO2 Organic acid component: tartaric/ citric/ ascorbic acid Systemic alkalizer (could cause systemic alkalosis) Systemic antacid (could cause rebound hyperacidity) Enhance elimination of acidic drugs Potassium bicarbonate, KHCO3 Carbonating agent for Mg citrate oral solution (USP) Systemic antacid, diuretic, electrolyte replenisher Ammonium bicarbonate Sal volatile L. CARBONATES N. SILICATES Lithium carbonate, Li2CO3 Lithase, Eskalith, Quilonium-R DOC: mania Component of Lithia water Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 Anhydrous soda ash Dihydrate Trona Decahydrade Soda crystals, washing soda, sal soda Carbonating agent Saponifying agent 1° std: aqueous acidimetry (OLD) Potassium carbonate, K2CO3 Salt of peter, salt of tartar, salt of wormwood, Perl ash, Potash Carbonating agent Pharmaceutical necessity (basic property) Ammonium (sesqui)carbonate, (NH4)2CO3 Mixture of NH4 bicarbonate + NH4 carbamate (NH2COONH4) ses to NH3 and CO2 Used in aromatic ammonia spirit preparation Expectorant, respiratory stimulant (ammonium), antacid Adsorbents (for diarrhea) Magnesium trisilicate Antacid Advantage: creates protective coating on stomach; gelatinous Hydrated magnesium (tri)silicate Talc, French chalk, soap stone: softest mineral Adsorbent, dusting powder, filtering agent, clarifying agent Native colloidal hydrated magnesium silicate Bentonite, Wilhinite Soap clay, mineral soap Most abundant of all clays Suspending agent Bentonite magma 5% suspension in water Native hydrated aluminum silicate Kaolin, Kaolinite, China/ porcelain clay, Bolus alba Adsorbent for diarrhea, demulcent Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 Magnesia 2 forms: light and heavy Antacid, laxative Module 1 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Pumice Volcanic origin: Al, Na, and K silicate Dental abrasive Page 11 of 12 RJAV 2022 Attapulgite/ Palygorskite (polymagma, diatabs, quintess) (Hydrated) Mg-Al silicate Antimony potassium tartrate, C8H4K2O12Sb2 2O Tartar emetic, brown mixture Emetic, expectorant Treatment: Schistosomiasis (S. japonicum/ liver fluke: snails humans) Potassium aluminum silicate Feldspar Most common rock Citrate salts Hydrated Zinc silicate/ Carbonate Natural calamine Topical protectant Sodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7 In vitro: Anticoagulant of choice (forms complex with Ca2+ necessary for blood clotting) Simethicone Polymer of dimethyl siloxane Anti-flatulent, antifoaming agent Dimethicone (Simeco) Protective and emollient (moisturizer) In vivo: Pro-coagulant Alkalizer (systemic, urinary), diuretic Expectorant O. CYANIDES/ NITRILES Hypotensive agent Sodium nitroprusside, Na2[Fe(CN)5 Potassium citrate, K3C6H5O7 Systemic alkalizer, expectorant, osmotic diuretic, diaphoretic 2O Sodium thiocyanate, NaSCN, Potassium thiocyanate, KSCN Na2S2O3 + CN Contact lens cleanser Antioxidant synergist in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations Magnesium citrate, Mg(C6H5O7)2 Purgative lemon (Lemonade purgante) Saline cathartic (PO) (Colloidal) bismuth (sub)citrate Treatment: peptic ulcer (PUD) Cuprous citrate Ferri ferrocyanide, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Prussian blue -> 8% astringent Ferro ferricyanide, Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 Bismuth subsalicylate Pink bismuth Active ingredient: pepto-bismol, kaopectate, helidac Anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antacid P. OTHERS Gluconate salts Less GI irritation as: Electrolyte replenishers (compared to their chloride counterpart Hematinic (compared to their sulfate counterpart) Sodium gluconate, NaC6H11O7 Iron Sorbitex Complex of iron + Sorbitol + Citric acid + Dextrin metabolic processes and act as indirect source of bicarbonate ions Zinc-eugenol cement Dental protective Eugenol source: clove oil Calcium carbide, CaC2 Kalburo Potassium gluconate, KC6H11O7 Calcium gluconate, C12H22CaO14 Most commonly used Ca replenisher Ferrous gluconate (Fergon®) Sodium lactate Antacid, diuretic Ferrous fumarate (Toleron®) Most stable compared to FeSO4 Sodium starch glycolate Explotab® Tab disintegrant Tartrate salts Saline laxative/ cathartic, diuretic (Na, K) Sodium tartrate, Na2C4H4O6 1° std for Karl Fischer reagent Not convertible to bicarbonate ions Sodium saccharin Artificial sweetener (300x sweeter than sucrose) S/E: bladder tumor in animals *Aspartame (180-200x sweeter than sucrose) Potassium bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 Cream of tartar, creamor, argol Only insoluble potassium salt (+) acidulous fruits e.g. Grapes Baking powder ingredient (raise dough) Sodium potassium tartrate, NaKC4H4O6 Sodium ascorbate, NaC6H7O6 2O Food acidity regulator precipitation) Module 1 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Potassium sorbate, KC6H7O2 0.2% antimicrobial preservative (control yeasts unicellular, and mold multicellular growth in enteral formula, food, cosmetics) Relatively ineffective @ > pH 6.5 2 antioxidant) Potassium permanganate, KMnO4 Mineral chameleon Dark purple-black crystals/ granular powder, almost opaque by transmitted light and with blue metallic luster by reflected light Strong Oxidizing agent (in acidic media) Local anti-infective, antiseptic (1:5000), deodorant Self-indicating titrant in permanganometry Page 12 of 12 RJAV 2022