GCSE (9-1) History Crime and Punishment Revision PDF

Contents SUBJECT CONTENT Crime and punishment in Britain, c1000–present c1000–c1500: Medieval England 1 Crime in Medieval England 2 ‘New’ crimes in Norman England 3 Anglo-Saxon law enforcement 4 Norman and later medieval law enforcement 5 Medieval punishments 6 The influence of the Church c1500–c170...

Contents SUBJECT CONTENT Crime and punishment in Britain, c1000–present c1000–c1500: Medieval England 1 Crime in Medieval England 2 ‘New’ crimes in Norman England 3 Anglo-Saxon law enforcement 4 Norman and later medieval law enforcement 5 Medieval punishments 6 The influence of the Church c1500–c1700: Early modern England 7 Crime in early modern England 8 ‘New’ crimes in early modern England 9 Law enforcement in early modern England 10 Punishment in early modern England 11 The Gunpowder Plotters, 1605 12 The witch-hunts of 1645–47 c1700–c1900: 18th and 19th century Britain 13 Crimes against the person and property 14 Crimes against authority 15 Law enforcement 16 Changing views on the purpose of punishment 17 Pentonville Prison 18 Robert Peel c1900–present: Modern Britain 19 Crime in modern Britain 20 ‘New’ crimes in modern Britain 21 Law enforcement in modern Britain 22 Punishment in modern Britain 23 Conscientious objectors 24 The Derek Bentley case Whitechapel, c1870–c1900: crime, policing and the inner city The 25 26 27 28 29 historic environment The Metropolitan Police The local context of Whitechapel Tensions in Whitechapel The organisation of policing in Whitechapel Investigative policing in Whitechapel SKILLS 30 Exam overview 31 Question 1: Describing features 32 Source skills 1 33 Source skills 2 34 Question 2(a): Usefulness of sources 35 Question 2(b): Following up sources 36 Question 3: Making comparisons 37 Question 4: Explaining why 38 Question 5/6: Making a judgement PRACTICE 39 Practice questions 56 Practice sources booklet 57 ANSWERS A small bit of small print Pearson Edexcel publishes Sample Assessment Material and the Specification on its website. This is the official content and this book should be used in conjunction with it. The questions in Now try this have been written to help you practise every topic in the book. Remember: the real exam questions may not look like this. Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! c1000–c1500: Medieval England Crime in Medieval England The medieval period covers the end of the Anglo-Saxon era, Norman England and later medieval England. Across all three eras there were some actions that have always been regarded as crimes, such as theft and murder. What makes something a crime? A ‘crime’ is an activity that breaks a law. Laws are made by the people who govern a country. During the Anglo-Saxon period the people who made the laws were the people with power and wealth. Crimes that threatened this authority and wealth were considered serious and were harshly punished. The more serious the crime, the harsher the punishment. , see page 5. For more on medieval punishments Crimes against the person Murder Assault Public disorder Rape Varying from fairly serious (assault) to serious (rape and murder). The king as law maker Crimes against property Crimes against authority Arson Theft, such as stealing crops or poaching Counterfeiting coins Treason Rebellion Varying from not serious (petty theft or selling poor quality goods) to very serious (arson). All seen as extremely serious. Poaching Hunting wild animals on other people’s land Many laws in Anglo-Saxon times were still without paying ‘hunting rights’ is known based on local custom and were not written down. However, by 1000 Anglo-Saxon as poaching. It’s a form of theft that increased dramatically after the Forest Laws, as peasants kings were issuing codes of law that made used what had previously been common land certain actions crimes, illustrating the to catch animals for food. It is seen as a growing power of the monarch. This meant that laws were becoming more unified across ‘social’ crime because it was considered to be acceptable to many people – catching animals the country. After 1066, the importance for food on common land was allowed and helped of the king in making laws grew as his people survive. Reducing the amount of common authority increased. William I added new land meant many had to choose between breaking laws that created new crimes, illustrating the law and going hungry. how a powerful king can lead to change. For more on the Forest In the later medieval period, the monarch Laws, see page 2. continued to play a vital role in defining The other huge authority in definin g what a crime was. After Henry II became criminal activity across the medieva l king in 1154, standard laws were written period was the Church. The Church down, meaning that, for the first time, created laws that criminalised som For more on e there was a uniform legal system across the role of actions, influenced the types of the whole country. the Church, punishment given in response and see page 6. page 2. played a direct role in deciding guil For more about new crimes, see t or innocence. Now try this Define each of the following terms and give one example of each: (a) crimes against the person (b) crimes against property (c) crimes against authority. 1 c1000–c1500: Medieval England Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! ‘New’ crimes in Norman England After the Norman conquest in 1066, King William I wanted to establish his royal authority over his new kingdom. One of the ways he did this was by adding new crimes to the existing Anglo-Saxon ones, such as rebellion, and those covered by the Forest Laws and the Murdrum fine. William 1’s Forest Laws About 30% of England became ‘Royal Forest’, which William I and the Norman nobility used for hunting. Only those people who paid for hunting rights were allowed to hunt in the Royal Forest. Village communities and farms were evicted from this land, which caused resentment. In the Royal Forests it became illegal to graze animals, kill wild animals or take wood without a licence. The Forest Laws were seen as unfair by ordinary people so those who broke these laws were not seen as criminals by most people in society. The Royal Forests were protected by new Forest Laws. Rebellions Murdrum fine The Norman invasion was not welcomed by the Anglo-Saxons and there was much resistance for the first few years, including large rebellions in York and East Anglia. Betraying your lord and inciting rebellion against a king had been crimes in Anglo-Saxon times, but William I punished these crimes far more harshly to try to assert his authority. As would have been done in Anglo-Saxon times, William ordered the death penalty for the rebels themselves. What was different was that William also punished those who were not directly involved in the rebellions – estimates suggest that 100 000 people starved to death due to the destruction of farmland and animals on William’s orders in the areas that had seen rebellions. This new law was used to help establish control over the conquered population. If an Anglo-Saxon murdered a Norman, and the culprit was not caught, a large sum of money had to be paid by the hundred where the body was found. In this way, murdering a Norman became a more serious crime than murdering an Anglo-Saxon, which is another example of how the ruling classes can make laws to benefit themselves. Now try this Give three reasons why ordinary people hated the Forest Laws. 2 Key term Hundred – an area of land. To answer this question, look at this page and at page 4. Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! c1000–c1500: Medieval England Anglo-Saxon law enforcement Throughout medieval times there was no official ‘police force’. During the Anglo-Saxon period, the community was largely responsible for both preventing crime and catching criminals. Anglo-Saxon society Around the year 1000, most people lived in small hamlets or on farms, or in villages and a few small towns (burhs). In these small, tight-knit communities everyone knew everyone else and most people had a strong sense of duty towards their community. This was an important reason why the crime rate was fairly low and had an impact on how the law was enforced. medieval The Church played a huge role in details. law enforcement – see page 6 for For more on Anglo-Saxon punishments, see page 5. An Anglo-Saxon burh. Anglo-Saxon law enforcement Tithings: Shires were split into areas called hundreds and each hundred was divided into ten tithings. All people in a tithing were responsible for each other: if one was accused of a crime, the others made sure he went to court or the tithing would have to pay a fine for them. A shire reeve (later the sheriff) was a local man appointed by the community to take criminals to courts and make sure any punishment was carried out. He also met regularly with one man from each tithing. Hue and cry: The victim or a witness to a crime raised a hue and cry by shouting to alert others. Anyone who heard the hue and cry was expected to chase and help catch the suspected criminal. Courts: If the suspect did not admit to the crime, or was not caught in the act, their guilt or innocence had to be decided by a court. There were different the ent courts depending on the type of crime committed and th person who committed it – royal courts were national courts that dealt with the most serious of crimes; lesser crimes were dealt with in shire courts; and petty crimes were dealt with in hundred courts. Court hearings, in which the punishment that convicted criminals would receive was decided, took place in public. Oaths: Swearing oaths ‘before God’ was a major part of Anglo-Saxon justice. The accused could swear their innocence under oath and others could support them as ‘oath helpers’. Deciding guilt or innocence: The victim or their family provided evidence of the suspect’s guilt for the court. If the jury couldn’t decide, the accused was handed over to the Church so God could decide a person’s guilt or innocence in a trial by ordeal. Now try this Why was Anglo-Saxon law enforcement mainly the responsibility of local communities? 3 c1000–c1500: Medieval England Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Norman and later medieval law enforcement After 1066, the Normans kept much of the Anglo-Saxon system of law enforcement. There were more changes in later medieval times that saw the start of the move towards the authorities being more responsible for enforcing the law. Norman law enforcement Continuity: The Anglo-Saxon system of tithings, the hue and cry and the court system continued. Law enforcement in most cases remained the responsibility of the community. Change: The Normans introduced trial by combat (showing the more military nature of Norman society) as another way of settling disputes. The two people involved would fight until one was killed or surrendered (and he would then be put to ry part death anyway). The Normans built castles in eve to d igne des e wer y Another change was the use of ‘foresters’ to police the The. land of Eng y orit auth l roya represent the strong Royal Forests and enforce Forest Laws. They dealt with er. ord and law se and help impo suspects very harshly and were often feared and hated by the local communities. Later medieval law enforcement As towns grew through the 13th and 14th centuries, so did crime. Although communities were still involved in law enforcement, the authorities became more involved through the appointment of officials. Role of local communities Continuity: The hue and cry system continued, as did tithings. Change: From the 1250s, parish constables led the chase for the criminal after the hue and cry was given and tried to keep the peace. They arrested suspects. Change: Some towns also had a night watch, in which volunteers patrolled the streets. Any suspected criminals they caught were handed over to the constable. Continuity: If juries were not able to reach a verdict, trial by ordeal and by combat continued to be used by communities as informal methods of law enforcement. Parish constables These were local people nominated by the community. It was an unpaid position. Constables did their usual jobs as well. They held the post for a year. Role of government-appointed officials Change: Knights were appointed by Richard I as keepers of the peace in some ‘unruly’ areas from 1195. In 1327, Edward II extended this system to all areas. Change: Following the Justices of the Peace Act (1361), the role of keeper of the peace evolved to become Justice of the Peace. JPs had the power to hear minor crimes in small courts four times a year. They were still appointed by the monarch and were mostly local lords. Change: The role of the sheriff expanded. He was now expected to track down criminals if the hue and cry hadn’t worked. From 1285, he was allowed to form a posse of local men to help chase and catch criminals. Change: Trial by ordeal and by combat were abolished in 1215. Now try this List at least two ways in which law enforcement differed in the later medieval period from the Norman period. 4 Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! c1000–c1500: Medieval England Medieval punishments The aims of medieval punishment were retribution, deterrence and to keep people safe. Although these aims remained largely the same throughout this period, the types of punishment changed. Types of punishment Fines Stocks (humiliation) Maiming (corporal) Flogging (corporal) Hanging (capital) Beheading (capital) Changes in types of medieval punishment Anglo-Saxon Norman Later medieval Fines and compensation were most common. The system of paying compensation to victims of crime was used for many crimes, including murder. This was called the Saxon Wergild. Corporal punishments were also fairly common but capital punishment was rarely used. Use of capital and corporal punishments rose dramatically. More offences became capital crimes. Breaking Forest Laws was punished very harshly, including castration, blinding and hanging. The Wergild system was ended and fines were paid to the king. Very minor crimes were still punished by fines, whipping or time in the stocks. Use of capital punishment gradually decreased, although crimes against authority were still harshly punished. Corporal punishments were still widely used, although many juries would not convict their neighbours unless they regularly offended. Fines became more common. later during both the Anglo-Saxon and The Church influenced punishment criminal. punishment to involve reforming the Middle Ages. It wanted the aim of Social status and punishment Norman punishments Medieval punishments varied depending on class and gender – commoners were treated differently from nobles, women differently from men and priests differently from ordinary people. Good examples of this include the following. The Norman invasion was not welcomed by the Anglo-Saxons and there was much resistance for the first few years. Harsh punishments carried out in public were seen by the Normans as the best way to make people behave. The amount of Wergild payable in Anglo-Saxon times depended on the victim’s social status. Wergild for nobles was a huge sum, whereas Wergild for a serf was very little. Capital punishment – killing the criminal. Corporal punishment – physically hurting the criminal. Retribution – making a criminal suffer for the crime committed. Deterrence – trying to prevent others or the criminal from carrying out crime. During the later medieval period, commoners were usually hanged for murder while nobles were usually beheaded. Key terms Now try this Give three similarities between Anglo-Saxon, Norman and later medieval punishments. 5 c1000–c1500: Medieval England Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! The influence of the Church Throughout this period the Church was extremely powerful and played a direct role in deciding what constituted a crime, how the accused was tried and what punishments were handed out. In the early 13th century there was change and continuity in the Church’s role. Case study Benefit of clergy Sanctuary Throughout the 13th century Church courts were used to try people accused of moral crimes, such as sex outside marriage, and not following Church rites. Church courts also tried members of the clergy for all crimes. This was known as benefit of clergy. People proved their right to benefit of clergy by reading a passage from the Bible – priests were some of the few members of society who could read. Many laymen memorised the passage so they could recite it in court and claim benefit of clergy. This was because punishments given by Church courts were generally more lenient than those given by other courts, as the Church wanted to give people the chance to reform. The significance of benefit of clergy is that it illustrates how the justice system in medieval society was not equal – it provided a way for people to be treated differently. Notably, benefit of clergy was not available to women as women couldn’t be priests. Trial by ordeal Sanctuary (protection from the law) was offered by some important churches only. A person could claim sanctuary by going to one of these churches. The priest would report the crime but no one was allowed to arrest the accused. The accused could either agree to go to court or swear an oath agreeing to leave the country. If the accused had not left the country within 40 days, they would be outlawed. Sanctuary and benefit of clergy were significant because they showed how the Church operated an alternative justice system outside the control of other authorities. The church was the focal point of all medieval villages and towns. Trial by ordeal was first used in Anglo-Saxon times but was still being used at the start of the 13th century. In cases where a person’s guilt or innocence could not be decided by a court, the Church used a trial by ordeal. Various methods were used but the outcome of all these trials was seen as God’s judgement on the guilt or innocence of the accused. In 1215, the pope ordered his priests to stop administering these trials and they quickly ended. Trial by hot water or iron (if the burn healed well the person was innocent). Trial by water (if the person sank they were innocent). Now try this Give three ways in which Church courts were used in the 13th century. 6 Trial by consecrated bread (for priests only, if they choked they were guilty). Had a look Nearly there c1500–c1700: Early modern England Nailed it! Crime in early modern England There were huge social and religious changes in England between c1500 and c1700. These changes led to changes in the nature of crimes against the person, property and authority. What had been classified as a crime in medieval times also continued into this period. Changes in society Led to increase in crimes against: Increase in population and decline of feudalism led to higher unemployment, which meant more people moved to urban areas in search of work, so towns and cities grew. The person, with the increase of street criminals and petty thieves. The end of feudalism and new farming methods led to enclosure of land (fencing it off for the exclusive use of the landowner). Property, for example poaching, as more landowners restricted those who could hunt on their land. Changes in people’s religious beliefs and the religion of the monarch. Authority, as more people committed heresy and treason. Increase in crimes against authority Early modern England was ruled by the Tudors and then the Stuarts. It was a time of religious change and many rebellions and plots against the monarch, both of which led to an increase in crimes against authority – heresy and treason. Treason charges were more common in this period because there were more disputes about who should rule. Heresy charges were more common because the official religion of the country kept changing from Catholic to Protestant to Catholic, then back to Protestant! Important members of the clergy (both Catholic and Protestant at different times) played a role in charging people with heresy and also in judging whether they were guilty or not. As monarchs (except for Mary I) became the head of the Church, heresy and treason became interlinked. 2. As both Heresy first became a crime in 138 ned by the Church and monarch felt threate as a crime different beliefs, heresy was classed ally punished against authority and therefore usu ke. by being burned to death at the sta Timeline Treason and heresy 1547–53 Edward VI executed leaders of rebellions for treason and two Catholics for heresy. 1553–58 Mary I executed leaders of plots to replace her and many Protestants (almost 300) for heresy. 1603–25 James I executed many Catholics for treason. 1509–47 Henry VIII executed Protestants for heresy throughout his reign and Catholics for treason if they wouldn’t accept Henry as head of the Church after 1534. 1558–1603 Elizabeth I executed many ‘rebels’ for treason but far fewer for heresy. Key terms Treason – the crime of plotting or acting to overthrow or harm the ruler or country. Heresy – the crime of having religious beliefs that were different to the official religion of the country. to try to replace The Gunpowder Plot, a conspiracy religion, is an rent the monarch with another of a diffe page 11. see this, on e example of treason. For mor Now try this Explain why there was an increase in charges of treason and heresy under the Tudors. 7 c1500–c1700: Early modern England Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! ‘New’ crimes in early modern England Huge changes in society were not just an important factor in changes to existing crimes, they also led to other activities being redefined as crimes. Vagabondage or vagrancy A vagabond, or vagrant, is an unemployed, homeless person. The late 15th and 16th centuries saw a large increase in the number of vagrants due to the increasing population, falling wages, rising food prices and no system to help the needy (especially after the closure of the monasteries in 1536). Hated and feared by settled population. Resorted to thieving and/or begging and charity in order to survive, which was resented by the settled population. Viewed as lazy and responsible for their own problems. Vagrant in early modern England. Timeline Vagabondage laws 1547 Vagrancy Act – the able-bodied without work for more than three days were branded with the letter ‘v’ and sold as a slave for two years. (Repealed as it was impossible to enforce.) 1601 Poor Laws – the ‘deserving’ poor were given poor relief by the local parish; the ‘undeserving’ could be branded, whipped or sent to a correction house. 1494 Vagabonds and Beggars Act – vagabonds were put in stocks for three days and nights, then sent back to where they were born or most well-known. 1597 Act for the Relief of the Poor – split vagrants into two categories: ‘deserving’ (elderly and disabled) and ‘undeserving’ (those fit for work). Laws were passed to make vagran cy a crime. This is an example of how the general population can put pressure on government to make laws on what they feel sho uld be classed as a crime. Smuggling Witchcraft When import tax on certain goods, including brandy and tea, was introduced in the 17th century, the crime of smuggling increased dramatically. Smuggling is where people bring goods into the country secretly to avoid paying import tax and then sell it on. Like poaching, it is an example of a social crime and many people did not view it as serious or a threat, making it very difficult to enforce. Witchcraft had been a minor crime in medieval times that was dealt with by Church courts. During the early modern period, new laws against witchcraft were passed, making it a very serious offence because people saw it as harmful and most were very afraid of it. In 1542, Henry VIII made witchcraft punishable by death. In 1563, Elizabeth I changed the law so charges of witchcraft had to be tried in a common court. In 1604, James I instructed the death penalty to be given to people ‘summoning evil spirits’. For more on witchcraft and the e 12. witch-hunts of 1645–47, see pag Now try this Give three reasons why vagrancy became a crime in early modern England. 8 Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! c1500–c1700: Early modern England Law enforcement in early modern England The increasing size of the populations of towns was an important factor for changes in law enforcement. Traditional methods became less effective and a more organised system was put in place where town authorities and local communities both played a part. The role of the Church in the justice system decreased. Continuity and change in catching criminals and preventing crime As in medieval times, in early modern England: people were expected to raise and join the hue and cry to catch criminals when a crime took place there was no national police force and the methods and effectiveness of preventing crime and catching criminals varied widely across the country. However, there were some changes to the roles of town constables and watchmen to try to deal with increased urban crime. Changes in the role of the Church In the Middle Ages, the Church provided an alternative justice system through benefit of clergy and sanctuary. The early modern period saw the justice system become far more secular as the Church itself became less powerful in society. Benefit of clergy: Henry VII allowed non-clergy ‘benefit of clergy’ only once and people were branded to show they had received the privilege. Edward VI made serious crimes, such as murder, exempt from benefit of clergy. From 1576 Church courts couldn’t try criminal acts (only moral ones) so everyone, including clerics, were tried in secular courts. People could still claim benefit of clergy and receive more lenient sentences than others, however. Sanctuary: Henry VIII stopped exile abroad for those claiming sanctuary. Instead they had to keep to designated sanctuaries in England. In 1623, James I abolished sanctuary altogether. sanctuary, see page 6. For more on benefit of clergy and Watchmen Town constables 1 Carried a lamp to light their way. 2 Rang a bell to alert people. 3 All male householders were expected 1 Employed by authorities in towns. 2 Respected members of the community. 3 Had the power to arrest suspects and take 4 Patrolled the streets between 10pm 4 In charge of the watchmen in their area. 5 Helped with town administration. to volunteer and role was unpaid. and dawn. 5 Overseen by town constable. them to the Justice of the Peace. Now try this List three ways local communities were responsible for enforcing the law in early modern England. 9 c1500–c1700: Early modern England Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Punishment in early modern England Capital and corporal methods continued to be the most common forms of punishment in this period. In fact, many more capital offences were introduced, as well as a new form of punishment: transportation. Continuity in aims and types of punishment Fines: These continued to be used to punish minor crimes. Pillory or stocks, flogging or maiming: These forms of corporal punishment continued for crimes, such as begging, drunkenness and vagrancy. Hanging: Capital punishment was still commonly used for crimes, such as theft, murder and poaching, and also witchcraft and smuggling. Nobles were beheaded rather than hanged. Burning: This was used only as a punishment for heresy. still the Retribution and deterrence were time. main purpose of punishments at this in London, 1546. Heretics being burned to death The Bloody Code Change: In the 17th century the number of crimes punishable by death increased. By 1688 there were 50 capital offences ranging from what today seem like minor crimes, such as stealing a rabbit or loaf of bread, to murder. Because of the increase in capital offences, the period from 1688 to 1825 became known as the ‘Bloody Code’. The aim was to frighten people so they wouldn’t commit crime. For more on the Bloody Code and its end, see pages 13, 16 and 18. Transportation to North America Change: Transporting criminals to colonies in North America, where they did manual work, began under James I (1603–25). Criminals were sentenced to either seven or 14 years and were then released but most could not afford to return to England. Between 50 000 and 80 000 men, women and children were transported to America during this time. Transportation became a punishment because: it reflected new ideas on the aims of punishment – transportation was still a serious punishment but gave criminals a chance at rehabilitation while still acting as a deterrent it provided an alternative to execution for petty crime which some began to think was too harsh, especially after the Bloody Code began and when prisons were not yet established it provided inhabitants and workers to establish the American colonies For more on transportation, while removing criminals from England. see page 16. Now try this Outline the purposes of punishment for crimes during the early modern period. 10 Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! c1500–c1700: Early modern England The Gunpowder Plotters, 1605 Case study The Gunpowder Plotters received the harshest punishment for committing what was seen by the authorities as the worst crime of all: treason. The Plot After 1570, when the pope called on Catholics to depose Elizabeth I, more laws were imposed that prevented Catholics from practising their faith. When the reign of the Tudors ended with Elizabeth’s death in 1603, her cousin’s son, James Stuart, inherited the throne. Catholics hoped for more freedom to practise their faith. Lord Monteagle gave a letter he received on 30 October 1605, which warned him not to attend the state opening of parliament, to Robert Cecil (James I’s spymaster). Cecil ordered a search of the Houses of Parliament. The gunpowder and Guy Fawkes were dicovered on 5 November. Guy Fawkes was arrested and, after torture, gave up the names of his fellow conspirators. Those captured were arrested and also tortured until they confessed. 17th century. The Houses of Parliament in the But James I continued with anti-Catholic laws. A group of Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, plotted to kill the king and other leading Protestants at the state opening of parliament on 5 November 1605. The plotters wanted to make James’ daughter, Elizabeth, queen. The plotters rented a house next to, and a cellar directly underneath, the Houses of Parliament. They filled the cellar with barrels of gunpowder. The plotters being hanged. The plotters were tried and found guilty of treason in January 1606. They were publicly hanged, drawn and quartered on 30–31 January 1606. Reasons for harsh and public punishment for treason 1 As the most serious crime, treason received the most serious punishment. 2 Without a police force to help prevent crime, harsh punishment was thought to be the only way of deterring crime. 3 The period of political instability, due to disputes over the royal succession, required harsh treatment as a form of deterrent. 4 A harsh message was thought necessary to deter Catholics from rising up against the Protestant monarchy. Now try this Explain why the Gunpowder Plotters were publicly hanged, drawn and quartered. 11 c1500–c1700: Early modern England Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! The witch-hunts of 1645 – 47 Case study The years 1645–47 saw a huge increase in the number of executions for witchcraft in England. Many of these were due to Matthew Hopkins, who called himself the ‘Witchfinder General’. What were the witch-hunts? ‘Witch-hunts’ were when people actively tried to discover witches. The hunts of 1645–47 occurred during the English Civil War (1642–51), a period of great upheaval. They were concentrated in certain areas, particularly the east of England. Hundreds of women and a few men (mostly clergymen) were investigated. Those convicted were executed, usually by hanging. The frontispiece of Matthew Hopkins’ pamphlet, The discovery of witches, published in 1647. The invention of the printing press in 1440 meant that information was spread more quickly. made witchcraft See page 10 for the laws which period. ern mod y earl the a serious crime in Economic problems The Civil War and poor harvests caused huge economic problems. People looked for scapegoats. Social changes The war left many women widowed or on their own as their husbands went away to fight. Also, there were more ‘strangers’ around as people travelled with the armies or searched for work. Lack of authority Civil War weakened the control of local authorities. In some areas law and order collapsed completely. James I’s book, Demonologie, outlined his belief in witches and how they should be found and tried. He was Reasons for the intensity very superstitious and of the 1645–47 witch-hunts encouraged witch-hunts. Influence of individuals These ideas were Religious change Since 1603, James I had promoted Religious differences were increased by the still around for many witch-hunting. People like Matthew Civil War. Many Puritans, on the side of parliament, Hopkins stirred up fear of witches years after his death believed that witchcraft was being used by the through their writings, as well as actually in 1625. Royalists, some of whom were Catholic. taking part in witch-hunts themselves. Matthew Hopkins Hopkins was employed by a Justice of the Peace to find witches in Essex and East Anglia. He received money for each person prosecuted for being a witch. It’s estimated that his ‘work’ led to around 300 people being investigated for witchcraft, with 112 of these hanged. He used torture to extract confessions, which often included the names of other witches for him to investigate. He helped stir up mass panic and fear of witches during the years 1645–47 through his prosecutions and pamphlets. Now try this Evidence of witchcraft The following were all used as evidence to convict people of witchcraft. 1 Unusual marks on the body of the person accused. 2 Witness accounts. 3 When pricked with a needle the accused doesn’t bleed. 4 When thrown in water the accused floats. 5 Confessions from the accused. 6 If two proven witches swear the accused is a witch. 7 ‘Possessed’ children acting as accusers. Give three ways in which the English Civil War helped lead to the witch-hunts of 1645–47. 12 c1700–c1900: Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! 18th and 19th century Britain Crimes against the person and property There were few brand-new crimes against the person or property in this period, but a great deal of change in the ways in which these crimes were committed, which led to changes in the law. Another change was in the crime rate, which rose dramatically. This was due to a rise in crimes against property. Factors causing increased crime The period 1700 to around 1850 saw an increase in crimes, such as street theft and burglary; drunk and disorderly behaviour; prostitution and public disorder. Reasons for this included: people travelling more and moving into towns meant that fewer people knew each other and communities were less tightly knit larger towns that made it easier to escape being caught some criminals became ‘professional’ within dens or gangs of thieves extreme poverty that led to a rise in ‘survival’ crimes, such as stealing food. Changes in highway robbery – a crime against the person Highway robbery increased in the 18th century because: improved roads led to more people travelling, increased trade between towns meant more goods and money were transported by road, many roads were isolated, making it easy to get away with highway robbery. robbery, it became In 1772, to try to reduce highway disguise on a high a capital crime to be armed and in ds and the growth road. Mounted patrols on major roa es of highway anc of the railways helped reduce inst in the 1830s. ely robbery, which disappeared complet in and The famous highwaymen, Dick Turp y highway man like in, Turp k. wor at Tom King, seen as a n ofte robbers and smugglers, was nt crimes. viole y man ing mitt hero despite com Changes in poaching – a crime against property Poaching increased in the 18th century, with poaching gangs that worked on a large scale. This led to the 1723 Waltham Black Act, which made poaching a capital crime and also made it illegal to carry snares or own hunting dogs in a poaching area. Laws making poaching and highway Many viewed this law as unfair. Many poaching laws robbery capital crimes were part of the Bloody Cod e. For more were repealed in 1823. on the Bloody Code, see pages 10, 16 and 18. Changes in smuggling – a crime against property Smuggling increased from 1740–1850 because the tax on imported goods was so high. Smugglers made large profits by bringing these goods into the country without paying tax and selling them on. This led to large gangs of smugglers, such as the Hawkhurst Gang, which smuggled huge volumes of goods. Mounted customs officers tried to prosecute smugglers. They found it difficult because of the large areas of coast to patrol. Taxes were cut in the 1840s and smuggling decreased. were Many people thought smugglers heroes who brought them cheap t goods. They thought the governmen was being unreasonable. Lots of people were involved in smuggling: the smugglers themselves ers those who traded with smuggl ds those who bought smuggled goo is. those who gave smugglers alib Now try this Describe two different attitudes to highwaymen in 18th century society. Give two reasons for the decline in highway robbery in the 19th century. 13 c1700–c1900: 18th and 19th century Britain Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Crimes against authority There were many changes to crimes against authority in this period. Some activities, such as witchcraft, ceased to be crimes. Charges of treason fell in this period also, but the government found other ways of dealing with those they viewed as a challenge to their authority. Witchcraft After the Civil War the number of prosecutions of witchcraft declined. All laws concerning witchcraft were repealed by the Witchcraft Act of 1736. People who claimed to use magic were subject to fines or imprisonment. However, although most people’s attitudes and the attitude of the authorities had changed, some still clung to their superstitious beliefs. Why witchcraft stopped being a crime Economic and social changes led to more prosperity and political stability. Some still believed in witches and the Devil, but others (especially the educated) became less superstitious. The Royal Society, set up by Charles II, led to increased scientific experiments, which explained things previously thought to be the work of witches. The Tolpuddle Martyrs In 1834, in Tolpuddle, Dorset, a group of farm workers formed a ‘friendly society’ (an early form of trade union) to protest about their low wages compared to other farm workers’ wages. The farm owners and the government feared they were losing control of their workers. The six men were arrested for taking secret oaths – an old law intended to stop Naval mutinies. The six were found guilty at their trial. They all received the maximum sentence of seven years transportation to Australia in an attempt to deter others from forming trade unions. Significance of the Tolpuddle Martyrs The incident highlights how authorities used laws to criminalise people they viewed as a threat. It shows how the government would protect the interests of employers at the expense of workers. The pardoning of the martyrs illustrates the impact of public opinion. The martyrs inspired some to fight for workers’ rights but others were put off by how the martyrs were treated. News of the Tolpuddle Martyrs’ sentences spread quickly due to the press. There were mass protests and a petition of 200 000 signatures was collected in opposition of their harsh punishment. The Home Secretary decided to continue their sentence and the six were sent to Australia. Protests continued and in 1836 the martyrs were pardoned and returned home. transported Four of the six Tolpuddle Martyrs up a trade ing sett to Australia for the crime of less Love rge Geo were yrs union. The six mart ld and dfie Stan as Thom es, Jam her brot and his James Brine. his son John, James Hammett and Now try this What were the authorities trying to achieve by giving the Tolpuddle Martyrs such harsh sentences? 14 c1700–c1900: Had a look Nearly there 18th and 19th century Britain Nailed it! Law enforcement Industrialisation and urbanisation were major factors that increased the crime rate after 1700, and created a need for better law enforcement. As a consequence, this period saw the development of more official forms of policing. Continuity and change in policing Watchmen continued to patrol cities on foot at night and parish constables dealt with petty crime. Soldiers were used to put down riots and large protests across the country. There were some changes in London though as, from 1749, the Bow Street Runners tracked down criminals and stolen property. From 1754 the Bow Street Horse Patrols patrolled the streets. The Bow Street Runners catching criminals, 1806. Timeline Development of police forces, 1829–1900 1835 Municipal Corporations Act – borough councils could set up police forces in their area (but only around half did so). 1842 Detective department set up at the Metropolitan Police Force headquarters in London. 1829 Metropolitan Police Act – began Britain’s first professional police force in London. Established in London in 1749 by Henry Fielding, Chief Magistrate at Bow Street Court, to try to tackle the huge crime wave of 17th-century London. Fielding’s half-brother, John, took over in 1754. At first they charged fees and collected rewards, but by 1785 they were paid by the government. Introduced new methods of finding evidence to bring criminals to justice – the first modern ‘detectives’. Branched out to patrolling major roads both on foot and horse (mounted patrols). The patrols were less successful than the detecting side, as there were not enough of them to deal with the dramatically increasing crime rate. Shared information on crimes and suspects with others – the beginnings of a crime intelligence network. Police The setting up of the Metropolitan was ’) Met Force (also known as ‘the For more largely the work of Robert Peel. page 18. see , Met the and Peel details on The 1856 Police Ac t 1839 Rural Constabulary Act – counties could set up police forces, which two-thirds of the counties did. 1856 Police Act – forced all towns and counties to set up a professional police force. 1878 Criminal Investigations Department (CID) set up for the Metropolitan Police Force. The Bow Street Runners This act made profes sional police forces, which were based on the model of the Metro politan Police, compulsory across the whole country. All forces were fund ed by the government and we re regularly inspected by officia ls employed by the government. Police officers were not only tasked with ke eping law and order, preventing cr ime through patrolling the stree ts and arresting criminals, but were to detect criminals after crimes had be en committed. The aim of all activities was to deter crime. Now try this Explain why the work of the Fielding brothers was a significant advance in policing. 15 c1700–c1900: 18th and 19th century Britain Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Changing views on the purpose of punishment The period saw a change in attitudes to the purpose of punishment. Transportation and public executions stopped and imprisonment as a punishment increased. Timeline Factors that changed views on the purpose of punishment Punishment c1610 Transportation to America begins. 1770 Eastern Australia claimed for Britain. 1774 Gaol Act. 1787 Transportation of criminals to Australia begins. 1822 Last hanging for shoplifting. 1825 End of the Bloody Code as capital crimes reduced to 122. 1776 American War of Independence stops transportation to USA. 1787–1868 Over 160 000 people transported to Australia. 1823 Gaols Act. 1842–77 90 new prisons built. 1850s Transportation slows down. 1868 Transportation abolished. No more public executions. Transportation to Australia The increase in the crime rate increased transportation to Australia. Once there the criminals worked for settlers for seven years providing free labour to build infrastructure. Most stayed in Australia once their sentence ended as they couldn’t afford the fare home. Transportation ended by 1868 because: Australia no longer needed forced labourers (the discovery of gold made it an attractive place to go) and it didn’t want ‘criminals’. Some felt it was too expensive and not a strong enough deterrent to crime. Others felt it was too harsh for both the criminals and their families. More prisons had been built and prison was increasingly used instead For more on the reasons of transportation. why transportation took place, see page 10. Now try this Rapidly growing crime rates led the government to increase the Bloody Code throughout the 18th century. The number of capital crimes reached a peak of 222 in 1810 in an attempt to deter crime. However, it was clear that these deterrents were not working and a new strategy was needed. Continuing the idea that punishment should be about retribution and deterrence, the 19th century saw increasing feelings that: punishments should be equal to the crime committed corporal and capital punishments were inhumane except for very serious crimes punishment should also be about rehabilitating the offender. This led to a decrease in the use of the death penalty and the end of the Bloody Code and an increase in other forms of punishment: firstly transportation and then imprisonment. This change in attitude also helped lead to the ending of public executions in 1868. Prisons and prison reformers Conditions in 18th century prisons were very poor but they were increasingly used as a form of punishment. Many thought prison conditions should be poor with hard labour, but several reformers believed prisons should be improved to increase the likelihood of rehabilitation. John Howard’s work led to the 1774 Gaol Act, which suggested how health and sanitation in prisons could be improved. Elizabeth Fry began visiting women in Newgate Prison in 1813. She set up education classes to reform female prisoners. She also got them better food and clothes, and treated prisoners with kindness and respect. Their work influenced Peel’s prison reforms. penal and prison See page 18 for more on Peel and of how new ple reform and page 17 for an exam lle Prison. onvi Pent to prison rules were applied Describe how attitudes towards punishment changed during the period 1750–1900. 16 You will need to know about changing attitudes. c1700–c1900: Had a look Nearly there 18th and 19th century Britain Nailed it! Pentonville Prison Case study Pentonville Prison was built in 1842. It was a model for a new idea about how prisons should be run and prisoners treated – it was known as the separate system. Pentonville – the ‘model’ prison The wings housed dozens of individual cells and a staff base. Walls were very thick to prevent prisoners talking to each other. Areas where prisoners were sent for fresh air and exercise. They were masked to prevent communication. Pentonville Prison, 1844 Each cell was 4m x 2m Small, barred window Wash basin and a toilet Loom for working on Bed, mattress and blanket 2. A cell in Pentonville Prison, 186 and repetitive Prisoners undertook monotonous e in their cells. work that, to begin with, was don Prison chapel in 1862. It had individual cubicles so prisoners couldn’t see each other. Reasons for the separate system Strengths of the separate system 1 For rehabilitation: Solitude was thought to  Compared with previous prisons, it was clean and there was far less disease. be the best way to provide prisoners with an opportunity to reflect on their crimes, turn to religion and therefore reform their ways. It also meant that prisoners could not be influenced by other criminals. The cell provided everything they needed so they didn’t have to leave it other than for short spells of exercise. 2 For retribution: The isolation and boredom made the criminal ‘pay’ for their crime. 3 As a deterrent: It was a serious punishment and was therefore thought to act as a deterrent to committing crimes.  Many people thought that it provided the right level of punishment – it was seen as harsh but not overly so. Weaknesses of the separate system  The continuous isolation led to mental illness and a high suicide rate.  There was no education or instruction to provide new skills for prisoners to use when they were released. Now try this Give three examples of how the design of Pentonville Prison supported the separate system. 17 c1700–c1900: 18th and 19th century Britain Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Robert Peel Case study Robert Peel had a huge influence on both punishment and law enforcement when Home Secretary during the 1820s. He ended the Bloody Code by reducing the number of death penalty offences and tried to reform the prison system. In 1829, he persuaded parliament to pass the Metropolitan Police Act, which set up the first professional police force in London. Reforming the penal code Prison reform After 1810 there were an unprecedented number of capital crimes. According to the law, someone could receive the same punishment for murder as they could for petty theft – the Robert Peel, 1788–1850 death penalty. In practice, the death penalty was rarely used for petty crime, as judges thought it was unfair, and transportation or prison was usually preferred, which meant the penal code made little sense. In 1825, Peel reduced the number of capital crimes by 100 because he wanted: less harsh punishments for petty crimes to try to reform petty criminals rather than kill them. Partly due to the influence of reformers, such as Elizabeth Fry, Peel tried to improve conditions in prisons by persuading parliament to pass the 1823 Gaols Act which stated that: chaplains should regularly visit prisoners gaolers should be paid prisoners should not be put in chains. There were no inspectors to enforce the act so the impact was limited. The Metropolitan Police Act, 1829 In 1822, Peel set up a parliamentary committee to look into the issue of policing London, which helped him come up with the idea of a centralised police force across the whole city. The crime wave resulting from the economic downturn in 1826 helped Peel get the act through parliament. Metropolitan Police officers Members were usually unarmed and were trained to use minimum physical force only as a last resort. The central aim was to prevent crime and disorder and to be totally impartial and objective. Focused on patrolling areas where crime was high. Successfully reduced street crime and disorder. Recruits carefully selected and well trained. It was a full-time and fairly well-paid job. Members had a uniform so they could be identified (and didn’t look like soldiers). Not popular at first, but soon recognised by the public as being honest and trustworthy. ) Metropolitan Police officers (Peelers 9. 182 d, patrolling a graveyar Now try this Give three reasons why the Metropolitan Police Force managed to reduce the crime rate. 18 Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! c1900–present: Modern Britain Crime in modern Britain As Britain has developed and changed since 1900, criminals have found new and different ways of committing ‘old’ crimes against the person, property and authority. Continuity or change? Some modern crimes may seem to show change from those committed in the past but there is a lot of continuity, too. For example, theft has always been a common crime. However, computers and modern transport have created new ways to steal. Violent crimes are nothing new either, but the weapons used in violent acts have changed. Other crimes that are sometimes seen as ‘new’ are often simply new versions of older crimes, such as drink-driving (driving a horse-drawn coach while drunk was made illegal in 1872). A policeman questions a drunk man driving a cart in 1905. e Cybercrim me rcrimes (cri Most cybe ternet) over the in committed ld rsions of o are new ve nline o , le examp r Fo. s e m cri (deceiving theft, fraud ) or get money someone to g threats to get sin extortion (u What is someone). m o fr y e n mo usands ale, as tho c s e th is new ted an be targe of people c tors of d perpetra at once, an eas, an be overs c e m ri rc e b cy ms new proble s e s u a c h whic for police. Smuggling Smuggling legal and illegal items without paying tax has happened for centuries. In modern Britain, goods such as cigarettes, alcohol and illegal drugs are smuggled into the country. There has also been a growth in people-trafficking (smuggling people into the country illegally and selling them for prostitution and forced labour, or in exchange for a fee). As in the past, some types of smuggling, such as smuggling cigarettes and alcohol, are seen by some as less serious social crimes. Terrorism Terrorism is not new but modern weapons, transport and communications mean that more ordinary people are at risk (though the risk is extremely low). On 7 July 2005 four suicide bombers, who claimed to be members of Al Qaeda, attacked central London. Three bombs went off on underground trains and one on a bus. Fifty-two people were killed and around 770 injured. The Gunpowder Plot is an older form of terrorism, see page 11 for more on this. The bus attacked by a suicide bomber in London, July 2005. Now try this Give three examples of ‘new’ crimes that are actually ‘old’ crimes using different means. 19 c1900–present: Modern Britain Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! ‘New’ crimes in modern Britain Some genuinely ‘new’ crimes have emerged since 1900. This is due to factors including changing social attitudes, such as race crimes, and crimes related to modern technology, such as computer-hacking. Changing society In the 20th century, Britain developed into a society that was: multicultural, containing people of different races and religions more equal, as the position of women changed. As attitudes changed, new laws were needed to ensure that all people were treated fairly and equally. Similarly, some activities that had previously been illegal were decriminalised. Multicultural Britain. Race crime The 1968 Race Relations Act and the 2006 Racial and Religious Hatred Act both made certain acts race crimes. However, the Criminal Justice Act of 2005 gave criminal courts the power to give more severe sentences for other crimes, such as assault or murder, if they are classed as ‘hate’ crimes. In other words, if a crime is committed against someone because of their race, religion or sexuality, the criminal can receive harsher punishments than if the crime was committed for another reason. Timeline 1967 Abortion Act – decriminalised abortion in certain situations. 1967 Sexual Offences Act – decriminalised homosexuality for men over 21. 2005 Criminal Justice Act – allowed more severe sentences for hate crimes (against gay people or because of someone’s race or religion). 1968 Race Relations Act – illegal to discriminate against someone because of their race or ethnicity. 2006 Racial and Religious Hatred Act – made spreading racial or religious hatred a crime. n passed to deal As in the past new laws have bee tributes towards con sure pres ic Publ with new crimes. e these laws. making governments act to mak Drug crimes Since the introduction of the Misuse of Drugs Act in 1971, taking or supplying some substances has been illegal in the UK. Drugs are classified according to how dangerous they are perceived to be. The criminalisation of drugs is controversial. Some think it’s important for some drugs to be illegal to clarify that taking them is wrong, while others believe that drug-taking is a personal choice. Driving offences Many driving crimes are totally new due to the huge number of vehicles on today’s roads and the technological advances of modern transport. For example: driving while under the influence of drugs driving without insurance, an MOT certificate or a valid driving licence speeding ignoring traffic lights, road signs, etc. driving while using a mobile phone. It is now illegal to drive while using a mobile phone. Now try this Explain why (a) driving offences and (b) racial discrimination became crimes in the 20th century. 20 Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! c1900–present: Modern Britain Law enforcement in modern Britain Modern law enforcement continues to be a mixture of community-run and authority-based schemes, but it is the authorities, in the form of the police, that take on the greater role in solving and preventing crime. Changes in policing Much of modern policing is about preventing crime as well as catching criminals. The police work with different forces and other agencies across the UK and worldwide. 1 Motorised transport means that police can reach crimes faster. However, it also means fewer police officers on the street, which some people don’t like. 2 Some police officers are now armed and look more like soldiers, which not everybody supports. Armed police officers. 3 The modern police force includes women and officers from different ethnic groups. Examples of special police units Changes in technology and in the challenges police face have resulted in the development of specialisation to tackle specific types of crime. Some police officers specialise in dealing with certain crimes, such as rape, and specialist units have been set up including: National Crime Agency (NCA): seeks to detect and prevent serious organised crime, including large-scale drug trafficking Economic Crime Unit: investigates large-scale fraud; officers require specialist understanding of financial systems Police Central e-crime Unit (PCeU): tackles most serious types of cybercrimes and raises awareness on e-safety Special Branch: each local force has a Special Branch which aims to prevent all forms of terrorism. Neighbourhood Watch From 1982, Neighbourhood Watch groups have used volunteers to help prevent and detect crime in their neighbourhood. The idea was to increase vigilance and education to prevent crime, as well as reduce the fear of crime. It has met with varying degrees of success. The move towards prevention Much of modern policy is about preventing crime as well as catching criminals. Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) were introduced in 2002 to try to prevent crime in their communities. The police work with schools and community groups, such as Neighbourhood Watch, to educate people to help protect themselves and their property. The police also play a major role in the government’s Prevent programme, which aims to challenge extremism and radicalisation. Use of science and technology Rapid advances in technology have had a big impact on preventing, discovering and prosecuting crime since 1900. Radios Now try this Computers Finger printing DNA evidence CCTV Cars, motorbikes and helicopters For each item shown in the ‘Use of science and technology’ section, give an example of how this has helped the police since 1900. 21 c1900–present: Modern Britain Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Punishment in modern Britain Methods of punishment in modern Britain are more diverse than ever before, and there has been considerable change since 1900. Abolition of the death penalty Capital punishment was last used in 1964. It was completely abolished in 1998 because: ideas about punishment continued to change – reform and paying back society were now considered more important controversial cases in the 1950s (Timothy Evans, Derek Bentley and Ruth Ellis, for example) led people to question the use of capital punishment. It’s important to remember that ital many people didn’t agree that cap punishment should be abolished. Prison Controversial cases 1950: Timothy Evans was hanged for murdering his wife and baby. Later evidence proved he didn’t do it. 1953: Derek Bentley was hanged for murdering a policeman, even though he didn’t fire the gun and had serious learning difficulties. 1955: Ruth Ellis was hanged for murdering her boyfriend after he had violently abused her for years. page 24. For more on Derek Bentley, see The use of prison as a punishment continued to increase after 1900 with many changes. Different prisons cater for different types of criminals. For example, there are open prisons where prisoners are not locked up in cells and, at the other extreme, high-security prisons where prisoners are kept in cells away from other inmates for most of the day. Since 1907, prisoners have been released on probation – they are watched by probation officers and put back in prison if they re-offend. In 1948 hard labour and corporal punishment in prisons were abolished. Separate ‘prisons’ have been established for young people. Borstals were set up in the early 1900s. They used work and education to try to reduce re-offending rates. Today’s Young Offenders Institutions have high re-offending rates. Inside Wormwood Scrubs, There has been a recent rise in female prisoners, a Category B men's prison. although still only 6% of all prisoners are women. Women’s and men’s prisons differ (e.g. women can spend more time with their children). New punishments Rehabilitation New types of punishment have developed in the last two decades as non-custodial alternatives to prison. This means people are punished for their crime but not kept in prison. Prisons in the 1800s used to punish criminals to discourage them from re-offending on release. Prisons today try to reduce re-offending rates through education and giving prisoners work that teaches them new skills. However, they have mixed success rates, and the general public do not always support what can be portrayed as ‘holiday camp’ prisons. Community sentences – working on community projects, for example Antisocial Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) Electronic tagging Now try this Give five examples of changes to punishment for criminals since 1900. 22 Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! c1900–present: Modern Britain Conscientious objectors Case study Conscientious objectors are people who have religious, moral or political objections to war. For a short time in the 20th century, conscientious objection became a crime. Conscription Attitudes to conscientious objectors Conscription is a law that states that everyone who is asked to, and who is fit and healthy, has to fight in the armed forces. Therefore, anyone who was conscripted but then refused to fight could be committing a crime. Conscription laws were introduced twice in Britain – during the First and Second World Wars. In both cases, conscientious objectors had to make their objections known to the authorities and were then tried by tribunals who judged whether their objections were genuine. The punishment and treatment of conscientious objectors (COs) by the authorities was very different in the two world wars. This shows how people in authority changed their attitude. However, the attitude of the general public and treatment of conscientious objectors was fairly similar in both instances. This was probably because most people felt they and their families were making great sacrifices and that others should, too. Different treatment by the authorities First World War Second World War Conscription for men: from 1916. Conscription: from April 1939 for men, from December 1941 for women. A clause in law excused conscientious objectors. A clause in law excused conscientious objectors. About 16 000 men refused to fight. Over 59 000 men and women refused to fight. Military tribunals made up of military officers and professionals decided if CO was genuine. Tribunals (minus military people) judged if CO was genuine. Only 400 were given total exemption on grounds of conscience. All except 12 204 were given complete or partial exemption. ‘Alternativists’ were given non-combatant roles. Those with partial exemption were given non-combatant roles. ‘Absolutists’ were imprisoned, given brutal treatment and hard labour. Ten died in prison, 63 died after release and 31 had breakdowns. A far smaller percentage of those not given exemption were sent to prison and those who did were not treated as harshly. Similar treatment by the general public During both wars, many members of the general public thought of conscientious objectors as cowards and traitors. Some COs were shouted at in the streets and were even physically abused. They and their families risked being shunned by former friends; many found it hard to get work and some were even dismissed from their jobs. However, there were some differences. The press was less harsh and there were fewer organised ‘campaigns’ against COs in the Second World War. During the First World War the organisation, The Order of the White Feather, encouraged women to hand out white feathers, symbolising cowardice, to young men not in military uniforms. Now try this Give two similarities and two differences in the treatment of conscientious objectors by the authorities during the First and Second World Wars. A First World War postcard shows a CO as afraid to fight. 23 c1900–present: Modern Britain Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! The Derek Bentley case Case study In 1953, Derek Bentley was hanged for murder. His was one of several controversial executions that played a part in the decision to abolish the death penalty. Look back at page 22 for more on controversial executions. The case of Derek Bentley Derek Bentley (aged 19) had a learning disability and a mental age of 10. He and his friend, Christopher Craig (aged 16), decided to burgle a warehouse. The police arrived when they were on the roof so there was no escape. Both Bentley and Craig were tried and convicted of murder. Craig was sentenced to a long prison term as he was under 18. Bentley was sentenced to death by hanging. After a failed appeal hearing he was hanged on 28 January 1953. Bentley was detained by DC Derek Bentley. Fairfax. Craig had a knife and a gun and shot DC Fairfax in the shoulder. According to Fairfax and two other policemen, Bentley later shouted, ‘Let him have it, Chris’, before Craig shot and killed PC Sidney Miles. When Craig ran out of bullets, he jumped off the roof and broke his back. Bentley stayed with Detectives with evidence the injured DC Fairfax. for the Bentley trial. Public and parliamentary opinion There was a huge public outcry against the sentence at the time. A motion in parliament to reprieve Bentley was supported by 200 MPs but it was never debated in parliament. The Home Secretary could have reprieved Bentley, as many others had been reprieved before, but chose not to. The case received a lot of media coverage, mostly sympathetic to Bentley’s cause. Derek Bentley’s family continued the campaign after his death. He was pardoned in 1993 and in 1998 his conviction for murder was overturned. Now try this Explain why the Derek Bentley case was controversial. 24 Derek Bentley’s family at the trial. Significance of the Bentley case It highlighted the vast differences in punishment for murder, as some were hanged while others were reprieved (and given prison sentences). It illustrated how the system of the Home Secretary reprieving murderers from hanging was a lottery. Combined with other controversial cases, it increased the number of people who were critical of the death penalty as a fair and just punishment. Had a look Nearly there The historic environment Nailed it! The Metropolitan Police The Metropolitan Police Force (the Met) was a government-directed police force policing the whole of London (except for the City of London, which had its own force). There needed to be cooperation between the Met and the City of London force when crimes occurred on the borders. Police recruits for the Met The ‘beat’ constable Most came from outside London and were attracted by the relatively good pay. A major aim of the Met was to prevent crime. Its main way of doing this was to deploy constables on the ‘beat’ – patrolling a set route of streets to deter criminals from committing crime, asking people what they were doing and to break up fights and arrest suspects. Some had been soldiers but most had backgrounds in labouring or farm work. There were some problems with absenteeism and drinking on the job. A Met constable, 1894. By 1885, the Met totalled just 13 319 to police a population of over five million people. Only 1383 were on duty at a time. t was directly Unlike other police forces, the Me retary. under the control of the Home Sec the run to er He appointed a commission wanted t men Metropolitan Police. The govern force as it was direct control of London’s police ists in some worried about socialists and anarch el. areas of London, such as Whitechap hapel, see page 27. For more on socialism in Whitec Commissioner Sir Charles Warren Warren, a former army general, was appointed Met Commissioner in 1886. Warren banned a planned unemployment protest in Trafalgar Square on 13 November 1887. When the protestors ignored the ban, he deployed thousands of police, supported by about 1000 men from the army. Violent clashes followed, many people were injured and one protestor later died. Warren directed the operation from horseback. When Jack the Ripper struck in the autumn of 1888, in Whitechapel, Warren ordered an increase in patrols. Failure to catch the murderer cost Warren his job. Development of the CID The Criminal Investigation Department (CID) of the Met was set up in 1878. There had been a department to detect crime before this but it was quite ineffective. Those in the CID (to detect crime) were therefore separate from the rest of the force (to prevent crime), which clarified the roles of each. Initially the CID had little success, as shown by the investigation into the murders committed by Jack the Ripper in Whitechapel. For more on investigative policing, see page 29. Attitudes towards the police Attitudes varied widely. The police still had people’s trust in some areas but events, such as the Trafalgar Square riot of 1887, contributed to the feeling held by many working-class people that the police were ‘against’ them, and only worked for the middle and upper classes. The economic depression and ensuing poverty of the period contributed to this hatred of police. Mounted Met Police charge at prot estors in Trafalgar Square during the Bloody Sunday riots, 13 November 1887. Now try this List at least four problems that the Metropolitan Police faced between 1870 and 1900. 25 The historic environment Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! The local context of Whitechapel Whitechapel is an area of London just east of the City. In the late 1800s, this district had very high levels of poverty and poor living and working conditions, all of which contributed to a high crime rate. ‘Rookeries’ (slum areas) in Whitechapel, where most housing was located, were extremely overcrowded with poor sanitation. Housing Lodging houses, where lodgers paid a nightly fee for a bed and access to a kitchen, were particularly squalid. Around a quarter of Whitechapel’s population lived in lodging houses. There were some attempts to improve housing. George Peabody paid for the building of 11 blocks of flats in a former slum. The Peabody Estate opened in 1881 and tenants were charged reasonable rents. A street in Whitechapel in the 1880s. Provision for the poor Lack of employment opportunities Like elsewhere, workhouses in Whitechapel were seen as the last resort. They offered a bed and food in return for hard labour. Conditions were deliberately poor, families were split up and inmates had to wear a uniform. Most were elderly, ill, disabled, orphans or unmarried mothers. After 1880, many young orphans were cared for in Barnardo’s homes, where conditions were much better than the workhouse. There was high unemployment because of an economic depression, and few jobs were available to women so many turned to prostitution to survive. Those that had jobs: worked long hours for low pay in factories in ‘sweated’ trades, where conditions were cramped and dirty worked building the railways or in the dockyards. Pay was better but numbers required were variable so weekly incomes varied enormously. The link between the environment and crime ls of All these factors led to high leve. area the poverty and deprivation in The significance of Whitechapel as an inner-city area of poverty, discontent and crime is due to: low income levels that led to stealing for survival by those desperate to avoid the workhouse unreliable (or lack of) work that meant many had a lot of ‘spare’ time, which led to alcoholism, disruptive behaviour and violence Tensions between native-bor n Londoners and immigrants are explore d on page 27. overcrowding that led to tensions between residents (especially between London-born and Irish and Jewish immigrants), which often spilt over into violence the high levels of prostitution that led to violence on women. different types of crime Turn to page 28 for more about. For more about some of and the difficulties in policing them women, see page 29. inst aga nce the worst cases of viole Now try this Give reasons why (a) theft and (b) assault were very common crimes in Whitechapel c1870–c1900. 26 Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! The historic environment Tensions in Whitechapel Whitechapel was a melting pot of different people, religions and revolutionary groups. Its population included many temporary residents and immigrants from Ireland and Eastern Europe. Irish immigrants Many Irish left Ireland for Fluctuating population Most accommodation in Whitechapel was temporary, which meant there were many temporary residents who didn’t have an interest in fostering any sense of community. the USA in the 1840s but ended up in London instead. Poverty meant most could only afford to live in the least expensive parts of London. Most worked as navvies (labourers building roads, railways or canals) or dockers. They had a reputation for being drunk and violent and were also associated with terrorism, such as the Fenians, who were seen as fanatical terrorists fighting for Ireland’s independence from Britain. Eastern European immigrants Huge influx of Eastern European An illustration of Wentworth Street, Whitechapel. Anarchists and socialists From 1848 there was a wave of attempted revolutions across Europe. Many of the revolutionaries ended up in London’s East End. Movements set up or supported by the revolutionaries immigrants into Whitechapel in the 1880s who were mostly Russian and Polish Jews, and who had fled persecution in the Russian Empire after Tsar Alexander II’s assassination in 1881. Poverty meant they were only able to settle in the cheaper parts of London. Tended to stick together within these areas, causing segregation. By 1888, some parts of Whitechapel had a 95% Jewish population. were anarchism, which opposed organised government, and socialism, which wanted the end of capitalism. Both movements were feared by the authorities, and middle and upper classes, but attracted some support from residents of Whitechapel. Resulting tensions As a result of its varied and fluctuating population, tensions in Whitechapel were high. There were tensions between immigrant and local populations over access to housing and jobs. Recently arrived Jewish immigrants were prepared to accept lower pay and poor conditions, leading to an increase in the sweatshop system – this annoyed other workers and non-sweatshop employers. Anti-Semitism and violence against Jews rose rapidly. Anyone with a foreign accent was suspected of being a violent revolutionary. ‘Foreigners’ were blamed for many crimes, such as the Ripper murders, which increased racial hatred and violence. Now try this Give at least three reasons why Irish and Eastern European Jewish immigrants were feared by the other residents of Whitechapel. 27 The historic environment Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! The organisation of policing in Whitechapel The Metropolitan Police Force was divided up into divisions. Whitechapel was under the jurisdiction of H Division. There were many difficulties in policing the area. The work of H Division Attitudes to the police H Division beat constables were each given a set route within Whitechapel to patrol. They were on the look-out for trouble and stopped and questioned people to find out what they were doing. They regularly had to report to their sergeant and everything was recorded in a diary. All policing in Whitechapel was made more difficult by most of the locals’ attitudes. The police was mistrusted, generally, and was seen as part of the government that didn’t care for working-class people. This meant that few cooperated with investigations. Police constables were frequently attacked. ronment of See page 26 for more on the envi on racial tensions. e mor for 27 e pag and l Whitechape The environment Dark, narrow alleys and courts with multiple doorways into rookeries packed with people and their possessions made chasing and finding criminals extremely difficult. Prostitution With very few jobs available to women, some turned to prostitution to survive. By 1888, approximately 1200 prostitutes, vulnerable to violence, worked in brothels or on the streets. Alcohol The large number of pubs and gin houses in Whitechapel sold very strong alcohol at affordable prices. Drunkenness frequently fuelled violence. Many alcoholics turned to crime to feed their habit. Gangs Alongside individual petty thieves, large professional gangs of thieves and pickpockets operated. They ‘employed’ individuals who were well-trained at both stealing and getting away from the crime. Problems in policing Whitechapel for H Division Protection rackets Gangs, such as the Bessarabian Tigers, demanded ‘protection money’ to ‘protect’ people’s businesses. Refusal led to property damage and violence. Fear of these gangs meant people very rarely reported them to the police and either paid up or retaliated with violence themselves. Violent demonstrations Public protests were fairly common in Whitechapel. The Social Democratic Federation was involved in many of these protests, such as the Trafalgar Square demonstration in November 1887. Large numbers of angry people in one place frequently, led to disorder and violence and needed a large number of police to deal with them. Attacks on Jews After large-scale Jewish immigration in the 1880s, attacks on Jews became common. Some police were anti-Semitic themselves, while the language barrier prevented others from helping catch their attackers. The Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, 1888 Set up by businessmen in Whitechapel on 10 September, due to the police’s lack of progress in catching the ‘Ripper’ murderer. Offered a reward for information leading to the capture of the murderer. Patrolled the streets every night with torches (burning wood) and whistles. Disrupted the police investigation, but also hampered the police by sending false leads and encouraging criticism of the police in newspapers. Now try this List three factors that made catching criminals in Whitechapel difficult for the police. 28 Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! The historic environment Investigative policing in Whitechapel The Met developed new methods of detective investigation that were to prove useful in investigating the crimes of Jack the Ripper, who murdered at least five women in and around Whitechapel in the autumn of 1888. Investigative policing techniques House-to-house searches for evidence. In the Ripper case the pubs and opium dens were searched. Distributing leaflets and advertising in newspapers appealing for information from the public. In the Ripper case 80 000 leaflets were distributed. Following up clues found or not found at the crime scenes. In the Ripper case it was noted that one of the victim’s rings had been taken. Following up evidence from the bodies detailed by post mortems and coroners’ reports. In the Ripper case the police visited hospitals, as some of the mutilated bodies were thought to show the murderer had good knowledge of anatomy. Detailed annotated sketches of the crime scenes were drawn and photographs taken. In the Ripper case these were used to compare murders with others. Setting up soup kitchens to encourage the poorest to come forward with information. Interviewing witnesses or suspects including those provided by tip-offs. Improvements after 1888 The Met introduced the Bertillon system of taking measurements and photographs of suspects and keeping these records centrally so they could be shared. By 1900, the introduction of telephones improved the speed of police communications. Rival police forces and other problems There was great rivalry between the Met and City of London police forces. Rather than share information and cooperate on cases, each force wanted to solve crimes before the other did. Whitechapel overlapped the two police districts so this was a particular problem during the Ripper investigation. There was also conflict between the CID and other parts of the Met. H Division had to continue its usual work as well as help CID investigate the murders. The media Jack the Ripper This caused problems for the police as, although media coverage encouraged the public to come forward, it also attracted hoax letters and thousands Lurid reports and illustrations of theories on the identity of the killer, of the murders appeared in all of which had to be investigated. the media. Media coverage also stirred up racial hatred, as the media was convinced that an ‘Englishman’ could not have committed such awful crimes. This led to more violence for the police to deal with, as attacks and discrimination against foreigners increased. The media also added to the pressure on the police by criticising the investigation. Between 31 August and 9 November 1888, five women were strangled and mutilated in Whitechapel. The murderer became known as Jack the Ripper because this was the name used on some letters sent to the police. To this day the murderer has never been discovered, though there are hundreds of theories about who it was. Now try this Give one way in which the media (a) helped and (b) hindered the police investigation into the Whitechapel murders. 29 Skills Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Exam overview This page introduces you to the main features and requirements of the Paper 1 Option 10 exam paper. About Paper 1 The Paper 1 exam lasts Paper 1 is for both your thematic study (Section B) and your for 1 hour 15 minutes study of a historic environment (Section A). (75 minutes) in total. Section A will be on Whitechapel, c1870–c1900: crime, You should spend about policing and the inner city. 25 minutes on the historic Section B will be on Crime and punishment in Britain, environment and 50 minutes on c1000–present. the thematic study. You will receive two documents: a question paper, which you write into, and a sources booklet, which you will need for stions You can see examples of all que some questions in Section A. tice prac the in and 38, 31– es on pag questions on pages 39–56. The questions The questions for Paper 1 will always follow this pattern. Section A: Question 1 Describe two features of … (4 marks) Section A: Question 2(a) How useful are Sources A and B for an enquiry into …? Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your knowledge of the historical context. (8 marks) Section A: Question 2(b) How could you follow up Source [A/B] to find out more about …? (4 marks) Complete the table, giving the question you would ask and the type of source you could use. Section B: Question 3 Explain one way in which … was similar to/ different from … (4 marks) Section B: Question 4 Explain why … (12 marks) Two prompts and your own information. ut showing Question 1 targets AO1. AO1 is abo g of key your knowledge and understandin topic. features and characteristics of the Question 2(a) targets AO3, which is about analysing, evaluating and using sources to make substantiated judgements. This is where you show your ability to analyse and evaluate the usefulness of sources. is where Question 2(b) also targets AO3. This s to rce you show your ability to use sou frame historical questions. Question 3 targets both AO1 and AO2. AO2 is about explaining and analysing key events using historical concepts, such as causation, consequence, change, continuity, sim ilarity and difference. This question focuses on change and continuity across two periods of time. 1 Question 4 also targets both AO and AO2. It focuses on causation: explaining why something happened. Section B: Question 5 or 6 ‘Statement’ and How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16 marks plus 4 marks for SPaG and use of specialist terminology) Two prompts and your own information. 30 You have to answer either Questio n 5 or Question 6. These target both AO 1 and AO2 and you need to make a judgement in each question. Up to 4 marks are available for spelling, punctuation, grammar (SPaG) and use of specialist terminology. Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Skills Question 1: Describing features Question 1 on your exam paper will ask you to ‘Describe two features of …’. There are four marks available for this question: two for each feature you describe. le Worked examp Describe two features of the Whitechapel workhouses. (4 marks) What does ‘describe’ mean? Describe means to give an account of the main characteristics of something. You develop your description with relevant details, but you do not need to include reasons or justifications. Links Sample answer You can revise workhouses on page 26. Feature 1 There were many workhouses in Whitechapel. They were there to support the poorest in society who had no other means of supporting themselves. e question – it’s Make sure you read th the workhouses, not asking for features of there. reasons why they were Feature 2 Conditions in the workhouses in Whitechapel were deliberately poor to put people off going unless they had no choice. This is a feature but it needs more development and detai l describing the conditions. Improved answer Feature 1 Conditions in the workhouses in Whitechapel were deliberately poor to put people off going unless they had no choice. The food supplied was very basic and the beds were simple with very basic bed linen. Feature 2 All beds were in dormitories. There were separate dormitories for men, women and children, so married couples and families were split up. 2 from above This improves Feature l about the by adding in more detai ‘poor’ conditions. You need to describe two separate features as done here. Feature 2 describes a completely separate feature of the workhouses to Feature 1. 31 Skills Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Source skills 1 In your exam, Questions 2(a) and 2(b) are based on sources. Question 2(a) will ask you about the usefulness of the sources and Question 2(b) will ask you how you would follow up information in one source. Usefulness 1 Content What information in the sources is relevant to the enquiry? How useful is this information? 2 Provenance Nature: the type of source it is. Origins: who produced it and when. Purpose: the reason the source was created. How do these things impact on the usefulness of the source? 3 Context Use your own knowledge of the enquiry topic to evaluate the source. Is the information in the source accurate compared with what you know? in the Underline and annotate information source to help you with this. Remember that this isn’t necessarily about the amount of information given. A small piece of information can be very useful! can still Remember that an unreliable source be useful. Remember to think about what info rmation is missing from the source as wel l as what’s included. Following up sources For Question 2(b) you have to complete a table like the one below. Detail in Source X that I would follow up:.................................................................................. uiry given This has to be related to the enq in the question. This must be related to the enquiry and the detail you’ve written above. Question I would ask:.................................................................................. What type of source I could use:.................................................................................. How this might help answer my question:.................................................................................. 32 There are likely to be many different types of sources, but make sure you choose one that will really help investigate the question you’ve written above. You should write one or two sentences explaining how the type of source chosen above could help you answer your question. Examples of sources: national Examples of sources: local National government statistics. National newspaper articles and reports. National police records. Personal accounts by police officers, victims and witnesses. Photographs. Police records from H Division. Court records and freedom licences. Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Skills Source skills 2 In your exam you will be given a source booklet containing two sources. Both Questions 2(a) and 2(b) require you to analyse the sources so it is important that you spend time reading and looking at these sources carefully before you start your answers. You could also annotate the sources to help you. Source A: An illustration of Wentworth Street, Whitechapel, drawn in 1872. The illustration appeared in London: A Pilgrimage, a book of illustrations by Gustave Doré. Take notice of any dates given. Does this tie in with what you know about the housing at this time? Image sources need analysing as well as text ones! What can you see in the image? What can’t you see? How useful is this to the enquiry? It’s vital to read the information given about each source as this is where you’ll find information on the provenance (nature, origin and purpose) of that source. The purpose of illustrations can be difficult to assess as it is often not known why they were drawn. To what extent can you trust this person to give information relevant to your enquiry? This will affect how useful any information given is. Source B: A description of the inside of a lodging house by Hugh Edward Hoare which first appeared in the National Review and later in the Cambridge Independent Press on 14 September 1888. Hoare was a wealthy philanthropist who took over the running of a lodging house in Whitechapel in 1886 and later became an MP. Two dates are given. How does this account compare with what you know about lodging houses around this time? When you’re reading the source, highlight any particularly useful information it gives that is relevant to the enquiry. Passing the outer door, we found ourselves opposite a little window in a recess, where the “deputy”, or manager, sits to collect the four pence for the night’s lodging, and where he keeps the food which he sells to the lodgers. Passing through the second door, we enter a moderate-sized low “kitchen”, where about twenty men and women were sitting on long wooden benches, or standing round the fire. … Plain long deal tables and benches were set round the room. On the chimney-piece were several tin teapots, and in a cupboard the coarse plates and cups and saucers for the free use of the lodgers... Underground was the washing-place and coke cellar, on the first floor were the beds for the couples, and above that a large dormitory for single men, containing sixteen beds. 33 Skills Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Question 2(a): Usefulness of sources Question 2(a) on your exam paper will ask you how useful two sources are for a particular enquiry. There are eight marks available for this question. le Worked examp Study Sources A and B on page 33. How useful are Sources A and B for an enquiry into the nature of housing in Whitechapel between 1870 and 1900? Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your knowledge of the historical context. (8 marks) Sample extract Source A is an illustration of Whitechapel slums drawn in 1872. It is fairly useful as it gives a good idea of the nature of some housing. The building looks in poor condition and there are many people in the drawing, indicating that the house is very overcrowded. The people and their clothes look dirty, indicating that there were poor washing facilities, if any, available. However, we cannot tell how wide or typical these conditions were as only a small part of Whitechapel is shown. The caption tells us that this was drawn in 1872 and I know that there was a lot of slum housing in some parts of Whitechapel at this time. Slum areas were known as rookeries and houses were very tightly packed in these areas with no gardens or green space. Houses were indeed very overcrowded with whole families living in just one room and sanitation was poor. It’s difficult to know why this source was created but it may well have been to indicate the poor conditions that people lived in at the time. Therefore, the artist may have exaggerated conditions or chosen to depict the worst of it. This means that the source may not be totally reliable. Source B is written by someone who ran a lodging house … What does ‘how useful’ mean? How useful means how valuable are the sources for a specific enquiry. You need to come to a judgement on how useful each of the sources is for the enquiry given in the question. Links You can revise housing in Whitechapel on page 26. useful Always make a judgement on how you have a source is and then explain why has done reached this decision. This answer useful this by saying the source is fairly ons. because it shows housing conditi With image sources, always give a brief description of what you can see that is relevant to the enquiry as the student has done here. Use your own knowledge of the topic to analyse the source – this student tells us that they know that housing in som e parts of Whitechapel was very poor at this time. tion that Remember to only include informa , which this is directly relevant to the source student does. the source Remember to include reasons why be quite was created. For images this can the student tricky as we often don’t know but ly links this has tried to do this and successful source. to the possible unreliability of the You must use both sources in you r answer so it’s good to see that this student is continuing their answer by looking at Source B. 34 Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Skills Question 2(b): Following up sources Question 2(b) on your exam paper will ask you to pick a detail from one source and explain how you would follow up that detail in another source. There are four marks available for this question. le Worked examp Study Source B on page 33. How could you follow up Source B to find out more about the nature of housing in Whitechapel between 1870 and 1900? In your answer, you must give the question you would ask and the type of source you could use. Complete the table below. (4 marks) Detail in Source B that I would follow up: ‘…four pence for the night’s lodging.’ Question I would ask: How affordable was four pence for a night’s lodging at this time? What type of source I could use: An employer’s account. How this might help answer my question: This would help see how much money four pence would leave for other essentials like food. What does ‘follow up’ mean? Follow up means investigate something further. In other words, how you could find out more information on something in one source using another source. Links You can revise housing in Whitechapel on page 26. structure The table is provided to help you the your answer so make sure you use e. her e prompts as the student has don Make sure the question is linked to the detail you have used in the first part of your answer. one type of Remember, you only need to give k for each source here. There is only one mar going into of the points so don’t waste time more detail than is necessary. This answer must relate to the typ e of source and the enquiry question you hav e chosen. 35 Skills Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Question 3: Making comparisons Question 3 on your exam paper will ask you to explain one way in which something was similar or different over time. There are four marks available for this question. You can revise medieval punishments on page 5, and 19th century punishments on pag e 16. Links le Worked examp Explain one way in which Norman punishments for crimes against property were different to punishments for crimes against property in the 19th century. (4 marks) Sample answer Norman punishments were very harsh and were carried out in public. This was seen as the best way to deter crime and enforce Norman law. The death penalty was often given for crimes against property, such as theft. Other punishments included castration, blinding and amputating limbs. In the early 19th century, punishments for crimes against property were similar as many offences were punished by death, usually hanging, until the end of the Bloody Code in the 1820s. After 1825 they were different because few people received a death sentence. Punishment for theft was often transportation to Australia until it was abolished in 1868. Then prisons were used instead. Improved answer Norman punishments for crimes against property were very harsh. The death penalty, usually by hanging, was often given for crimes such as theft. In the 19th century, punishments for crimes against property were different from the 1820s because fewer people received a death sentence. Punishment for theft was often transportation to Australia until this was abolished in 1868. 36 What does ‘explain one way’ mean? Explain one way means providing details of one way in which something was similar or different over time. You do not need to explain the reasons for the similarity or difference. of Don’t give a general description e here! don punishments as the student has ishments You have to give details of how pun different. for crimes against property were Make sure you answer the questio n asked. The question is about how punishm ents were different – this answer mentions pun ishment by death for crimes against proper ty being the same in the Norman and 19th century periods which is not what is require d. only The question asks for ‘one’ way so to give more one is needed. There is no need than one. as the Make sure you just give one way on student has done here and focus difference, not similarities. This question is only worth four mar ks so long answers are not required. Spendin g too long on this question will mean you run out of time for the ones worth more marks. You need to give some detail of how perty were punishments for crimes against pro. different – focusing on just one way Had a look Nearly there Nailed it! Skills Question 4: Explaining why Question 4 on your exam paper is about causation: explaining why something happened. There are 12 marks available for this question and two prompts to help you answer; you must also use information of your own. le Worked examp Exp