REVIEWER LQ1 - GEE11D.pdf

The Internet and Communication Technologies The Internet: Structure, Functionality, and Services o Structure of the Internet 1. Internet Address Computers connected to the internet means that the systems are connected to comput...

The Internet and Communication Technologies The Internet: Structure, Functionality, and Services o Structure of the Internet 1. Internet Address Computers connected to the internet means that the systems are connected to computers’ worldwide network. Therefore, each machine/device has its own or unique address. This structure of the internet address is known as an IP address (Internet Protocol). 2. Protocol Stacks and Packet A protocol is a standardized way of formatting data so that any computer can interpret the data. 3. Network Access Layer It is a group of applications requiring network communications. This layer is responsible for generating the data and requesting connections. 4. Internet or Network Layer This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the protocols which are responsible for the logical transmission of data over the entire network.  5. Transport Layer The TPC/IP (Transmission Control Protocol) / (Internet Protocol) transport layer protocols exchange data receipt acknowledgments and retransmit missing packets to ensure that packets arrive in order and without error. 6. Application Layer This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. It is responsible for end-to-end communication and error-free delivery of data. 7. Infrastructure of the Network Computers connected to the internet means that the systems are connected to computers’ worldwide network. Therefore, each machine/device has its own or unique address. This structure of the internet address is known as an IP address (Internet Protocol). o Functionality of the Internet 1. Domain Name System (DNS) Translates human-friendly domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network 2. Packet Switching A method where data is broken into smaller packets that travel independently across the network and are reassembled at the destination.  3. Internet Protocols Rules governing data transmission. For example: o TCP/IP ▪ Core protocols for reliable data transfer. 4. SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security) Protocols for secure communication over the internet. o Web Browsing - Accessing websites and information on the world wide web (www), enabled by web browsers like Chrome and Firefox. o Email o Streaming Services o File Sharing o Social Networking o Online Gaming o Remote Work and Collaboration  Social Media and Digital Communication ▪ Social media and digital communication have become integral parts of our modern lives. They refer to the use of digital technologies to connect, interact, and share information with others. o History of Social Media 1. Early Beginnings (1970s-1990s) Usenet BBS (Bulletin Board Systems) 2. The Rise of Social Networking (Late 1990s-Early 2000s) SixDegrees.com Friendster Myspace 3. The Era of Facebook (Mid-2000s-Present) 4. The Rise of Microblogging and Other Platforms (2000s-Present) Twitter/X Instagram Linkedin Tiktok o The Future of Social Media - As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see new and innovative social media platforms emerge. Trends such as augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and blockchain could significantly shape the future of social networking. o History of Digital Communication - Digital communication, the transmission of information in a series of discrete, binary digits (0s and 1s), has revolutionized the way we interact, work, and obtain information. Here’s a simplified timeline of its evolution: 1. Early Developments (1800s-1900s) Morse Code Telegraph 2. The Digital Age Begins (1940s-1960s) Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC): One of the earliest computers, developed in 1946, used vacuum tubes to process information digitally. Transistors: Invented in 1947, transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET): A precursor to the internet, established in 1969, connected computers at universities and research institutions. 3. The Rise of Personal Computers and the Internet (1970s-1990s) 4. The Mobile Revolution (2000s-Present) Mobile Phones: The widespread adoption of mobile phones in the 2000s led to the development of mobile internet and apps. Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have transformed the way we connect with others and share information. Streaming Services: Services like Netflix and Spotify have revolutionized the way we consume entertainment. o The Future of Digital Communication - The future of digital communication is likely to be shaped by advancements in artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and 5G technology. These innovations could lead to even more immersive and personalized experiences. o The Impact of Social Media 1. Communication and Relationships Increased connectivity Changing dynamics Impact on relationships 2. Information and News Access to information Spread of misinformation Algorithmic bias 3. Business and Marketing New marketing channels E-commerce Influencer marketing 4. Culture and Society Social movements Cultural exchange Privacy concerns o Challenges of Social Media 1. Misinformation and Disinformation Spread of false information Echo chambers 2. Privacy Concerns Data collection Cyber bullying 3. Digital Divide Access inequality Digital literacy  4. Commercialization and Manipulation Targeted advertising Data monetization The Impact of IT on Global Communication o Increased Accessibility: The Impact of IT on Global Communication 1. Breaking Down Geographical Barriers Real-time communication Remote work 2. Democratizing information Online publishing Social media 3. Lowering Communication Costs Reduced costs Global reach 4. Bridging Language Barriers Translation tools Language learning platforms 5. Expanding Access to Global Markets E-commerce Global networking o Challenges: 1. Digital Divide 2. Cybersecurity Threats 3. Data Privacy 4. Misinformation  IT in Businesses E-commerce and Online Business Model o Online Business Model ▪ An online business model refers to a framework or strategy that a company uses to generate revenue and deliver value to customers via the internet. ▪ Using multiple online business models can help you organically grow traffic and interest in your organization’s website. ▪ Examples of online business model: E-commerce Lead generation Podcasting ▪ Revenue streams for online business model: Direct sales Advertising Subscriptions Affiliate Marketing ▪ Key Elements of Success: Target Market Value Proposition Customer Acquisition Customer Retention ▪ Scalability Online business is often highly scalable, meaning they can grow quickly without needing a proportional increase in resources. ▪ Global Reach An online business can reach a global audience without the limitations of geographical location, giving it access to a larger market and the potential for rapid growth.  o E-commerce ▪ IT plays a critical role in e-commerce, revolutionizing how firms run and connect with customers. IT is utilized for online information exchange, media advertising, e-mail, mailing lists, communication, discussions, and customer consultation. ▪ Applications of E-Commerce: Applications of e-commerce include retail sales or online shopping, business-to-business transactions, and the sale of digital products through online stores. The application of e-commerce technology is one of the important factors to support the success of a product from a company. ▪ Examples: Online Marketing Finance Manufacturing Online Booking Online Publishing Digital Advertising Auction IT in Operations o IT Operations (ITOPS) ▪ Encompasses the management and maintenance of an organization’s IT infrastructure. This includes a wide range of processes and services that ensure the efficient functioning of hardware and software systems within a business. ▪ Importance of IT Operations: Directly impacts an organization’s competitiveness and reputation. Weak ITOPs processes can lead to poor service quality, increased downtime, security vulnerabilities, and ultimately loss of revenue.  Strong ITOPs practices enhance operational stability, improve customer satisfaction through reliable service delivery, optimize resource usage for cost-effectiveness, and enable organizations to adapt swiftly to changing market demands. ▪ Core Functions of IT Operations: Service Management Infrastructure Management Security Management Performance Optimization Capacity Management Incident Response IT in Supply Chain Management o Supply Chain Management ▪ The entire process of making and selling goods, from the supply of raw materials and using them to manufacture products to the distribution and sale to consumers. ▪ Why is technology important in supply chain management? IT integrates various operations carried out by different companies in the supply chain. It speeds up the business processes and prevents bottlenecks. ▪ Role of IT in Supply Chain Management: IT provides the tools which can pick up relevant information, break it down for proper analysis and execute it for optimum performance of the supply chain. Integrated and Coordinated Supply Chain Increased Productivity Cost Reduction Product Improvement  Supply Chain Visibility ▪ The Functional Roles of IT in Supply Chain Management: Transaction Execution Collaboration and Coordination Decision Support IT in Customer Relationship Management o Customer Relations Management (CRM) ▪ Refers to a combination of practices, strategies, and technologies that organizations use to manage and analyze customer interactions and data throughout the customer lifecycle. ▪ Components of CRM Systems: Marketing Automation Sales Force Automation Contact Center Analytics Artificial Intelligence ▪ Types of CRM Systems: Cloud-Based CRM On-Premises CRM Open Source CRM ▪ Benefits of CRM Systems: Enhanced customer service Improved customer retention Increased sales efficiency Better data analysis  IT in Entrepreneurship and Startups o Startups ▪ Is a fledgling business that is only beginning to operate with the goal of creating a disruptive new product or service to enter an already-existing market. ▪ The number of startups using information technology to support their operations has significantly increased in recent years. o Entrepreneurship ▪ Across all industries and niches, technology is an incredibly useful ally for entrepreneurs. ▪ Technology has become an indispensable asset for entrepreneurs, providing them with endless possibilities for innovation and optimization. By embracing modern technologies, businesses can revolutionize their operations and tap into new markets while staying ahead of the competition. o Enterprise Resource Planning ▪ It simplifies difficult administrative duties, freeing up business owners to concentrate on expansion tactics. Additionally, the development and interaction of a larger and more specialized group of customers is made possible by digital marketing solutions like social media and data analytics technologies.  Effects of IT in Business o Roles of IT in business: ▪ Communication and collaboration ▪ Data management ▪ Product development ▪ Marketing and sales ▪ Customer support o Benefits of IT in business: ▪ Enhancing efficiency and productivity ▪ Global connectivity and market expansion ▪ Data-driven decision making ▪ Innovation and disruption ▪ Remote work and collaboration ▪ Access to funding o Downsides of IT in business ▪ Integration with legacy systems ▪ Technical expertise ▪ Limited resources ▪ Data security Founders of Google Larry Page Sergey Brin First eCommerce Boston Computer Exchange