Research Methodology for PR 2 PDF

Reviewer in PR 2 Ordinal variables used to categorize particular attributes with an order or rank 1. Descriptive Research can be with a numeric value or without -It describes the nature,...

Reviewer in PR 2 Ordinal variables used to categorize particular attributes with an order or rank 1. Descriptive Research can be with a numeric value or without -It describes the nature, or a numeric value characteristics and components of the Interval variables used to define values population or a phenomenon. measured along a scale, with each point - It is used to find general attributes placed at an equal distance from one of the presently existing situation and another determine the frequency which it occurs. Ratio variables have zero value 2. Correlational Research - It is a systematic investigation of the Research problem-a broad statement that nature of relationship, or associations describes the problem being resolved in between among variables without the study necessarily investigating into causal Criteria of Good Quantitative Research reasons underlying them. Problem 3. Evaluation Research Feasible - It aims to assess the effects and ability to carry out the research impacts or outcomes of practices, policies realistic about its scope and scale and programs. Interesting must be interested in the 4. Survey Research research problem with much willingness, - It is used to gather information from dedication, and commitment groups of people by selecting and studying Novel does not simply copy questions samples chosen from population. investigated by other workers 5. Causal Comparative Research problem not answerable by yes or no - It is also known as ex post facto (after Ethical the fact) research. must be approved by the appropriate - It derives conclusion from observations authorities and manifestation minimizes the risk of harm to the that already occurred in the past and now participants, protect the privacy and compared to some dependent variables. maintain their confidentiality, and provide 6. Experimental Research the participants the right to withdraw from - It utilizes scientific method to test research cause and-effect relationships under Relevant conditions controlled by the researcher. should be academic and provides - In this case an effort is made to intellectual interest to people in the field determine and impose control over-all other you have chosen to study variables except one. - An independent variable is manipulated Research Title the summary or main idea to determine the effects on the dependent of your research variables. Types of variables Guidelines in Creating a Research Title Indicate accurately the subject and scope of Variable-a factor that can change in the study. quality, quantity, or size Avoid using abbreviations Avoid Italics unless used for the species Independent Variable is manipulated or name of an organism being studied. changed by the experimenter to measure Suggest a relationship between variables the effect of this change on the DV. which supports the major hypothesis. Dependent Variable the variable that Limit the words to 10 to 15 functional changes as a result of the independent words. variable manipulation Avoid using obvious or non-specific Nominal variables- used to name, label, or openings with a conjunction: e.g., "study categorize particular attributes without of,“ "analysis of" or phrases of similar form. ordering of the categories A research title is rarely followed by a Comparative period or an exclamation mark. Used to examine differences between two Background of the Study- the first section or more groups on one or more dependent of a research paper and gives context variables surrounding the research topic. Found in experimental studies Contents of Background of the Study Examples: Research justification involves providing What is the difference in/between… your reader critical background or Causality contextual information that introduces your Looks at the effect of a variable on the topic area other variable (cause-effect) Summary of the literature review Examples: includes a review of the existing What is the effect of… literature on the area of your research, How do __ differ from __ in… leading up to your topic Is __ better than __ at/for/in… The research aims or objective includes a Objectives of the Study purpose of your research project commonly found in developmental research Summary of the literature review projects explains how the research aims will be contains general objective and specific achieved objective(s) Research Questions Scope and Delimitations questions that reveal the interaction Scope- Refers to the extent or coverage at between variables and must be answered which the research area will be explored after the research Delimitations the subparts of the main research Refers to the characteristics that restrict problem or sub problemsCharacteristics the scope such as sample size, age, sex, of Research Questions geographical location, research instrument Researchable – can be answered or methodology through data Feasible – doable Contains the weaknesses or constraints of Specific – identifies the variables the study which are not within the control and their relationships of the researchers Clear – simple, recognizable and Definition of terms in a research paper understandable refers to the clarification and explanation of Focused – focused on a single topic key concepts, terms, and terminology used Analytical – not too easy nor too in the study. It helps readers understand hard to answer the specific meanings and context of these Arguable – must have multiple sides terms within the research. or potential answers Types of Research Questions Conceptual Framework Descriptive aims to describe the variables Conceptual frameworks are used in being measured research for outlining possible options or Examples: for presenting the preferred approach, What is/are… namely defining the problem and purpose, How many/much.. conducting a literature review, devising a How often/frequent… methodology, data collection and final What percentage/proportion… analysis. Relationship The sources for these elements of a Used to describe the associations, trends, conceptual framework are literature, and interactions amongst two or more theory, and experience or prior knowledge. variables Found in correlational or experimental Theoretical Framework studies A theoretical framework provides the Examples: theoretical assumptions for the larger What is the relationship between/among… context of a study Is there a significant relationship between…