Review Quarter 1 Filipino 11 PDF

# Review Quarter 1 ## Filipino 11 ### Aralin 1 - Batayang Kaalaman sa Wika * **Wika** - tumukoy sa kakayahan ng tao na mag-angkin ng: * komplikadong sistemang pangkomunikasyon * **Ponema** - pinakamaliit na yunit ng tunog * **Lingua Franca** - kilala rin bilang wikang tulay * ginagamit ng...

# Review Quarter 1 ## Filipino 11 ### Aralin 1 - Batayang Kaalaman sa Wika * **Wika** - tumukoy sa kakayahan ng tao na mag-angkin ng: * komplikadong sistemang pangkomunikasyon * **Ponema** - pinakamaliit na yunit ng tunog * **Lingua Franca** - kilala rin bilang wikang tulay * ginagamit ng mga indibidwal na mayroong mga wikang nagkakaiba-iba sa bansa * **Henry Gleason sa Austero (1999)** * masistemang balangkas ng mga: * Sinasalitang tunog na pinili * arbitraryo upang magamit ng * mga taong kabilang sa isang * kultura. * **Mangahis (2005)** * midyum na ginagamit * paghahatid at pagtanggap ng * mensahe * susi sa pagkakaunawaan. * **Alfonso O. Santiago (2003)** * **Katangian ng Wika** * **Bernales (2002)** * proseso ng pagpapadala at * pagtanggap ng mensahe * pamamagitan ng cues na maaaring * berbal o di-berbal. * **Bienvenido Lumbera (Pambansang Alagad ng Sining sa Literatura)** * parang hininga ang wika. * upang kamtin ang bawat * pangangailangan natin. * sumasalamin sa mga mithiin, lunggati, pangarap, damdamin, * kaisipan o saloobin, pilosopiya, kaalaman at karunungan, moralidad, * paniniwala, at mga kaugalian ng tao sa lipunan. * **Masistemang Balangkas** - sa makabuluhang tunog o ponemang nakalilikha ng mga yunit * **Arbitraryo** - pinagkasunduang gamitin ng mga grupo ng tao o komunidad * **Dinamiko** - sumasabay ito sa pagbabago ng panahon / tumatanggap ng mga pagbabago * **Nakabatay sa Kultura** - nagbibigay ng ngalan o salita sa lahat ng mga gawaing nakapaloob sa kultura. * **Kahalagahan ng Wika** * Instrumento sa Komunikasyon -Pagpapalaganap ng Kultura -Karunungan at Kaalaman Lingua Franca * **Antas ng Wika** * **Pormal** - salitang istandard dahil ginagamit ng nakararami * ginagamit ng mga nakapag-aral ng wika. * **Pambansa** - ginagamit ng pamahalaan at itinuturo sa mga paaralan. * **Pampanitikan o Panretorika** - gamitin ng mga manunulat sa kanilang mga akdang pampanitikan. * **Impormal** - salitang karaniwan, palasak, pang-araw-araw * madalas gamitin sa mga kakilala at kaibigan. * **Lalawiganin** - mga bokabularyong dayalektal / partikular na pook o lalawigan lamang. * **Kolokyal** - pagpapaikli ng isa o dalawang salita at ang pagbabaligtad nito * **Balbal** - tinatawag sa Ingles na slang / nagmumula sa mga pangkat (salitang codes) ### Aralin 2 - Rehistro ng Wika * **Rehistro** - terminong maaaring magkaroon ng iba't ibang kahulugan ayon sa larangang pinaggagamitan. * **Rehistro bilang Espesyalisadong Termino** * salitang pansiyensiya o teknikal * pagbabago ng kahulugang taglay | Propesyon o Larang | Tawag sa Binibigyan ng Serbisyo | |---|---| | Ekonomiks | Estudyante | | Politika | Pasyente | | Ekonomiks | Kliyente | | Politika | Parokyano | | | Suki | | | Pasahero | * **Homogeneous** - pagkakaroon ng iisang anyo at katangian ng wika. * nagmula sa salitang Griyego na homogenes * _hom_ nangangahulugan ng uri o klase * _genos_ - nangangahulugan ng kaangkan o kalahi. * **Heterogenous** - pagkakaiba-iba ng uri at katangian ng isang wika * kung saan maraming wikang umiiral at may diyalekto o barayti * _hetero_ - ibig sabihin ay marami * _genous_ - ibig sabihin ay uri at lahi * **Jargon** - tanging bokabularyo ng isang partikular na pangkat ng gawain. ### Aralin 3 - Barayti ng Wika * **Barayti ng Wika** - ipinapaliwanag ng teoryang sosyolingguwistik * pinagbabatayan ng ideya ng pagiging heterogeneous ng wika. * **Heograpikal** - sariling kultura ang mga taong sama-samang naninirahan * Hal: Mangungutang (Filipino) - Mangungutang (Pampanga - nagtatanong ng direksiyon) * **Morpolohikal** - ang paraan ng pagbuo ng salita ng mga naninirahan * Hal: "kumain" (Tagalog-Maynila) - "nakain" (Tagalog-Batangas) * **Ponolohikal** - pagkakaiba-ibang sa bigkas at tunog ng mga salita * Hal: "Pera" (Filipino) - "Pira" (Bisaya) * Hal: Often-/o-fen/ (British English) -/of-ten/ (Filipino Accent) * **Uri ng Barayti ng Wika** * **Dayalek o diyalekto** - wikang nalilikha ng dimensiyong heograpiko. * wikang ginagamit sa isang partikular na rehiyon, lalawigan o pook * pagkakaroon nito ng set ng mga distinct na bokabularyo (punto, tono o estruktura) * Hal: "Aba, ang ganda!" (Maynila) -"Aba, ang ganda eh!" (Batangas) * **Sosyolek** - wikang nalilikha ng dimensiyong heograpiko * nakabatay ito sa mga pangkat panlipunan * Gaylingo - wikang ginagamit ng mga bakla * Jejemon - pagpapaikli o pagpapalit ng letra ng mga simbolo * Coñotik - tinatawag ring conyspeak o Taglish * Legal Jargon - maaari ding may okupasyonal na rehistro * **Idyolek** - indibidwal na katangian ng bawat tao ay nakaiimpluwensiya sa wika * nag-aambag sa katangiang ikinaiiba ng kaniyang pananalita sa iba. * Hal: "Hindi namin kayo tatantanan" by Mike Enriquez ### Aralin 4 - Gamit ng Wika * **Conative** - impluwensiya sa iba gamit ang pag-uutos at pakiusap * **Informative** - may gustong ipaalam sa isang tao * **Labeling** - nagbibigay ng bagong tawag sa isang tao o bagay * **Phatic** - karaniwang maikli / pahayag na nagbubukas ng usapan * **Emotive** - naibabahagi ang nararamdaman o emosyon sa mga kausap * **Expressive** - upang mas makilala at maunawaan tayo ng ibang tao * **Durkheim** - siya ay isang sociologist * nabubuo ang lipunan ng mga taong naninirahan sa isang pook (1985) * **W.P Robinson** - tungkulin ng wika ay nasa aklat niyang "Language and Social Behavior" (1972). * pagkilala sa estado ng damdamin at pagkatao, panlipunang ugnayan * pagtukoy sa antas ng buhay sa lipunan. * **M.A.K Halliday** - naglahad sa pitong tungkulin ng wika na mababasa sa kanyang aklat "Explorations in the Functions of Language (Exploration in Language Study) (1973)" #### Pitong Tungkulin ng Wika: 1. **Interaksiyonal** - sa pagpapanatili ng mga relasyong sosyal. 2. **Instrumental** - tumutulong sa tao para maisagawa ang mga gusto niyang gawin. 3. **Regulatori** - sa pagkontrol sa mga ugali o asal ng ibang tao, sitwasyon o kaganapan. 4. **Personal** - pagpapahayag ng personalidad o mga sariling opinyon. 5. **Heuristiko** - upang matuto at magtamo ng mga tiyak na kaalaman. 6. **Impormatibo** - upang ipaalam ang iba't ibang kaalaman at insight. 7. **Imahenatibo** - pagkamalikhain / napapagana ang imahinasyon ng tao. ### Aralin 5 - Teorya ng Wika * **Richard Nordquist** * Amerikanong propesor * "Ano ang kauna-unahang wika? Paano, * kailan, at saan ito nagmula?" * **Ayon sa UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino (2010)** * Teorya / Haka - isang espekulatibong pananaw * **Bernard Campbell** * antropologong propesor * "Hindi natin alam, at hindi na natin malalaman * kung paano at saan nagmula ang wika." * sistema ng mga ideyang nagpapaliwanag sa ilang bagay #### Teorya ng Banal na Pinagmulan * **Tore ng Babel** - iisang wika na pinagwatakwatak * Genesis 2:20 - kasabay ng pagkalalang sa tao ang pagsilang din ng wika * Genesis 11:1-9 - ipinapakita rito ang pinagmulan ng pagkakaiba-iba ng wika. * **Teoryang Ding-dong** - teorya galing kay Max Müller (pilologong Aleman) * panggagaya ng mga sinaunang tao sa mga tunog sa kalikasan. * **Teoryang Bow-wow** - ang teoryang ito na mungkahi rin ni Max Müller * panggagaya naman sa mga tunog na nalilikha ng mga hayop * **Teoryang Pooh-pooh** - teoryang ito na iminungkahi rin ni Max Müller * salitang nabibigkas dulot ng masisidhing damdamin * **Teoryang Yo-he-ho** - teoryang ito na ipinagpalagay ni A. S. Diamond (dalubwika o lingguwista) * mula sa mga pag-ungol at pagsinghal bunga ng matitinding pisikal na pagkilos * **Teoryang Ta-ta** - unang iminungkahi ni Charles Darwin / pinalawak ni Richard Paget (pisikong British) * ugnayan ang kumpas o galaw ng mga kamay sa paggalaw ng dila * **Teoryang Sing-song / La-la** - iminungkahi ni Otto Jespersen (dalubwikang Danish) * nagmula sa paglalaro, pagtawa, pag-awit, pagkurukutok (cooing) * **Teoryang Babble-luck** - ipinalalagay ni Edward Thorndike * ngumangawa (babble) sa unang pagkakataon (luck o chance) at * pagkatapos ay kusa o sinasadya na at ganap siyang naunawaan * **Teoryang Hey, you! / Contact** - iminungkahi ng dalubwihang si Revesz * Nang dahil sa mga contact, nabuo ang wika. * **Teoryang Hocus-pocus** - ayon sa teorya ni C. George Boeree * maaaring nag-ugat sa mahiwaga o relihiyosong aspekto ng buhay * Hocus-pocus - salitang binibigkas ng isang salamangkero o magician. * **Teoryang Eureka!** - iminungkahi rin ni C. George Boeree * wika ay sadyang inimbento / random na tunog para bigyang-kahulugan ang bagay * Eureka! - ekspresyong iniuugnay kay Archimedes (isang matematisyang Griyego o Greek) * na nangangahulugang "natuklasan ko na!" * **Teoryang Mama** - pinakamadadaling pantig o syllable na maiuugnay sa pinakamahahalagang bagay. ## Computer Science 11 ### Lesson 1 - Data Science * **Data** - raw information that is collected, stored, and processed. * **Science** - systematic study and investigation of phenomena * the use of scientific methods and principles. * **Data Science** - field of study that combines domain expertise, programming skills, and * knowledge of mathematics and statistics * to extract meaningful insights from data * **Artificial Intelligence** - ability of machine to imitate human intelligence * **Machine Learning** - algorithms to incorporate intelligence into machine * derive meaning from data and create Al applications * **Deep Learning** - algorithms that mimics human brain to incorporate * Intelligence into machine * **Data Value Chain** - a decision-making tool to depict an organization's sequence * of actions for delivering a value ### Common Analytics Terminologies | **Terminology** | **Description** | |---|---| | DATA | what data is gathered, how it is acquired, how it is utilized, and who has access to it, among other things. | | INFORMATION | due to new government rules on data management, organizations are forced to strengthen their execution of these tasks | | INSIGHTS | "Why did it happen?" and "How did it happen?" What might happen next?" | | IMPERATIVES | address the question, "What should be done next?" | ### Major Data Science Job Families * **Data Stewards** - known as organization's data gatekeepers * to guarantee that data assets supply the business with high-quality data, * **Data Engineers** - create, test, and manage data infrastructures, * collect, clean, convert, and load data from various sources into centralized data * **Data Scientist** - to gain new insights (patterns and trends) from quantitative and qualitative data * employ statistical techniques and develop analytical models. * **Functional Analysts** - insights are used to assist businesses in making better decisions * provide final recommendations to the leadership team, * **Analytics Managers** - develop and guide data-driven projects * from initiation to planning, execution to performance monitoring, to closure. ### Lesson 2 - Ethics in Data Science * **Data Life Cycle** - includes the collection, storage, processing, analysis, and interpretation of various data #### Ethical Principles * **Privacy** - respecting an individual's data with confidentiality and consent * **Transparency** - how data is collected, processed, and used * **Fairness and Bias** - ensuring fairness in data-driven processes and addressing biases * **Accountability** - holding individuals and organizations accountable for their actions and decisions * **Security** - protects data from unauthorized access and breaches. * **Data Quality** - ensures the accuracy of the data, completeness and the reliability of the data to prevent * any misinformation. #### Importance of Ethical Data Usage * helps protect individuals and society while encouraging responsible innovation * maintaining the integrity of data-driven systems. #### Practices for Responsible Data Usage * **Transparent documentation** - serves as the backbone of ethical decision-making * Data Sources - clearly outlining where the data originates from * Methodologies describing the techniques, algorithms, and processes used for data analysis * Transformations - modifications or preprocessing steps applied to the data before analysis * Bias Mitigation - mitigating biases in data and algorithm ## Pre-Calculus 11 ### Lesson 1 - Linear Functions * **x-axis** - horizontal line * **y-axis** - vertical line * **Origin** - point of intersection of the two axes * **Ordered pair** - composition of the x coordinate (abscissa) * and the y coordinate (ordinate) * having two values written in a fixed order * within parentheses * **Abscissa** - the x coordinate of an ordered pair * **Ordinate** - the y coordinate of an ordered pair * **Quadrant** - the coordinate axes divide the plane * into four parts * **Distance Formula** * the distance between two points of the * coordinate plane * **Midpoint Formula** * the point at the exact middle of the line * segment. * **Slope of a Line** * the abscissa of the midpoint of a line segment is half the sum of the * abscissas of the endpoints; the ordinate is half the sum of the ordinates * **Rise** - how many units you move or down from point to point. * changed in the y-values. * **Run** - how far left or right you move from point to point. * changed of x-values. * **Slope Intercept Forms** * **Positive Slope** - a line that goes up left to right * **Negative Slope** - a line that goes down left to right * **Horizontal Line** - has slope 0. * **Vertical Line** - has no slope * **Equation of Lines** * **Standard Form** * Ax + By = C * **General Form** * Ax + By + C = 0 * **Slope intercept Form** * m = slope * b = y-intercept * y = mx + b * **The Point-Slope Form** * X1 = abcsissa * m = slope * y1 = ordinate * y-y₁ = m(x - X₁) * **Graphing of Lines** * Plot the y-intercept form * Plot the other point using slope * Form line by connecting the points ### Lesson 2 - Circles * **Conic Sections** - intersection of the cone and a plane * **Circle** - plane is parallel to the base of the cone * B²-4AC <0 (B = 0 and A = C) * **Parabola** - plane intersects to the base of the cone * B² - 4AC = 0 * **Ellipse** - plane is slantly intersects with the cone * B²-4AC < 0 (B≠ 0 or A≠C) * **Hyperbola** - plane is perpendicular to the base * B² - 4AC > 0 * **Equation of Conic Section:** Ax² + Bxy + Cy² + Dx + Ey + F = 0 * **Circle** - the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point * **Fixed Point** - the center of a circle * **Radius** - distance from the center to any point on the circle * **Locus of a Point** - curve traced by that point as it moves along the plane. #### Standard Form Equation of a Circle (Center-Radius Form) * (x-h)² + (y - k)² = r² #### General Form of Equation of a Circle * x² + y² + Dx + Ey + F = 0 #### Center at Origin Formula * x² + y² = r² #### Standard Form of Parabola at Origin: * x² = 4cy * y² = 4cx #### Standard Form of Parabola at Vertex (h, k): * (xh)² = 4c(y - k) * (y - k)² = 4c(x − h) ### Lesson 3 - Parabola * **Parabola -** the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant * from directrix and the focus not on the line * **Directrix** a fixed line in a parabola * **Focus** - a fixed point in a parabola * **Vertex** - midpoint between the focus and the directrix * **Axis of the Parabola** - line passing through the focus and the vertex * **Latus Rectum** - chord drawn through the focus * perpendicular to the axis of the parabola * **Length of Latus Rectum** - equals to the 4c #### General Forms of a Parabola: * x² + Dx + Ey + F = 0 → * Parabola opens upward or downward * y² + Dx + Ey + F = 0 → * Parabola opens to the right or to the left ### Data - simply means the raw facts and figures. #### Understanding Data: * **Source of Data** - assessing its reliability and relevance * **Primary Data** - are data you generate yourself (internally generated) * **Secondary Data** - data generated by other people (externally generated) * **Nature of Data** - encompassing both numeric and categorical dimension * **Quantitative Data** - measurable and can be subjected to mathematical operations. * Discrete - often counted in whole numbers / integers * Continuous - can be expressed in decimal or fractional form. * **Qualitative Data** - generally non-numeric and represents categories or labels * **Timing Perspective** - how observations are organized either at a point in time or over time * **Cross-Sectional Data** - snapshot of a population or phenomenon at a specific point in time * **Time Series Data** - observations collected over successive and evenly spaced time intervals. #### Guide on Structuring a Table: * **No Empty Columns** * **No Empty Rows** * **One Row of Header** - No Total/Subtotal * **No Obstructions Around the Data** * **Dates in a Single Column** * **Category/Variables in a Single Column** * **Every Table Must Have a Primary Key** * **Big Data** - data which are very large in size * **Structured Data** - predefined format and generally exist in tables * data which is to the point, factual, and highly organized (quantitative) * **Unstructured Data** - data that lacks any predefined model or format. #### Methods of Collecting Primary Data: * **Interviews** - direct, one-on-one conversations with individuals. * **Questionnaires** - by asking people a set of questions, * **Observations** - watching and recording behaviors * **Experiments** - manipulating variables to determine their effect * **Focus Group** - gathering a small group of people to discuss #### Sources or Correspondents * furnished by them to the investigator. #### Methods of Collecting Secondary Data: * **Books** * **Journal Articles** * **Published Sources** - to information that is published by others. * **Unpublished Sources** - for self-use and are not published anywhere. * Newspapers/Magazines * Government Reports * Websites * Personal Letters or Emails * Internal Company Reports * Drafts of Research Papers * Unpublished Theses or Dissertations * Meeting Minutes or Notes ### Lesson 3 - Data Collection * **Variable** - a characteristic/ attribute that can vary among individuals or objects in a study * **Quantitative** - also known as a numerical variable * represents measurable quantities * **Qualitative** - also known as a categorical variable * represents categories or labels that we can group in buckets * **Measurement** - transforms variables from theoretical constructs into actionable entities #### Types of Measurement Scales: | **Scale** | **Category** | **Meaningful Order** | **Equal Intervals** | **True Zero** | |---|---|---|---|---| | **Nominal** | - | - | - | - | | **Ordinal** | - | √ | - | - | | **Interval** | - | √ | √ | - | | **Ratio** | - | √ | √ | √ | #### Parallel and Perpendicular Lines * **Parallel lines** - lines in the same plane that never intersect. * have the same slope and different y-intercepts * **Perpendicular Lines** - lines that intersect to form 90 degree-angle or a right angle. * the slope of one is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the other. #### System of Equations * **System of Equations** - set of equations for which a common solution is sought * **Finding the solutions by Graphing** * To graph the equations * Find the coordinates of the point(s) of intersection.