Reviewer For Abpsych PDF

REVIEWER FOR ABPSYCH 3.) TIME-LIMITED- occurring within a short or certain period of time only ONSET- Beginning of the disorder ❖ DEFINING MENTAL DISORDER...

REVIEWER FOR ABPSYCH 3.) TIME-LIMITED- occurring within a short or certain period of time only ONSET- Beginning of the disorder ❖ DEFINING MENTAL DISORDER INSIDIOUS- Developing gradually over an extended period Criteria for normality ACUTE- Disorder is beginning suddenly 1.) normality is average- what we accept by the majority DIAGNOSIS- official clinical description and 2.) normality is social conformity- anyone label who conforms to social norms is normal PROGNOSIS- anticipated course or outcome of 3.) normality is personal comfort- if a a disorder person feels comfort or pleasure, then it is normal. SIGNS- manifestation of disease as perceived by the clinician Cultural Relativism- there are no universal SYMPTOMS- perceived by the patient himself standards or rules for labeling a behavior as abnormal behavior ❖ ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR IN Psychological Disorder- dysfunction within an HISTORICAL CONTEXT ETIOLOGY individual, not typical or culturally expected. OF PATHOLOGY 4 D’S OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ETIOLOGY- study of origin, has to do with why 1.) DISTRESS (PERSONAL DISTRESS) disorder begins. - Suffer or experience psychological pain 2.) DEVIANCE (VIOLATION OF SOCIAL HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES NORMS) 1.) SUPERNATURAL MODEL - Unusual behavior, rare and undesirable - Results of divine intervention (curses, compared to something that is demonic possession, sin) undesirable but is statistically common - Religious rituals, exorcism, confession 3.) DANGEROUSNESS and atonement - Someone can cause potential harm to 2.) BIOLOGICAL MODEL self or to others - Physical disease, breakdown of bodily 4.) DYSFUNCTION systems - Interferes with one’s daily functioning, - Restoration of health impedes with our ability to enjoy our 3.) PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL work and our relationship. - Results of traumas - Rest, relaxation, change of environment COURSE- Individual pattern of symptoms COURSES 1.) CHRONIC- tend to last a long time or a SUPERNATURAL MODEL lifetime 2.) EPISODIC- happening in a certain time and 1.) DEMONS AND WITCHES then occurring Supernatural causes of psychological disorders  - work of the devil -The diagnosis of a mental disorder should have - witchcraft clinical utility: it should help clinicians to Treatment determine prognosis, treatment plans, and - Sorcery and magic potential treatment outcomes for their - Exorcism patients. - Shaving a cross pattern in the hair - Securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church ANXIETY DISORDERS TREPHINATION- Used by cave dwellers in which - include disorders that share features of a stone instrument known as a trephine was excessive fear and anxiety and related used to remove part of the skull, creating an behavioral disturbances. opening. FEAR- is the emotional response to real or If exorcism failed, some authorities resorted to perceived imminent threat confinement, beatings, and other forms of ANXIETY- anticipation of future threat. torture as treatment (hanging people over a pit PANIC ATTACKS- type of fear response. full of poisonous snakes) Nicholas Oresme- adviser to the king of France ▪ BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL: o BIOLOGICAL MODEL - Genetics MASS HYSTERIA- whole groups of people were o PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL- Cognitive simultaneously compelled to run out in the o SOCIOLOGICAL MODEL- Cultural streets, dance, shout, rave and jump SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER (SAD) PARACELSUS- rejected the notions of =excessive fear or anxiety about separation possession and suggested that the movement from attachment figures. of moon and stars had profound affects on DURATION: at least 4 weeks in children, people’s psychological functioning typically, 6 months or more in adults. - lunatic SELECTIVE MUTISM =failure to speak: consistent failure to speak in ❖ DISORDERS specific social situations DURATION: duration of at least 1 month (not Mental Disorder limited to the first month of school). -is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s SPECIFIC PHOBIA cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that =marked fear or anxiety about a specific object reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, or situation. biological, or developmental processes DURATION: persists for at least 6 months and underlying mental functioning. causes distress or impairment. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER that of others) =Fear of evaluation by other people, fear or anxiety in social situations with possible HOARDING DISORDER scrutiny. - difficulty discarding or parting with possessions PANIC DISORDER =abrupt surge of intense fear or intense TRICHOTILLOMANIA discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes - pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss. DURATION: reaches a peak within minutes, and - causes clinically significant distress or during which time four (or more) impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. AGORAPHOBIA =fear or anxiety in public places EXCORIATION (SKIN-PICKING) DISORDER - Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions. GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER - causes clinically significant distress or =often worry about everyday, routine life impairment in social, occupational, or other circumstances, such as possible job important areas of functioning. responsibilities, health, and finances, the health - face, arms, and hands of family members, misfortune to their children, DURATION: often spend significant amounts of or minor matters time on their picking behavior, sometimes DURATION: excessive anxiety and worry for at several hours per day least 6 months. TRAUMA- AND STRESSOR-RELATED OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE AND RELATED DISORDERS DISORDERS REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER - consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally Obsession- intrusive and nonsensical thoughts, withdrawn behavior toward adult images or, or urges an individual tries to Caregivers eliminate or suppress. - which a child rarely or minimally turns - Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, preferentially to an attachment figure for ordering, checking) or mental acts comfort, support, protection, and nurturance. (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) time consuming DISINHIBITED SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT DISORDER DURATION: take more than 1 hour per day - actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER - overly familiar behavior violates the social - preoccupation with perceive defects or flaws boundaries of the culture. in physical appearance -performed repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, - fear-based reexperiencing reassurance seeking) or mental acts (e.g., - Exposure to actual or threatened death, comparing his or her appearance with serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) Bipolar II - Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s), Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it Hypomanic Episode occurred to others. Duration: lasting at least 4 consecutive days DURATION: 1-6 months and present most of the day, nearly every day. ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Major Depressive Episode - Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s), - Five (or more) of the following symptoms have Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it been present during the same 2- week period occurred to others. -Symptoms: depressed mood or loss of interest DURATION: 1 day- 1 month or pleasure. Duration: weeks, months, or, rarely, years ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS - development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS stressor(s) - occurring within 3 months of the onset of the Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder stressor(s). -Severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally (e.g., verbal rages) and/or behaviorally (e.g., physical aggression toward people or BIPOLAR AND RELATED DISORDER property) -The temper outbursts are inconsistent with developmental level. Bipolar I Duration: present for 12 or more months. Manic Episode MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER -distinct period of abnormally and persistently - Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and day, as indicated by either subjective report abnormally and persistently increased activity (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or energy - depressive episode is a period lasting at least 2 Duration: lasting at least 1 week and present weeks most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary). PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER - Depressed mood for most of the day, for more Hypomanic Episode days than not, as indicated by either subjective Duration: lasting at least 4 consecutive days account or observation by others and present most of the day, nearly every day. -signs including: Poor appetite or overeating Insomnia or hypersomnia. Major Depressive Episode - for at least 2 years. - Five (or more) of the following symptoms have PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER been present during the same 2- week period - In the majority of menstrual cycles, marked -Symptoms: depressed mood or loss of interest affective lability (e.g., mood swings; feeling or pleasure. Duration: most of the day, nearly every day suddenly sad or tearful, or increased sensitivity FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS to rejection). -characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in SOMATIC SYMPTOM AND the altered consumption or absorption of food DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER and that significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning. SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER - Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors PICA related to the somatic symptoms or associated - Persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood health concerns substances over a period - Persistently high level of anxiety about health - eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances or symptoms. - at least 1 month. -(typically more than 6 months). RUMINATION DISORDER ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER - Repeated regurgitation of food - Preoccupation with having or acquiring a - Regurgitated food may be re-chewed, re- serious illness. swallowed, or spit out. - Illness preoccupation has been present for at - least 1 month. least 6 months, AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER DISORDER - a disruption of and/or discontinuity in the - An eating or feeding disturbance (e.g., normal integration of consciousness, memory, apparent lack of interest in eating or food; identity, emotion, perception, body avoidance based on the sensory characteristics representation, motor control, and beavior. of food; concern about aversive consequences of eating) DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER - described as “restrictive eating,” “selective - Disruption of identity characterized by two or eating,” “choosy eating,” “perseverant eating,” more distinct personality states “chronic food refusal,” and “food neophobia” DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA ANOREXIA NERVOSA - inability to recall important autobiographical - Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming information, usually of a traumatic or stressful fat. nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting. BULIMIA NERVOSA - Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION episode of binge eating DISORDER - Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within - Depersonalization: Experiences of unreality, any 2-hour period) detachment, or being an outside observer - to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced Derealization: Experiences of unreality or vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other detachment with respect to surroundings medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. BINGE-EATING DISORDER CENTRAL SLEEP APNEA - Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An - Characterized by repeated episodes of apneas episode of binge eating and hypopneas during sleep caused by - Eating much more rapidly than normal. variability in respiratory effort. - The binge eating occurs, on average, at least -when the part of the brain that controls our once a week for 3 months. breathing does not function (brain) SLEEP-RELATED HYPOVENTILATION SLEEP-WAKE DISORDERS -Due to obesity, episodes of shallow Breathing may be observed, and obstructive INSOMNIA DISORDER sleep apnea hypopnea or central sleep apnea - Dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, may coexist. difficulty initiating sleep. - The sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 nights per CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP-WAKE DISORDERS week. - A persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep - The sleep difficulty is present for at least 3 disruption that is primarily due to an months. alteration of the circadian system HYPERSOMNOLENCE DISORDER PARASOMNIAS - Self-reported excessive sleepiness - Disorders characterized by abnormal - The hypersomnolence occurs at least three behavioral, experiential, or physiological times per week, for at least 3 Events occurring in association with sleep, months. specific sleep stages, or sleep-wake transitions. NARCOLEPSY NON–RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP AROUSAL - Recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to DISORDERS (NREM) sleep, lapsing into sleep, or napping occurring - Episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep within the same day. - sleepwalking episodes can include a wide - These must have been occurring at least variety of behaviors. three times per week over the past 3 months. - Sleep terrors: usually beginning with a panicky scream. There is intense fear and signs of OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA HYPOPNEA autonomic arousal - Common breathing-related sleep disorder. It is characterized by repeated episodes of upper NIGHTMARE DISORDER (pharyngeal) airway obstruction (apneas and - Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely hypopneas) during sleep. dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that - reduction in breathing of at least usually involve efforts to avoid threats to 10 seconds in duration in adults or two missed survival, security, or physical integrity breaths in children -blockages RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER - Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalization and/or Complex motor behaviors. - responses to the content of action-filled or violent dreams of being attacked or trying to escape from a threatening situation, which may be termed dream enacting behaviors. - usually occur more than 90 minutes after sleep onset RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME -An urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by or in response to uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs, - typically described as creeping, crawling, tingling, burning, or itching - Frequent movements of the legs occur in an effort to relieve the uncomfortable sensations. - persisted for at least 3 months.