Respiratory System BSN PDF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LINDA E. PUNZALAN, PTRP, MASPED Professor 1  CONTRIBUTES TO HOMEOSTASIS BY PROVIDING FOR THE EXCHANGE OF GASES—OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE—BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR, BLOOD, AND TISSUE CELLS.  IT ALSO HELPS ADJUST THE PH OF...

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LINDA E. PUNZALAN, PTRP, MASPED Professor 1  CONTRIBUTES TO HOMEOSTASIS BY PROVIDING FOR THE EXCHANGE OF GASES—OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE—BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR, BLOOD, AND TISSUE CELLS.  IT ALSO HELPS ADJUST THE PH OF BODY FLUIDS  OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 2 1. Provides for gas exchange: intake of O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells. 2. Helps regulate blood pH. 3. Contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal sounds (phonation), and excretes small amounts of water and heat. MAJOR FUNCTION FO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 3 pH:  quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions  Normal range of pH level: 7.35 - 7.45  Neutral level of pH: 7.0  ALKALOSIS: MORE THAN 7.45 pH Level  ACIDOSIS: LESS THAN 7.35 pH Level  RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS VS RESPIRATORY 4 ACIDOSIS 5 6  THE U P P E R AND L O W ER RESP IR AT O R Y TRACT 7 STRUCTURES OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 8 9 10 11  PHARYNX  AKA THROAT, IS A FUNNEL- SHAPED TUBE ABOUT 13 CM (5 IN.) LONG THAT STARTS AT THE INTERNAL NARES TO LEVEL OF THE CRICOID CARTILAGE  POSTERIOR TO THE NASAL AND ORAL CAVITIES,  SUPERIOR TO THE LARYNX  JUST ANTERIOR TO THE CERVICAL VERTEBRA 12  PASSAGE WAY  IT SERVES BOTH THE RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS BY RECEIVING AIR FROM THE NASAL CAVITY AND AIR, FOOD, AND WATER FROM THE ORAL CAVITY. 13 14 15 16  AKA windpipe  DURING INHALATION air travels from your nose, through your larynx, and down your windpipe  Thewindpipe splits into two bronchi that enter lungs  CARINA:Aridge at the base of the trachea  BRANCHING OF BRONCHI HAPPENS TRACHEA 17  THE TWO LARGE TUBES THAT CARRY AIR FROM YOUR WINDPIPE TO YOUR LUNGS BRONCHI (PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY) 18 Bronchioles are air passages inside the lungs that branch off like tree limbs from the bronchi The bronchioles deliver air to tiny sacs called alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged BRONCHIOLE 19 ALVEOLI AND ALVEOLAR SAC 20  Alveoli are tiny air sacs in your lungs that take up the oxygen we breathe in and keep body going.  workhorses of respiratory system.  480 million alveoli, located at the end of bronchial tubes.  breathe in: the alveoli expand to take in oxygen.  breathe out: the alveoli shrink to expel carbon dioxide  SURFACTANT:  A SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT  reduces surface tension at the air–water INTERFACE in the alveoli  preventing collapse of ALVEOLI at end-expiration 21 M OVE M EN T OF THO R A C IC CAGE 22 BUCKET HANDLE 23 PUMP HANDLE 24 CALIPER MOTION 25 PISTONING MOTION 26 INHALATIO N 27 EXHALATI ON 28 M U SC L E S F OR I N S P IR AT I O N AND E X P I R AT IO N 29 30 31 32 33  VC = IRV + TV + ERV  VC = IC + ERV  TLC = VC + RV  TLC = IC + FRC  FRC = ERV + RV 34  DISO R D ER S OF RESP I RA T OR Y SY ST E M 35  COPD,refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing- related problems CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES 36 1. PNEUMONIA 2. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS 3. EMPHYSEMA CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE 4. ASTHMA PULMONARY DISEASES 5. BRONCHIECTASIS 6. CYSTIC FIBROSIS 7. ATELECTASIS 37  CHRONIC LUNG CONDITIONS THAT LIMIT THE ABILITY OF A PERSON'S LUNGS TO EXPAND DURING INHALATION. MOST CASES OF RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES ARE NOT CURABLE, BUT THEY ARE OFTEN MANAGEABLE WITH MEDICATION AND EXERCISE REGIMES. CHRONIC RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES 38 COPD 39  AN INFECTION THAT INFLAMES YOUR LUNGS' AIR SACS (ALVEOLI). THE AIR SACS MAY FILL UP WITH FLUID OR PUS, CAUSING SYMPTOMS SUCH AS A COUGH, FEVER, CHILLS AND TROUBLE BREATHING 40 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CAP INCREASED INCIDENCE OF CAP WITH INCREASING PATIENT AGE THE ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF PNEUMONIA IN THE USA WAS 24.8 CASES PER 10,000 ADULTS WITH THE HIGHEST RATES AMONG ADULTS AGED BETWEEN 65 AND 79 YEARS OF AGE (63.0 CASES PER 10,000 ADULTS) AND THOSE AGED 80 YEARS OR OLDER 4 1 ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR VIRUSES, BACTERIA, AND FUNGI CAN ALL CAUSE PNEUMONIA. IN THE UNITED STATES, COMMON CAUSES OF VIRAL PNEUMONIA ARE: INFLUENZA, RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV), SARS-COV-2 (THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES COVID-19). A COMMON CAUSE OF BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA IS STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE (PNEUMOCOCCUS). 4 2 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT THERE ARE NO TREATMENTS FOR MOST VIRAL CAUSES OF PNEUMONIA. HOWEVER, IF THE FLU VIRUS IS THOUGHT TO BE THE CAUSE, ANTIVIRAL DRUGS MIGHT BE PRESCRIBED, SUCH AS OSELTAMIVIR (TAMIFLU®), ZANAMIVIR (RELENZA®), OR PERAMIVIR (RAPIVAB®), TO DECREASE THE LENGTH AND SEVERITY OF THE ILLNESS. 43 PT MANAGEMENT CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY IS WIDELY USED AS ADJUVANT TREATMENT FOR PNEUMONIA. PHYSIOTHERAPY IS THOUGHT TO HELP REMOVE INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES, TRACHEOBRONCHIAL SECRETIONS, AND AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIONS, AND REDUCE AIRWAY RESISTANCE TO IMPROVE BREATHING AND ENHANCE GAS EXCHANGE 44 POSTUR AL DRAINAG E 45 46 47 48 49 50  Obesity causes mechanical compression of the diaphragm, lungs, and chest cavity, which can lead to restrictive pulmonary damage. Furthermore, excess fat decreases total respiratory system compliance, increases pulmonary resistance, and reduces respiratory muscle strength OBESITY 51  Obesity can cause various deleterious effects to respiratory function, such as alterations in respiratory mechanics, decrease in respiratory muscle strength and endurance, decrease in pulmonary gas exchange, lower control of breathing, and limitations in pulmonary function tests and exercise capacity OBESITY 52  Although weight loss is common in patients with COPD, previous studies have shown that about 65% of the COPD population is overweight or obese. Obesity is a well- known risk factor for several diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, also in patients with COPD OBESITY 53 ASTHMATIC PATIENT 54 EMPHYSEMA 55 CHRONIC 56 BRONCHITIS BRONCHIECTASIS 57 ATELECTASIS 58 SCOLIOSIS 59 MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 60