Readings in Philippine History.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY History ➔ Greek Word: “Historia” ◆ Knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation ➔ Greek Noun: “ISTOI⍺” ◆ Learning ➔ As old as mathematics ➔ Study of the past ➔ Past of the mankind...

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY History ➔ Greek Word: “Historia” ◆ Knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation ➔ Greek Noun: “ISTOI⍺” ◆ Learning ➔ As old as mathematics ➔ Study of the past ➔ Past of the mankind Definition of History ➔ Account of the past of a person or as a group of people through written documents and historical evidences ➔ Study of beliefs and desires, practice and institution of human beings ➔ Traditional historians’ mantra — “No Document, No History” “Traditional” Valid Historical Sources ➔ Nobilities, monarchs, and elite and even the middle class would have: ◆ Birth record; ◆ Educational record; ◆ Marriage record; ◆ Death record ➔ Government record ➔ Chronicler’s account ➔ Personal letters Context Analysis ➔ Considers time and place when the historical document was written as well as the situation or the circumstances during the time ➔ Also considers the following: ◆ Author (biographical background); ◆ Role in the event ◆ Intent of writing the document Historiography ➔ History of history ➔ History itself ➔ Not only historical facts but also provided with the understanding of the facts and historical contexts Historiography ➔ To trace back our roots and it can tell us a great deal about how we came to be who we are. ➔ Looking at the past let us look in different lenses: Appreciation the diverse human perceptions, beliefs, and cultures. Perspectives Positivism Postcolonialism ➔ 18th and 19th century ➔ 20th Century ➔ Empirical and observable evidences ➔ When formerly colonized nations ➔ Entails an objective means of arriving grappled with the idea of creating their at a conclusion identities and understanding their societies against the shadows of their Case at Point: colonial past. ➔ Jose Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, and Pedro Paterno ➔ History intended for certain audience Postcolonial History Historians are Influenced by: ➔ Reaction and alternative to the ➔ Context colonial history that colonial powers ➔ Environment created and taught their subjects ➔ Ideology ➔ Education Biases Explicit Implicit ➔ The person is very clear about his or ➔ Also known as unconscious bias, her feelings and attitudes, and related operates outside of the person’s behaviors are conducted with intent awareness and can be in direct contradiction to a person’s espoused beliefs and values. Historical Methodology ➔ Comprises of certain techniques and rules that scrutinize these historical sources to avoid depiction and to come up with the historical truth. External Criticism Internal Criticism ➔ Verifying the authenticity of evidence ➔ Examination of the truthfulness of the by examining physical characteristics evidence Evaluating the Sources based on Internal Criteria 1. Genealogy 2. Genesis 3. Originality 4. Interpretation 5. Authorial authority 6. Competence of the observer 7. Trustworthiness of the observer  Evaluating the Sources based on Internal Criteria Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier (2001) preconditions: 1. It must be comprehensible at the most basic level of vocabulary, language, and handwriting; 2. The source must be carefully located in accordance with the place and time; and 3. Through the first two preconditions, the authenticity of the source must always be checked and counterchecked before being accepted as a credible source in any historical findings. Types of Sources Primary Sources Secondary Sources ➔ Produced at the same time as the ➔ Testimony of anyone who is not an event, period, or subject being studied eyewitness ➔ First-hand account ➔ The one who was not present at the ➔ Eyewitnesses event of which he tells ➔ Produced by an author who used primary source to produce the material Examples Examples ➔ Archival documents, artifacts, ➔ Books memorabilia, letters ➔ Articles ➔ Census and government records ➔ Scholarly journals ➔ Speeches, journals, and diaries ➔ Audio and video recordings ➔ Autobiographies and memoirs Validation of Primary Sources Validation of Secondary Sources Garraghan (1905) identified six points of Gottschalk (1969) suggested that this kind inquiries to evaluate the authenticity of a of source should only be used when: primary source: 1. Deriving the setting wherein the 1. Date contemporary evidence will fit in the 2. Localization grand narrative 3. Authorship 2. Getting leads to other biographic data 4. Analysis 3. Acquiring quotations or citations from 5. Integrity contemporary or other sources 6. Credibility 4. Deriving interpretations with a view of testing and improving them as outright truth.  First Voyage Around The World The Book and Its Context ➔ Antonio Pigafetta’s account is the source of information about Magellan’s expedition ➔ Narrates the voyage and all matters that had occurred daily in their voyage ➔ The Relation of the Voyage is addressed to Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L’Isle-Adam ➔ It was presented to King Charles V ➔ Originally carried out as a request of the marquess of Mantua but then arrested at the order of Pope Clement VII Antonio Pigafetta Ferdinand Magellan ➔ Italian scholar and explorer from ➔ Born in a noble family in Portugal in Venice 1480 ➔ Born around 1491, belonged to a rich ➔ Served as a court page for two years, family then decided to become an explorer ➔ Studied astronomy, geography, and ➔ In 1512, stationed in Morocco and cartography in his youth planned to find a Western shortcut to ➔ Traveled with Portuguese explorer the Spice Islands Ferdinand Magellan to the Indies ➔ King Emmanuel of Portugal refused to for spices finance his journey ➔ Magellan's assistant and journal ➔ Renounced Portuguese citizenship keeper and offered services to King Charles I ➔ Helped translate the Cebuano of Spain language ➔ Voyage started with around 240 men ➔ Collected extensive data on in five ships geography, climate, flora, and fauna of ➔ Discovered the Philippines and visited places named it the Archipelago of St. ➔ One of 18 men to return from the Lazarus voyage out of approximately 240 ➔ The Pacific Ocean was one of the toughest challenges they faced ➔ Ship crew suffered from extreme hunger, feeding on rats, sawdust, leather, and maggots (around 20 men died) ➔ Upon arrival in the Philippine Islands, they began converting natives to Christianity ➔ Mactan local chief Lapu-Lapu and his men were upset when Magellan insisted on their conversion ➔ On April 27, 1521, Magellan was killed by a poisoned arrow Ships of Ferdinand Magellan During His Expedition ➔ Five ships  ◆ Trinidad (Flagship) ◆ San Antonio (Escaped) ◆ Concepcion ◆ Victoria ◆ Santiago (Shipwrecked) ➔ Out of 270 men, only 115 men were left after the battle held in Mactan. Chronological Events March 17, 1521 March 18, 1521 ➔ They came upon an island named ➔ They saw 9 men in a boat Homonhon in Samar, where they approaching them and these men rested for the day. came from the island Zuluan ➔ The men were giving signs of joy for Magellan’s arrival ➔ There was an exchange of gifts between them ➔ Magellan named the islands, San Lazaro March 22, 1521 March 28, 1521 ➔ The natives (Filipinos) gave the ➔ They saw a bonfire on an island remaining gifts they promised to (Limasawa) and anchored near it Magellan ➔ A boloto with 8 men came near the ➔ The seignior of the natives was flagship painted (tattooed) and had many ➔ An interpreter under Magellan spoke accessories to them ➔ They call the natives caphri or ➔ Later, two balanghais approached heathen them with their king ➔ They go naked, only covering their ➔ Magellan gave gifts to the men who privates entered his ship while he rejected the gifts of the king March 29, 1521 March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) ➔ The king visited Magellan’s ship ➔ Pedro Valderrama, a priest, was and had an exchange of gifts sent by Magellan to start the first ➔ Magellan asked to be casi casi or Mass in Philippine history brothers with the king ➔ Erected a cross on the summit of ➔ Magellan also showed his military the highest mountain strength to impress the king ➔ Magellan asked the king about his ➔ All of them had a feast and there was enemies exchange of signs of friendships ➔ It was also stated that the three best and ceremonies places to get food would be in ➔ Introduced two kings: Raja Siaui of Ceylon, Zubu, and Calahann (Leyte, Limasawa and Raja Colambu of Cebu, and Caraga) Butuan ➔ Start of barter trades April 7, 1521 April 8, 1521 ➔ They entered the port of Zubu ➔ A notary along with the interpreter (Cebu) and fired mortars returned to Zubu (Cebu) ➔ Magellan sent an ambassador and the ➔ Asked Rajah Humabon to establish interpreter trade ➔ The king, Rajah Humabon said that all ➔ Friendship through blood compact ships were required to pay tribute ➔ There was an exchange of warnings between the two parties April 14, 1521 April 26, 1521 ➔ Rajah Humabon was baptised and ➔ Magellan made contact with one of was named Don Carlo Mactan’s chief ➔ Some of the chiefs refused ➔ The chief asked Magellan for help ➔ Rajah Humabon swore to help against Cilapulapu (Lapu-Lapu) Magellan conquer his enemies. ➔ Magellan went to Mactan with three Especially the growing muslim boatloads of men community. ➔ Cilapulapu and Zula are the chieftains ➔ Queen Juana also converted to of the island of Mactan and both of Christianity and was handed a them did not obey Magellan. Wooden Child Jesus sculpture (Sto. Niño) April 27, 1521 ➔ 48 of Magellan’s men went to shore ➔ Some of the men burned the houses of the natives ➔ Magellan took an arrow to the leg and was cut by a scimitar ➔ Magellan was killed by the islanders of Mactan. Other Information: After the death of Magellan, Juan Sebastian del Cano replaced him as the captain of Victoria The spices were important to the Europeans because refrigeration was unheard of in those days and the only means of preservation was the use of spices which it gives flavor to the food. Important Points Bartering ➔ Magellan tried to teach the natives a lesson that they prized their merchandize more than their gold Blood Compact The Natives Were Open To New Religion ➔ The king said that if Magellan wished ➔ Magellan went daily to hear mass, to become his friend, both of them and told the kings many things should drop a blood from their right regarding faith arm ➔ The first time they got baptised to ➔ Sign of friendship Christianity in the Philippine history ➔ The natives wished to become Christians on their free will after hearing about God from Magellan ➔ The author stated that Muslims are  much harder to convert than the heathen Cross Burning of the Idols ➔ Symbolizes the Christianization of the ➔ Magellan told the natives to burn their Philippines idols and set up a cross instead if they wish to become Christians Wooden Child Jesus (Santo Niño) Magellan’s Death ➔ Magellan handed the wooden child ➔ Magellan shot by poisoned arrow Jesus to the queen and told her to on the right leg keep it in place of her idols ➔ The natives surrounded Magellan and ➔ Baptismal gift continued to wound him until he was dead ➔ The men retreated as Magellan was being killed ➔ The men asked for Magellan’s body but people of Mactan refused saying that it was to be kept as a memorial Contribution in Understanding Philippine History ➔ Pigafetta’s perspective on viewing the culture of the Philippines ◆ The Islands were resourceful ◆ Filipinos were friendly and hospitable ➔ Magellan was not the first to go around the world ➔ Magellan was not killed by a spear by Lapu-lapu Relevance to Present Generation Magellan’s Cross ➔ Historical Landmark ➔ This important symbol of Cebu was planted by Magellan in April 14, 1521 when he baptised the first Christian Filipinos, Rajah Humabon and Queen Juana and about 400 followers ➔ Santo Niño, Cebu City Religion Sinulog Festival ➔ Catholicism ➔ Sinulog was already danced by the ➔ Today, has millions of followers natives in honor of the wooden ➔ One of the top religion in the idols even before they were baptised Philippines ➔ When Santo Niño was brought by Magellan and the Christian faith established, the dance was made a yearly fiesta in honor of the Santo Niño  LESSON 3: CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS Background of the Author (Juan De Plasencia) Birth and Family Background Arrival in the Philippines ➔ Fray Juan was born to the ➔ Fray Juan de Plasencia came illustrious family of the together with the first batch of Portocarreros in Plasencia in the Franciscan missionaries in the region of Extremoduro, Spain in the Philippines early 16th century ➔ The ship with Fray Juan on board, ➔ Juan de Plasencia grew up during arrived at a port in Cavite on July 2, the period known as the Siglo de 1578 Oro, a Golden Age when arts and literature flourished in many parts of Spain Various Assignment in the Phil. ➔ Joined forces with Fray Diego de Oropesa two months after his arrival ◆ Preached around Laguna de Bay and Tayabas (present-day Quezon Province), converting souls to Catholicism ➔ Untiring work and missionary zeal pushed him in the foundation and organization of several towns in Laguna and Tayabas ➔ Credited with the foundation of towns in Bulacan and Rizal: Tayabas, Caliraya, Lucban, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Lilio, Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Pangil, Siniloan, Morong, Antipolo, Taytay, and Meycauayan ➔ His life was characterized by zeal, prayer, and dedicated service ➔ A defender of the native population, looking after the poor, ill, or neglected, and standing up for their rights ➔ Keen on creating primary schools and requested official permission for the creation of educational centers ◆ Initiative approved by Domingo de Salazar, the first Bishop of Manila Notable Contributions to the Mission ➔ Fray Juan de Oliver, Fray Juan de Plasencia, Fray Miguel de Talavera, Fray Diego de Asuncion, and Fray Geronimo Mont ◆ Wrote a grammar and dictionary of the native language ◆ Translated the Christian doctrine into both Tagalog and Bicolano Literary Works ➔ Juan de Plasencia wrote a number of books designed primarily to promote the understanding of both the Spanish language among the natives, and the local languages among the missionaries, to facilitate the task of spreading Christianity. ◆ “Arte de la lengua tagala” ◆ “Declaracion de toda la doctrina Cristiana”  ◆ “Vocabulario” ➔ He is the author of the first book printed in the Philippines, the Doctrina Cristiana ➔ Printed in: ◆ Spanish, Tagalog, Latin Script, Baybayin Script of the natives of that time, Chinese ➔ Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos (1589) ◆ Helped understand and preserve many of the traditional ways of the local population ◆ Provided the first form of Civil Code used by local governors to administer justice ➔ A mystical work which he entitled La Santina was an Opus number on prayer and contemplation entirely done in the Tagalog language Death ➔ Juan de Plasencia died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590 Historical Background of the Document Manila In 1578 ➔ 57 years after Magellan’s Expedition ➔ 35 years after Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named Las Islas Filipinas (after Philip II of Spain) to the islands of Samar and Leyte ➔ 7 years after Spanish Occupation of Manila and Tondo Manila long before Plasencia’s arrival ➔ Tondo, rules by Rajah Lakandula ➔ Manila (located in present day Fort Santiago), ruled by Rajah Sulayman ➔ Sapa (located in present day Sta. Ana), settlement dated to the 11th century Arrival of the Spanish ➔ Compact of friendship made between Martin de Goiti, master-of-camp of the Spanish fleet, and the Raja Sulayman (1570) ➔ Compact broken by misunderstanding ➔ Miguel Lopez de Legazpi treated the Rajas and their relatives with deference. He gave them privileges such as exemption to the tribute ➔ The first missionaries who attempted to convert the natives were the Augustinians who came with the Legazpi expedition ◆ Much needed assistance was supplied with the arrival of the Franciscans (Plasencia was one of them) in 1678 ➔ Knowing that they should take into account the geographical and cultural contexts of the natives which was much different with Europeans, friar missionaries studied the culture of the natives ◆ Fray Juan de Plasencia addressed this letter to his superiors in the order to help plan evangelization of the natives  It is considered as his most important work, being quoted, cited and even sometimes copied in its entirely by many later contemporary historians and writers The original text can be found in General Archive of the Indies (Archivo General de Indias), Seville This letter made an impact to the early legal system of the country, preserving the formerly unwritten customs, traditions, and beliefs of the natives, and gave the Philippines its first Civil Code, used by the alcaldes mayores in their administration of justice Franciscans were known for defending Filipino’s rights and tradition When the Dominican Bishop Domingo Salazar called a council to address the issue of the emancipation of the Filipino slaves, the Franciscan superiors (Palencia was one of them) were present to support him The report described the government of the Tagalog, their administration of justice, slavery, inheritance, social system, and marriages It also explained the relation between the different social classes and the origin of each Stating three ways of how a man may become a slave: birth, debt, and captivity in war. It tells, as well, of the king and of the duties he rendered to his subjects Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the Document Community Status/Caste System A leader of a certain tribe along the Visayas and Mindanao region is called a datu Even before the Spaniards came, it is prevalent that there is some sort of governance among the different groups wherein there are certain rules or laws that one needs to follow ○ Datu — the chiefs of the village; they governed the people as captains even in wars, were obeyed, and revered; any subject who committed any offense against them, or spoke to their wives and children, were severely punished Barangay — tribal gathering rules by chiefs It is called a “barangay” because they associate themselves with the “Malay” who are one of the first people to arrive in the Philippines through a boat in which they call “barangay”. Some consisted of around 30-100 houses ○ Barangay also have some sort of diplomacy ○ All barangays were equal in terms of status Three Status/Castes within a Barangay Maharlica (Nobles) People who are born free Do not need to pay taxes Must accompany the datos in war Aliping Namamahay (Commoners) Aliping sa Guiguilir (Slaves) They have their own properties but They serve their master in their has to serve their own masters. houses and lands  Children belonging to this caste inherit Can be sold off the status of their parents The master can reward his/her slaves Cannot be treated as a slave nor can by giving them a portion of the harvest be sold off so that the slaves would be faithful to him/her A Maharlica would keep their status for a lifetime, however, this can be taken if he/she marries a slave. In this case, the kids would be divided and they would inherit the status of their mother or father. Property The land area was divided among the whole barangay, especially the irrigated portions. No one from a different barangay could cultivate land unless they inherit or buy the land. The lands on the tingues, or mountain ridges, are not divided but owned by the barangay as a whole. At the time of rice harvest, any individual (regardless of their barangay) that starts to clear any land area may sow in it. Fisheries of chiefs had established limits, and sections of the rivers for markets ○ Unless you were a member of the chief’s barangay, you had to pay for the privilege of fishing or selling in the chiefs’ fisheries In the case of a divorce, if the wife would leave her husband for the sake of marrying another man, all her belongings plus a certain amount would be given to her former husband however, if she chooses to leave and do not have any plans to marry, then all of her dowry will be returned to her. In the case of an adoption, the children would receive double the value of how much they were bought to be adopted Investigations and sentences for the accused shall be presented and read in front of the tribe Property There were no temples or sacred places in which Filipinos would worship The word simbahan means a place to worship which is constructed at a large house of the chief where people of the tribe go to celebrate festivals (aka pandot or worship) ○ they beat large and small drums successively during the feast which usually lasted 4 days ○ nagaanitos - worship; (anito - soul or spirit of ancestors) ○ sibi - a temporary shed, made on each side of the chief’s house, for the assembled people ➔ Badhala, one of their many idols, was the “all powerful”, or “maker of all things” for the Tagalogs ➔ They worshipped the sun, the moon, and some, even the stars or a particular dead man with special capability that fought bravely or protected them in their time of need Sun Almost universally respected and honored because of its beauty Moon They would rejoice, especially when new They did not name them except for the morning star, which they called Tala Stars ➔ “Seven little goats” — the Pleiades; a star cluster ➔ Balatic (the Greater Bear constellation) Mapolon The change of seasons Idols; images with different shapes; ➔ Dian Masalanta (an idol; patron of lovers and generation) Lic-Ha ➔ Lacapati and Idianale (idols; patrons of the cultivated lands and husbandry) Crocodiles; were respected by the Tagalogs due to their fear of being Buaya harmed by them; they offered a portion of what they carried in their boats to them 12 Priests of the Devil ➔ Priest from a people of rank Catolonan ➔ Officiates the offering sacrifice for a feast and the food to be  eaten being offered to the devil Mangagauay ➔ They pretend to heal the sick in order to deceive others ➔ They can cast remedies to couples for them to abandon one Manyisalat another Mancocolam ➔ Can emit fire from himself which cannot be extinguished ➔ Much more powerful than a mangagauay in which they can kill Hocloban anyone without the use of any medicine. They can also heal those who are ill. ➔ They would tear out and eat the liver of those they saw were Silagan wearing white ➔ They would go out at night without their heads and put it back Magtatangal into their bodies before the sun rise ➔ Tribesmen reported that they saw the “osuang” who can fly Osuang and murdered a man and ate his flesh. ➔ They would seduce their partners with charms and other Mangagayoma accessories so they can deceive them. ➔ This devil helped people to die. They can also know if the soul Sonat they helped to die can either be saved or not. Pangatahojan ➔ They can predict the future. Bayoguin ➔ These are men who are in the nature of a woman. Superstition They find omens in events they witness ○ (i.e. when someone sneezed, met on their way a rat or serpent, or the Tigmamanuguin bird sang they would go home in fear that evil would befall them if they continued their journey) ○ The Tigmamanuguin bird’s (a blue bird as large as a turtle-dove) song had two forms: a good omen, and a bad omen Burying the Dead In burying the dead, the corpse would be placed beside its house and be mourned at for 4 days. It will then be laid on a boat which serves as a coffin which is guarded by a slave. The grief of the relatives of the deceased is followed by eating and drinking. Contribution and Relevance of the Document in Understanding the Grand Narrative of Philippine History The Philippines is a civilized country even before the Spanish occupation. It is not true  that the country does not practice any religious activity. These traditions built the country's distinct identity from other countries. The country possess a social hierarchy that is why a sense of authority was established. It strengthens the culture of Filipinos because it signifies that even before these occupations the country has this distinct culture and belief system of its own. The country is not solely dependent on other nations and it can actually stood up on its own. Relevance of the Document The relevance of the document in the present time is that we still use/believe in some of this norms. It informed us that the Natives (Filipinos) in some degree had classifications way back as to where you belong in the society. In today’s time, we still use “barangays” pertaining to the smallest division or unit of a city. It also shows that even before the Spanish came, we had a system in which we could trade with other countries and be independent.