Earth's Systems and Population Ecology Quiz PDF

is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. branch of ecology that works to understand the patterns and processes of change over time or space for populations of a single species. group of organisms...

is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. branch of ecology that works to understand the patterns and processes of change over time or space for populations of a single species. group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same area at the same time. Study of factors that affect the growth, stability and decline of population. 1. Population Size Total number of individuals. 2. Population Density number of individuals/organisms per unit area. 3. Dispersion Pattern refer to how the individuals in a population are distributed in space at a given time. Dispersion Pattern 4. Demographics Study of population that includes several parameters in collecting and analyzing numbers and statistics. a. Birth Rate Number of offspring produce in a population in a given period of time. b. Death or Mortality Rate Number of deaths in a population in a given period of time. c. Gender Ratio Number of males and females that help researchers predict population growth or decline. 5. POPULATION GROWTH the increase in the number of humans on Earth. 1. Exponential Growth (J Shape Curve) Growth that occur in an ideal environment where resources in unlimited. There will be no competition that limits the growth. 2. Logistic Growth (S Shape Curve) Occurs when the population begin to approach a finite carrying capacity.  Carrying Capacity Above the carrying Carrying capacity capacity is just right. 1. Limiting Factors anything that constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from growing. a. Density Dependent Factors Factors that depend on population size. b. Density Independent Factors All populations are affected in similar ways regardless of population size. 2. Age Structure the proportionate numbers of people in different age categories in a given population for a defined time.  It is a graphs that show what fraction of a population survives from one age to the next.  Ecologists use survivorship curves to visualize how the number of individuals in a population drops off with time.  Late Loss Early Loss Constant Loss  A finite world can support only a finite population!  5 system of Earth Atmosphere EARTH’S Geosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere SYSTEM Cryosphere  EARTH AS A SYSTEM The Earth is made up of different system called spheres. The Earth's four systems—atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere—interact in complex ways to support life and shape our planet. The atmosphere, composed of gases, envelops Earth and regulates temperature while providing oxygen for living organisms. The hydrosphere includes all water bodies, such as oceans, rivers, and lakes, which cycle water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, influencing weather and climate. The lithosphere, Earth's solid outer layer, consists of rocks and soil, and provides nutrients for plant growth while forming the landforms we see. The biosphere encompasses all living things, which depend on and affect the other three systems through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. These interactions create a balanced environment, enabling the Earth's ecosystems to thrive. When we say the Earth's systems are EARTH AS A SYSTEM interdependent, we mean that each system relies on and affects the others, creating a network of interactions that sustain the planet's environment and life. System is a collection of interdependent parts enclosed within a defined boundary. 1. ATMOSPHERE a protective layer of gases that shelters all life on Earth, keeping temperatures within a relatively small range and blocking out harmful rays of sunlight. The Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, occurs when charged particles from the Sun collide with Earth's atmosphere near the poles. These particles, guided by Earth's magnetic field, excite oxygen and nitrogen molecules, causing them to emit light. This interaction creates the vibrant and dynamic light displays predominantly seen in high-latitude regions. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE   the first and the a. Troposphere lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere.  starts from the ground (or sea level) of our planet and expands up to 10 km up in the sky. Tropopause  the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere.  This is where the temperature stabilizes.   goes up around 50 km above the Earth’s b. Stratosphere ground.  ozone layer is found in this layer.  increase in temperature occurs because of absorption The ozone layer is crucial because it absorbs of UV. most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B and UV-C rays. This protection is essential for life on Earth as UV radiation can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and harm marine ecosystems and agriculture.   the third and coldest layer of Earth's c. Mesosphere atmosphere, reaching about 130 degrees below zero.  where most meteors, or space rocks burn up before they can crash to the ground.   considered the "hot d. Thermosphere layer" because it contains the hottest temperatures in the atmosphere because of few molecules and atoms. e. Exosphere  The air in the exosphere is extremely thin - in many ways it is almost the same as the airless void of outer space. 2. HYDROSPHERE  consists of those parts of the earth system composed of water in its liquid, gaseous and solid phases. 3. BIOSPHERE  contains all living organisms and it is intimately related to the other three spheres.  4.GEOSPHERE  The solid portion of the Earth that includes the interior structure, rocks and minerals, Geosphere Vs Lithosphere landforms down to The geosphere includes all of Earth's solid parts, like the crust, mantle, and core. The lithosphere is the core. part of the geosphere, specifically the rigid outer layer made up of the crust and upper mantle. This layer is divided into tectonic plates that move, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation. So, the lithosphere is the geosphere's hard outer shell.  EARTH’S STRUCTURE 1. Crust  Outermost layer of the earth. a. Continental crust (landmasses) b. Oceanic Crust (below the ocean) 2. Mantle  Largest layer of the earth. a. Upper Mantle b. b. Lower Mantle  "Brittle" means something is hard but can break or shatter easily when stressed. In geology, rocks in the Earth's crust are often brittle, meaning they crack or break quickly under pressure, leading to events like earthquakes. Lithosphere  Includes the brittle upper portion of Happens in Lithosphere the mantle and the crust. Plate tectonics is a key process in the lithosphere where the Earth's outer shell is divided into large, rigid plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them. These plates are in constant motion, driven by heat from within the Earth. They interact at their boundaries, where they can collide (forming mountains), move apart (creating ocean basins), or slide past each other (causing earthquakes). Plate tectonics shapes the Earth's surface, affects the distribution of continents and oceans, and plays a significant role in geological phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic activity.  Partially molten layer of rock.  Alfred Wegener  Published the concept of continental drift.  Suggested that 200 million years ago a supercontinent (Pangaea) began to break into pieces and started moving away. Plate Tectonics Theory  Scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created. We have 7 major plates and 11 minor plates 7 continents ( Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia) Tectonic Plates Plate Boundaries  Place where tectonic plates meet.  Types of Plate Boundaries a. Convergent  When this process occur in the ocean it creates ocean trench.  trench is the deepest place in ocean and ocean trenches are created through the often sites for strong process of subduction at convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic earthquakes. plate descends beneath another, leading to the formation of deep, elongated depressions on the ocean floor. Philippine Sea Plate boundaries are convergent, bounded to the east is the Pacific Plate while on the west is the Eurasian Plate.  Types of Plate Boundaries  Tectonics plates are b. Divergent moving apart in opposite directions.  it creates new seafloor when hot magma swelling up and eventually cools down that creates ridges in ocean floor. Over million of years the rising magma can create a series of volcanoes known as Volcanic Arc. Majority of volcanic arcs can be found in the Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a horse shoe shaped string of about 455 volcanoes edges the Pacific Ocean. It is the most seismically and volcanically active zone in the world.  Types of Plate Boundaries c. Transform  Occurs when two plates slide each other horizontally.  As the plates rub each other it creates stress that causes the rocks to break resulting in earthquakes.  Types of Plate Boundaries c. Transform  It produces shallow earthquakes but no volcanoes.  Places where these breaks happens called faults (cracks). Longest Fault is San Andreas Fault (1200 km or 750 miles) located North America 3. Core  Innermost part of the earth.  Very hot and very dense center of the Earth.  Outer Core and Inner Core   Responsible for earth’s a. Outer Core magnetic field.  has a low viscosity meaning it is malleable (easily deformed).  Composed of liquid Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni).  No enough pressure to keep in solid state. Mars Core is liquid while Venus core is solid. The magnetic field serves as a shield against solar wind particles.  The solar radiation coming from the sun interacts with the Earth’s Magnetic Field and pointing it away from the sun. Fortunately, the magnetic field attack most of the solar wind particles so they don’t reach earth’s surface.  Earth’s Magnetic Field serves as a shield against solar wind particles. It is mostly caused by electric currents (energy release at the source) in the liquid core. b. Inner Core  Solid in nature because of the pressure.  “There are no passengers on spaceship EARTH, we are all CREW.” -Marshall McLuhan- Thank you! 1. OMAT ATOM 2. TREONNSU NEUTRONS 4. AOGNR 3. LCTEEONR ORGAN 5. SCLLE ELECTRONS 7. OARNCB CELLS 6. MYUOMNTIC CARBON COMMUNITY 8. IOAMSNRG 10. OOEYGCL ORGANISM 9. EPRY ECOLOGY PREY ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY  branch of biological sciences dealing with interactions between organisms and their environment (chemical and physical factors) CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE MATTER  pure substance with various type of particles that occupy space and has mass. ELEMENT  A unique form of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. ATOM  Basic particle of an element.  the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element. STRUCTURE OF ATOM ATOMIC MASS  Associated with the number of neutrons and protons that are present in nucleus of an element. ATOMIC NUMBER  The number of protons present in an element. Atomic Number is ? Atomic Mass is ? MOLECULES  Formed when two or more atoms join together through chemical bonds.  BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LIFE  LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION CELLS  The basic unit of life.  Smallest unit of life that is capable of performing life functions.  Nucleus Ribosomes Cell Membrane Mitochondria Cytoplasm BASIC PARTS OF A CELL ANIMAL VS PLANT CELL TISSUES  Collection of cells which have similar structure and perform relatively similar functions. ORGAN  Collection of tissues that carry out a single function. ORGAN SYSTEM  Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ORGANISM  Living thing that has an organized structure that can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt and maintain homeostasis. ECOLOGY LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION POPULATION  consists of individual of the same species living together and can reproduce with each other for the continuation of species. COMMUNITY  Association of two or more population or of different species inhabiting in a particular area. ECOSYSTEM  A geographic area where biotic and abiotic factors interact.  Bacteria BIOTIC COMPONENTS ABIOTIC COMPONENTS Producers Consumers Decomposers CATEGORIES OF BIOTIC COMPONENTS TYPES OF CONSUMERS  is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. Light Intensity 2. Concentration of CO2 3. Temperature 4. Water 5. Pollution ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS 1. Competition  the interaction of individuals that fight for a common resource that is in limited supply. a. Interspecific Competition  occurs between individuals of different species. b. Intraspecific Competition  occurs between individuals of the same species. 2. Predation  When one species eats another species.  Predator-prey relationship 3. Symbiosis  a close, prolonged association between two or more different biological species. a. Commensalism  interaction in which one species gain benefits while the other species neither benefit nor harmed. b. Mutualism  type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their interactions. c. Parasitism  relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm. FEEDING RELATIONSHIP : ENERGY TRANSFER FOOD CHAIN  refers to the sequence or chain of transfer of matter and energy in the form of food from organisms to organisms. FOOD WEB  All of the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem. PYRAMID OF ENERGY  a graphical representation of the amount of energy at each trophic level of a food chain. LAW OF 10%  states that only 10 per cent of the energy available gets passed onto the next level of consumers. Thank you! ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION  is a series of changes that occur in an ecological community over time. Process of Ecosystem Succession 1. Nudation  formation of a nude or a bare area.  It might result from flooding, erosion, landslide, volcanic eruption, or other artificial or natural reasons. 2. Invasion  A new species reaches the newly created bare area and they try to establish there (pioneer species). 3. Competition and Co-action When competition between species occurs, less competitive species will be replaced with species that are better able to fill the available ecological niches. 4. Reaction Since the organisms grow in a place, the environment molds itself under the organism’s influence. the area’s temperature, land, water, and soil change. 5. Stabilization (Climax) The final or terminal community becomes more or less stabilized for longer period of time. Two Types of Succession