Q2 Philosophy PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLUNTARY L1: FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY...

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLUNTARY L1: FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY ACTIONS ○ Voluntary - actions are performed from will and reason. TOPIC OVERVIEW ○ Related to Compulsion - considered as a mix of voluntary A. HUMAN ACTIONS VS. ACTS OF MAN and involuntary. a. VOLUNTARY ACTIONS ○ It is more voluntary if the desire b. INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS and choice has been performed and involuntary if it has B. HUMAN FREEDOM AND OBLIGATION considered preferences or alternatives. C. INTELLECTUAL CHOICE VS ○ Example: You are asked to PRACTICAL CHOICE perform a crime and your options are; either you do it and your family survives or you don’t do it A HUMAN ACTIONS VS ACTS OF MAN but they will be murdered. An act that is performed only by a A2 INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS human being and thus is proper to man. Acts of man are actions shared by – are acts done under a) force or coercion and humans and other animals while b). ignorance where the doer failed to human acts refer to the appropriate understand the effect and feels sorry on the actions of human beings. result. What makes an act performed by a human being distinctively a human act CLASSIFICATIONS OF INVOLUNTARY is that it is voluntary, that is, an act in ACTIONS some way under the control or direction ○ Under Compulsion - of the will, which is proper to man. circumstances which are beyond One can therefore identify the human the control of the agent and activity with the voluntary act. A contribute none to the action. voluntary act continues either by the will ○ Example: A person was - like an act of love or choice - or from kidnapped, hence impossible to another human power that may be resist. motivated by the will, either by an act of ○ Through Ignorance of Particular intellect or by the sense of reasoning or Circumstances. emotion; even a gesture commanded by ○ Example: a man steals and the will can be a voluntary act. ignorant of the law, arrow or gun shot by mistake. A1 VOLUNTARY ACTIONS B HUMAN FREEDOM AND OBLIGATION acts originating from the individual performing the act using knowledge John Mothershead about the situations of the act. ○ freedom and obligation are two indispensable conditions for morality to occur. PAGE 1 @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell  INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 Definition of Freedom: C INTELLECTUAL CHOICE VS PRACTICAL ○ Freedom exists when a person CHOICE chooses their course of action and fully accepts responsibility for the consequences. INTELLECTUAL CHOICE ○ It is tied to an individual's moral ○ This is a choice which is and rational ability to discern right deliberately selected based on a from wrong. moral standpoint. Freedom and Obligation: ○ Basically, they are normative ○ In many meta-ethical traditions, answers about what we ought to obligation arises from freedom. do from a moral system that we ○ True freedom is present when uphold and its moral principles. individuals make moral choices These normative answers would about what is right in their lives. take into consideration the Moral Responsibility: behavior which the society will ○ The Filipino saying, “Buntot mo, accept. hila mo!” emphasizes taking full ○ Example: You are to decide on a responsibility for one's actions. moral issue, you can try to give ○ A person's actions lack full moral intellectual choice as a normative value if their freedom or answer. Here you are simply rationality is compromised. assuming because you are not, as Influence of Environment: it were, facing that actual moral ○ A person’s environment can situation described in the significantly impact their dilemma. In this case, the answers judgment, potentially altering that you are inclined to give are their freedom and rationality. prescriptive in this imaginary and Atty. Jim Lopez hypothetical situation. PRACTICAL CHOICE Context ○ a choice which is borne out of At present times, several marriages – psychological and emotional most especially in the Philippines – are considerations. being brought to different courts of ○ practical choices are made when law to be annulled. What is the main confronted with the actual reason for this? situation, and usually affected by psychological aspect of the person embroiled in the moral Most of the marriages which are tried in situation or dilemma. civil courts are sagas of unending ○ Example: psychological and throwing of blame and accusations emotional stress and lack of time between two lovers. Which can simply be to deliberate during an actual solved had one of the parties make moral situation may affect a himself accountable for a problem which person’s moral decision in that sits between them. situation. A person may be so engulfed by emotions that he may sometimes fail to make the right choice. Likewise, stress could make a person’s practical choice inconsistent with his intellectual choice. PAGE @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell 2  INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 L2: INTERSUBJECTIVITY A1 INTERSUBJECTIVITY AS ONTOLOGY: THE SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF THE SELF TOPIC OVERVIEW A. INTERSUBJECTIVITY Martin Buber (1878 - 1965) REQUIRES ACCEPTING DIFFERENCE ○ Israeli religious philosopher born a. INTERSUBJECTIVITY AS in Austria ONTOLOGY: THE SOCIAL ○ Promoted understandings DIMENSIONS OF THE SELF between Jews and Arabs ○ his writings affected Christian B. APPRECIATE THE TALENTS OF thinkers as well as Jews PWD’S AND THOSE FROM ○ I-YOU RELATION THE UNDERPRIVILEGED SECTORS Pope John Paul II - Karol Wojtyla (1920 - AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION 2005) a. ON PERSONS WITH ○ Born in Poland; first pope not DISABILITIES born in Italy b. DIMENSION OF POVERTY ○ WE RELATION c. ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS Additional Information C. ACCEPTING OTHERS REGARDLESS Both philosophers were influenced OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES by their religious background. a. WE ARE A CONVERSATION They believed in the notion of concrete experience/existence of the D. PERFORM ACTIVITIES THAT human person. DEMONSTRATE THE TALENTS OF They also think that one must not lose PWD’S AND UNDERPRIVELEGED sight of one’s self in concrete SECTOR OF THE SOCIETY experience. Both refuse to regard the human person as a composite of some kind of A INTERSUBJECTIVITY dimensions, such as animality and REQUIRES ACCEPTING DIFFERENCE rationality. THE HUMAN PERSON IS TOTAL, NOT Though we are a part of the society, we DUAL. are still different individuals living in this society. Each of us will have a different appearance or point of view. The negative labels of differences can be I-THOU Human person as a subject who contagious, so the positive ones. Let us is a being different from things focus on the positive, for these labels or from objects. can be strengthened not just on your relationships among your friends but This signifies a person-to-person, most especially to your family. subject-to-subject relation or acceptance, sincerity, concern, respect, dialog, and care. I-IT The I-it relationship is a person to PAGE @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell 3  INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 obscure the practical realities of thing, subject to object that is the disability. merely experiencing and using; Concerns About the Future: lacking directedness and ○ Parents worry about their child’s mutuality (feeling, productivity and fear their child knowing and acting) becoming a lifelong burden. ○ Grief can sometimes blind WE Participation explains parents to their child’s unique the essence of the potential and individuality. human person. Categories of Disabilities: ○ Examples of PWD include hearing The human person is oriented impairments, diabetes, asthma, toward relation and sharing in cystic fibrosis, and ADHD. the communal life for the ○ Spirited children (e.g., perceptive common good. but focused) differ from children with ADHD, who struggle with focus and task completion despite their efforts. B APPRECIATE THE TALENTS OF PWD’S Parental Attitudes Across Disabilities AND THOSE FROM THE ○ Mothers of asthmatic children UNDERPRIVILEGED SECTORS AND often have more positive attitudes THEIR CONTRIBUTION compared to other groups. ○ Fathers of asthmatic and cystic fibrosis children scored higher on sociability and parenting B1 ON PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES attitudes. ○ Parents of hearing-impaired children tend to face the most Main Points of the Text Presented in PPT challenges and problematic scores. Emotional Reactions of Parents to Impact of Negative Attitudes: PWD (Persons with Disabilities): ○ Family and community negativity ○ Parents often experience a range can exacerbate poor academic of emotions such as shock, and vocational outcomes for bewilderment, sorrow, anger, PWD. guilt, and denial upon discovering Constructive Actions for Parents: their child’s disability. ○ Parents should restructure their ○ Grief and mourning are necessary lifestyle to meet the to process the perceived loss of a communicative and educational “dream child.” needs of their child. Ambivalence and Coping Mechanisms: ○ Positive community sensitivity ○ Feelings of impotence or and supportive attitudes towards questioning “why me?” are PWD are essential for better common. outcomes. ○ Some parents find solace in religion, interpreting the disability as a “heaven-sent blessing.” However, this perspective can PAGE @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell 4  INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 marry for support instead, they B2 DIMENSION OF POVERTY should earn their own bread. The notion of poverty is C ACCEPTING OTHERS REGARDLESS OF multidimensional. It encompasses: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES ○ Income ○ Health ○ Education ○ Empowerment C1 WE ARE A CONVERSATION ○ Working Condition The most common measure of the underprivileged sector is income Martin Heidegger poverty. 1. Humanity as a Conversation: ○ A lack of goods and services ○ The essay asserts that humankind World Bank categories of poverty is fundamentally a conversation, ○ Poor - live below USD 2.00/day which transcends idle talk and ○ Extremely Poor - live below USD involves meaningful dialogue. 1.25/day ○ Conversation reflects humanity’s Poor health is an important aspect of alignment with the exploration of poverty. Globally, millions die due to existence or "being." AIDS, Ebola Virus, Tuberculosis and 2. Role of Language: Malaria as well as the number of infant ○ Language is not merely a tool for death from largely preventable causes of communication and social diarrheal disease. interaction but also a source of Human rights are crucial in tackling amazement that shapes the global poverty and ensuring fairness in human world. foreign investments. The church, 3. Nature of Dialogue: committed to the poor, advocates for ○ A true dialogue involves mutual justice for farmers, fisherfolk, indigenous attunement between participants groups, and disaster-affected workers. and the subject of discussion. ○ This attunement allows for deeper and more creative exchanges. B3 ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS 4. Heidegger’s Perspective on Conversation: Mary Wollstonecraft ○ According to Heidegger, all ○ Vindication on the Rights of conversations are part of a single, Women (1782) universal conversation centered ○ She believes that women must be on "Being" (which may refer to united to men in wisdom and God, Tao, or Yahweh). rationality. ○ Such conversations are poetic, ○ Society should allow women to creative, and profound, enabling attain equal rights to philosophy humanity to exist beyond mere and education given to men. entities. ○ “It is the fate of the fairest of 5. Articulating Human Existence: flowers to be admired and pulled ○ Conversations often involve to pieces by the careless hand "stammers," representing that plucked.” attempts to express the ineffable ○ Women must learn to respect or unnamable aspects of themselves. Women should not existence. PAGE @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell 5  INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 ○ They seek to define humanity not capitalization for PWDs as isolated individuals but as livelihood activities which beings concerned with deeper includes support for technical meaning beyond mere skills through the labor information or gratification. department. L3: HUMAN PERSON AND SOCIETY Martin Buber ○ life of dialog = mutual sharing of our inner selves TOPIC OVERVIEW ○ A mutual awareness of each other as persons; avoiding A. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY objectification a. TRIBAL SOCIETY ○ There is the acceptance of the b. FEUDAL SOCIETY person unfolding the other to c. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY actualize himself/herself. d. POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY All of the Philosophers mentioned talks B. DIGITAL SOCIETY AND THE about the same type of relation, that is, a INFORMATION AGE dialog of human beings based on mutual a. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY sharing of selves, acceptance and sincerity. DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP b. WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN IN THE DIGITAL SOCIETY D PERFORM ACTIVITIES THAT C. THE DISEMBODIED SUBJECT DEMONSTRATE THE TALENTS OF PWD’S AND UNDERPRIVELEGED SECTOR OF THE SOCIETY A PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY The Philippine Government supports Tribal Society PWD’s. ○ “tribe” denotes a group of It is a negative perception that they are peoples living in a primitive less productive. setting under a leader or chief. As of 2014, the Philippine Statistics ○ “primitive society” or “preliterate Authority (PSA) estimated about 1.44 society.” million Filipinos have some form of ○ pertains to a political unit in a disability in the employable 15-64 years certain territory; Latin which is old age bracket. associated with the political Executive Order no. 417 S. 2005 divisions or orders of the Roman ○ mandates all national empire. government agencies and ○ small in scale; bound to their state-run corporations allot at spatial and temporal range of least one percent (1%) of their relations in terms of society, law, annual budget for programs and politics; and possess a moral that will benefit the sector. code, cult, and wide range of Further, this executive order belief system. addresses the need for the government to provide PAGE @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell 6  INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 ○ The language systems of tribes Industrial Society are unwritten which provides a ○ is the one which uses advance narrow extent of communication technology to drive a massive production industry that will show a self-sustaining structure support a large population. which is absent in the ○ The objective of an industrial modern society. economy is the fast and efficient Unity and coherence exist in tribal manufacturing of standardized values that are closely related to products. social groups and are provided with an intensity characteristic of Post-Industrial Society all “closed” systems of thought. ○ is marked by a progress from a manufacturing-based to a Feudal Society service-based economy. ○ Feudalism refers to the ○ Post industrialization is most economic, political, and social system that prevailed in Europe evident in countries and regions from about the ninth to the that were among the first to fifteenth century. experience the Industrial ○ Kings and lords granted land and Revolution, such as the United provided protection to lesser States, western Europe, and nobles known as vassals. In return, these vassals swore oaths of Japan. loyalty and military service to their ○ Post-industrial societies are lords. characterized by: ○ Peasants known as serfs were ○ a. a shift from the production of bound to the land and were goods to the production of subject to the will of their lords. services; ○ A new economy after the ○ b. the replacement of manual medieval period known as laborers with technical and capitalism is still in progress. professional workers (computer ○ Medieval world is known for its engineers, doctors, and bankers) traditional land economy and as the direct production of goods military service, and an urban is moved elsewhere; society. ○ c. the replacement of practical ○ For the urban or town knowledge with theoretical environment, merchants, artisans, knowledge; and customers formed the core of ○ d. focusing to the theoretical and the society. They saw ethical implications of new manufacturing as the most technologies, which helps society important business to produce avoid some of the negative goods for sale and buy in the local features of introducing new market economy. Local products technologies, concerning were to have an impact in other environment and energy; areas, such as regional fairs, port ○ e. the development of recent cities, and far trade destinations. scientific disciplines—that involve new forms of information technology, cybernetics, or artificial intelligence—to evaluate the theoretical and ethical implications of new technologies; PAGE @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell 7  INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 ○ f. an emphasis on the university and polytechnic institutes which B1 WHAT DO WE MEAN WITH DIGITAL produce graduates who innovate CITIZENSHIP? and lead the new technologies contributing to a postindustrial A digital citizen is a person who is society; and knowledgeable and responsible ○ g. the changing values and norms enough to effectively use different which reflects the influences on social platforms in the internet. They the society. In an instance, often engage in useful topics and issues outsourcing of manufactured that will help build a better society, goods changes how members of politics and government.digital a society see and treat citizenship might look simple. foreigners and immigrants. Also, A citizen is defined as an individual those individuals previously character who is viewed as a member of occupied in the manufacturing a society while citizenship considers an sector find themselves with individual’s behavior in terms of rights, no clearly defined social role. obligations and functions of said citizen. Being a citizen of a state requires tons of B DIGITAL SOCIETY AND THE obligations and duties such as work, INFORMATION AGE taxation and obedience of laws. On the other hand, citizens also have their rights, it includes civil rights such as freedom of Digital technologies have significantly speech and expression, to stand for what changed how we learn, work, and we believe in, and rights to a private life; socialize in the 21st century. political rights, or the right to vote and Modern society heavily relies on digital social rights to health care and welfare. tools and communication channels, raising questions about how we interact B2 WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN THEN IN and participate in society. THE DIGITAL AGE? The concept of an "information society" is central to understanding how digital information and communication technologies, particularly the internet, Being a digital citizen requires active have developed and influenced society. participation online, not just access or The information society plays a crucial use. Digital citizens are subjects of power role in shaping political, economic, in cyberspace and engage with the social, and cultural dynamics through opportunities offered by the internet, the circulation and control of ideas. such as anonymity, communication, and Digital technologies offer more influence. opportunities for individuals to reach Virtual environments and digital larger audiences, particularly in Western technologies are reshaping human countries, with access to various online identity, interactions, and relationships. platforms for economic, social, political, More interactions are happening online and educational purposes. than offline, leading people to feel more People can access free learning "themselves" in the virtual world than in resources, engage in online businesses the real world. without large capital investments, and People are increasingly manipulating share ideas with global audiences. their online personas, exhibiting different behaviors in different digital spaces. This includes forming relationships, such as PAGE @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell 8  INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 falling in love or breaking up through text games, watching movies) over engaging messages, which diminishes in direct, embodied conversations with commitment and human connection. others. Virtual worlds allow people to avoid risks, The practice of taking selfies, especially as they can retreat, create new identities, with the use of monopods, further or ignore messages. This lack of supports the trend of disembodied commitment is contrasted with the real human relations. People now prefer to world, where commitment often involves take their own photos instead of relying risk. on others, which reduces the need for face-to-face interaction and complicates People express condemnation of social dynamics. real-world problems like war, famine, In virtual spaces, people often feel more discrimination, and corruption by "themselves" online than offline. The ease clicking "like" or making symbolic of manipulating one’s identity in virtual gestures online, but these actions lack worlds, and the lack of commitment in real commitment or tangible impact virtual relationships (e.g., breaking up via text message), leads to more transient and less committed interactions. Virtual worlds allow for anonymity and C THE DISEMBODIED SUBJECT the ability to step back or create new identities when situations become undesirable. This lack of risk makes it People’s dissatisfaction with the easier for people to avoid commitment, limitations of their physical bodies is which is seen as difficult and risky in the driving them towards disembodied real world. human relations, facilitated by technology. While this doesn't mean people no longer live with their bodies, L4: HUMAN PERSON AND DEATH they are increasingly interacting in ways that minimize physical presence. Virtual interactions are often preferred over face-to-face interactions because A PHENOMENOLOGICAL NOTION OF they are perceived as easier and less DEATH stressful. As a result, people are increasingly engaging in virtual communication even with those they see According to Martin Heidegger regularly in person. (1889-1976) in his book Being and Time, Modern technological devices, such as death is (a) certain, (b) indefinite, (c) smartphones, tablets, and laptops, one’s property, (d) non-relational, and (e) promote disembodied human not to be outstripped. interactions. People are often physically Death is certain. present with others but are focused on ○ As part of humanness, we are all their devices, engaging with virtual born (in Heideggerian sense, we worlds instead of interacting with those are “thrown”) in the world. The around them. world is governed by time. We, The growing preference for interacting humans, are existing in time, thus, with gadgets over actual people is as being thrown in the world, we evident in scenarios where people have beginning and since we are prioritize virtual activities (e.g., playing finite beings, we also have end – PAGE @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell 9  INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON QUEEN 1ST SEMESTER – SIR DENNIS – S.Y. 2024-2025 death. Birth and death are two things we cannot remove from our existence. Whether we like it or not, we will die. Death is indefinite. ○ While death is sure to come, it is however indefinite as to when it will come. Death is impending, meaning to say, it can happen anytime. We do not know exactly when. That is why, we should try to live the best life that we can for we never know the day of our end. Death is one’s property. ○ The death of the person belongs to him. Nobody can experience his death except himself. There can be no proxies or substitutes for a person in experiencing death. Death is non-relational. ○ This means that when we die, we die alone. We have no choice but to face it on our own. Death also removes all our relations to others. In contemplating death, we realize our own individuality and independence from the world. Death is not to be outstripped. ○ Death cannot be taken away from a person. Even the person himself cannot remove the possibility of death in his life. One cannot make himself live forever. Even though we see in fiction movies the idea of immortality, death, in real life is a definite reality which we nothing can be done to be outstripped. PAGE @chapelavenice – @kdmeaxx – @dhani_yucah – @jasminlpzc – @ennomicawell 10