Philosophy Reviewer QTR 2 PDF

**Lesson 1** - Freedom of a Human Person "Freedom is the oxygen of the soul" - Moshe Dayan - It is expressed within this idea that the human spirit is nourished because of freedom. - For it builds freedom in choice allowing people to pursue their dreams and freely express th...

**Lesson 1** - Freedom of a Human Person "Freedom is the oxygen of the soul" - Moshe Dayan - It is expressed within this idea that the human spirit is nourished because of freedom. - For it builds freedom in choice allowing people to pursue their dreams and freely express themselves when it comes to freedom Freedom - The power or right to act or speak without hindrance or restraint - Equal opportunity, right, liberty, or the ability of someone to pursue happiness - A free person can do anything as long as he does not break the law and infringe on the freedom of others - With this definition of freedom having restraint does not immediately mean a lack of freedom but when it comes to equality and allowing the person to express themselves freely then that is what freedom is. - A person may still obey laws but is still considered to be free it is because these laws are there to allow everyone to have an equal opportunity to be free - Not being allowed to example: - "Rob a store" just because a person is not allowed to rob a store doesn't mean they are not free it is because if people are allowed to rob stores then they are stripping the freedom of shop owners to charge for their products. Thus robbing someone is already considered as a taking of freedom rather than an exercise of freedom. Types of Freedom - Physical freedom -- The freedom to do any physical activity like waving your hands or for example "Simon says", Physical freedom is also going to places where you want despite the restriction of not being able to be at all places at once you are still free to pursue what you want to do. - So if someone were to be limited in their physical capabilities it does not mean they are not free because the option to do what they want is still present for it does not restrict the person from expressing oneself or pursuing happiness - Psychological freedom -- Freedom when it comes to making choices to define to oneself what is right or wrong and then decide whether to do or not do those actions. - Psychological freedom is in scenarios where we are to define to ourselves whether we are doing the right thing or not and act based on that understanding. - The taking of psychological freedom is taking away these things such as the freedom to decide for oneself what is right and what is wrong and forcing the action of a person without giving them an option to think about said action. - Moral freedom -- it is the freedom that allows oneself to do what is right and grow as a person. - Moral freedom is based on the dignity of a person and making sure that they are allowed to uphold to themselves what is right. - Taking moral freedom is taking away any of these aspects. Human Actions - It is the type of action that brings into consideration the well-being of others being something that considers doing what is "Right" and dealing with the situation as such - You can remember this by thinking of it as "Humane actions" being that actions that show humanity in oneself. Actions of Man - These are actions that separate the action itself from the one conducting it being something that can also be done by animals due to these separations. - It is actions that can also be considered as something that is done without the consideration of the well-being of others. Aristotle's distinction between voluntary and involuntary actions - Voluntary actions -- actions that have been set in by the person upon their intellectual understanding of the situation at hand. - It is something that is done with intention and is something done to do good. - Involuntary actions -- actions that are done without intent by the person, actions that are forced to be done by the person because of the situation they are in. - Under compulsion -- are actions that the person has no control over whatsoever - Related to compulsion -- it is actions that are a mix of voluntary and involuntary actions, these actions are based upon a desire and picking an alternative action over the other because of the desire to do so. Intellectual choice vs Practical choice Intellectual choice -- are actions conducted based upon a moral standpoint by the person doing the action. It is actions that are under the lines of society created or actions that are considered societal actions or that fit in with society\'s standards. Practical choices -- are actions that are based on the emotional status of the person usually in stressful situations where emotions are high and the person is set into a dilemma that means they have to make a choice that is limited in terms of alternative enclosing them to make a decision instead of thinking of alternatives. A video about freedom [What are the universal human rights? - Benedetta Berti](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDgIVseTkuE) A video about choice-making [Would you sacrifice one person to save five? - Eleanor Nelsen](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yg16u_bzjPE) **Lesson 2** Intersubjectivity - "No man is an island" --John Donne - The thing about interactions is that they cannot be avoided every day in our lives we always have interactions and it doesn't have to be people it can be the environment the objects around us or even yet just a simple exchange of looking at another person is considered as an interaction. - Intersubjectivity -- it is the acknowledgment of one another as a person. Understanding comes from both sides mutually. - The unique relationship between one another - The ability to connect to a person intimately and create a personal relationship with others who are different. - Intersubjectivity is understanding the person you interact with is completely a person and is not a tool to use for personal gain. Though we humans are natural when it comes to using others to gain for ourselves we can build intimate relationships with one another by viewing the person as much more as something to gain than an exchange of giving oneself or valuing one another. - Inner life or interiority - It is creating yourself for you to have something to give to another person like creating a personality for yourself that you can give to others and in turn you end up having something to offer to that person. - It is also related to the act of receiving others by receiving others you are accepting the built inner self that they have offered to you - This is one of the parts of intersubjectivity because, in intersubjectivity, it is said that we are to create an exchange with another person which can be demonstrated by building the inner self and giving it to another person. - Shared emotions and knowledge - Intersubjectivity sets a person to be able to connect or be able to share one emotion with another person this sharing proves that there is trust in the person who is being given the emotion or knowledge, in a way that this is how most social interactions are the sharing of one's emotion or ideas to another person. - Seeming - Seeming is a part of interaction upon the human gaze in which how a person presents themselves on the way they look by how they are dressed giving the first impression to the person who is doing the "gaze". - Interpersonal relationships - Are relationships that involve communication with one another expressing to each other being open and allowing an exchange through actions or words - Dialogue -- it is the interaction between 2 people that is expressed through word expression or body language - Genuine dialogue -- the willingness of a person to share themselves with another person - Empathy and society - Empathy is the ability to share the emotions of another person and is a way of showing that you understand the situation they are in by showing how you are also in distress for the same reason they are thus the burden of the situation is shared. - Availability - The person will give time to a certain person by engaging in activities with them and paying attention to that person. This makes the person feel as if they are relevant and people care about them. - Diversity - We need to learn to accept the differences of other people - Society - is a bond built upon mutual respect for one another? Learn about intersubjectivity [Intersubjectivity (Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yG7FhmhLfhA&t=4s) **Lesson 3** The human person in society Tribal society - Tribe -- denotes a group of people living under primitive lifestyles under the command of a leader or a chief - Tribal Society -- it can be defined as a "Primitive society" or "Pre-literate society" - The word tribe has become a term used when describing a political unit in a certain territory Tribal societies tend to be small-scale due to the nature of how they gather resources and the way that they lead their tribe. In a tribal society, the functionalities of their laws are based on how the leader of the tribe forms them or the chief. Their system relies on belief and tradition thus making it difficult for some tribes to be set into a regular societal setting. This is because of how their society runs upon passed-down beliefs being their way of forming their society breaking down the belief would break down the society itself thus implementing new laws or traditions is incredibly hard to do or cause outcry to the people of the tribe. Feudal society - It is a society based upon higher-ups giving land and protection to lesser people in power who will distribute the land to the peasants - This society is built upon the reliance of the kings on the vassals to offer resources and power in exchange for the king giving out land to the vassals. This society functions like an exchange of kings to vassals by those in power who are already on top and must utilize their land to get a fair exchange of the vassals who in turn offer the services to the king for the use of the vassal\'s people. Industrial society - A society that runs using advanced technology to make harvesting of materials more efficient being a staple of the industrial age is the usage of machinery. - This creates more opportunities for people to focus on other fields as the harvesting of resources becomes less reliant on the usage of labor to harvest crops and instead relies more on the machinery Post-industrial society - It is an ideal society that is solely focused on the intelligence of people as services rather than the capabilities of harvesting and labor as a way of exchange, this society is high of the services that cannot be automated this values the intelligence of the person who provides the service rather the labor effort of most jobs. Digital Society and the Information Age - It is the society in which we are right now this society is focused on the fact of the digital age in which most if not all services can be done through our devices. Now the digital age is very revolutionary but comes with many responsibilities. The digital age made communication easier, especially through long distances. Instead of mail which can be difficult to afford and potentially harmful to the environment, the digital age makes communication a lot easier. - Digital Citizen -- now being a digital citizen means you are simply part of a digital society meaning you can interact with other people on the internet. And you have the responsibility of following the netiquettes and being civil regardless of it being a digital society. **Lesson 4** "Nothing lasts forever" Human persons as oriented toward their impending death - The cycle of being born growing up and then dying is a reality - It is a reality that we have limited time in this world and that no matter what we do death is going to be a guarantee - Death is real it is a part of our being. - Life is the counterpart of death and how the value of life comes from death. - Limitation is the highest point of our physical and it is its final point - Death is not limited to the end of bodily functions but it also comes in the form of the separation of the spirit of the person The reality of our human condition - We are temporal beings - Beings oriented towards death "Ends of life" End as terminus -- "Full stop" or "End of a life" life ends and nothing follows End as telos -- Death is not the goal of life but creating fulfillment for oneself Happiness - It is a state of being overall the condition of the person that is just not limited to emotion or decision - As an embodied spirit we must consider the good sources of happiness Types of Happiness - Noble happiness -- a type of happiness that is pursued for its own sake something that is hard to find but easy to lose like love and friendship - Useful good -- The happiness gained for something that has material value or benefits to us, and a great example of this is money - Pleasurable good -- "Giddiness" is the happiness that implies that as long as it is pleasurable it is good.